نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
Introduction One of the biggest challenges in the poultry industry is to reduce the amount of soy consumed in commercial diets and replace it with other vegetable and animal protein sources (Adeola et al., 2018). The imbalance in the supply and demand of this feedstuff and the lack of feed ingredients with the same amino acid balance as soybean meal have also limited the possibility of using other products (Anwar et al., 2016). Due to the supply problems of soybeans in the past several years, many efforts have been made to use new protein sources for poultry feed, which include different sources of animal protein, including meat powder (Ravindran et al., 2002; Adeola et al., 2018), fish meal (Anoh and Akpet, 2013), feather meal (Hasni et al., 2014), insect larvae and soldier fly (Iqbal et al., 2019). In recent years, gelatin extracted from bone has been considered as a source of protein and organic phosphorus, which can be used either in raw or liquid form, or in dried form, in feeding poultry (Alipal et al., 2021). However, the characteristics of bovine bone broth powder (BBP), including the amount of metabolizable energy, the digestibility of amino acids, and the quality of its protein, have not been accurately measured so far. It seems that the current research is somewhat responsive to the needs of the broiler industry. Also, the production of BBP is expressed as a desirable strategy to reduce the environmental side effects related to bone wastes. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of adding BBP to the diet on growth performance, blood parameters and tibia mineralization in broiler chicks.
Materials and Methods The complete skeleton and air-dried bones of the cow (except for the skull bones), which did not have soft tissues, were collected and transferred to the extraction pot. After placing the bones in the pot, the lid was completely closed and the contents of the pot were boiled at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 130 ○C for 8 h. Finally, the remaining liquid was prepared as BBP, which had 20% dry matter. After preparing this extract, its dry matter was obtained in the form of powder using a disk model spray dryer with a capacity of 1.5 tons per h. The chemical composition of the resulting bone broth powder was determined. Meanwhile, in a separate experiment (unpublished), metabolizable energy and ileal digestibility of amino acids of BBP were determined. Also, the metabolizable energy and nutrient composition of the main diet ingredients (corn and soybean meal) were determined by near-infrared reflection (NIR) spectroscopy. The obtained results were used to formulate the experimental diets. To conduct this study, three independent experiments were designed for the age periods of 1-10 d (first trial), 11-24 d (second trial) and 25-42 d (third trial). For each trial, 240 one-day-old broilers of Ross 308 strain were used. Chicks were randomly distributed among 4 experimental treatments, each with 6 replicates of 10 birds each, in a completely randomized design. In the second and third trials, the birds were fed with commercial diet until the age of 10 and 24 d, respectively, and then they were subjected to nutritional treatments. Experimental diets used in each of the rearing periods included 1- basal diet without BBP; 2- Diet containing 2% BBP; 3- Diet containing 4% BBP; 4- Diet containing 6% BBP. Experimental diets were formulated according to the recommendation of the commercial Ross 308 strain (2019). The data obtained from this experiment were statistically analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS software version 9.4 in a completely randomized design. The effect of BBP levels was determined using the regression method for linear and quadratic effects. Means were compared with Tukey's test at P < 0.05.
Results The results showed that the use of 2% BBP in the diet caused a significant increase in daily weight gain in the second and third trials compared to the control treatment, but higher levels decreased this parameter. Feed consumption in the groups receiving BBP in the starter period was significantly higher than the control treatment. Feed consumption in the group receiving 4% extract powder was significantly higher than the control treatment in the first and second trials, but the other two groups did not have a significant difference with the control treatment. The feed conversion ratio in the second and third trials in the groups receiving two or 4% extract powder was significantly lower than the control treatment, but in the 6% group it was higher than the control treatment. The effect of BBP on blood parameters was not significant, except LDL concentration in the finisher period and phosphorus in the starter and grower periods. Blood LDL concentration in the four and 6% BBP groups in the finisher period was significantly higher than the control treatment. The effect of treatments on the concentration of minerals in tibia bone ash, including calcium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese and iron, was not significant in any of the rearing periods.
Conclusion Broilers showed higher growth performance until the BBP level reached 4%, and after the BBP level reached 6% of the diet, the growth performance was decreased. Broiler chickens consumed less feed by increasing the level of BBP in the diets. Also, high consumption of BBP (6% of diet) increased the concentration of cholesterol and LDL. In addition, mineral concentrations in serum and tibia increased. In general, according to the results of this experiment, the use of cow BBP is recommended up to 4% of broilers' diet.
کلیدواژهها English
