اثر کربوهیدرات‌های غیر الیافی بر قابلیت عملکرد و خصوصیات هضمی مواد مغذی در گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

جهت تعیین سطح مناسب کربوهیدرات‌های غیر الیافی و اثر آن بر ماده خشک مصرفی، تولید و ترکیبات شیر، قابلیت هضم ظاهری ترکیبات خوراک، فراسنجه‌های شکمبه‌ای و وزن بدن تعداد 8 رأس گاو شیری هلشتاین با چند شکم زایش و میانگین روزهای شیردهی 28±107 و میانگین وزن 68±644 کیلوگرم در قالب طرح مربع لاتین 4×4 تکرار شده با دوره‌های آزمایش 21 روزه مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایش به ترتیب شامل 33، 36، 39 و 42 درصد NFC در ماده خشک جیره بود. از جایگزینی ذرت و کنجاله سویا با سبوس گندم جهت دستیابی به سطح مورد نیاز کربوهیدرات غیر الیافی استفاده شد. افزایش NFC جیره منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار در میزان مصرف ماده خشک، تولید شیر روزانه، FCM 5/3 درصد و پروتئین، لاکتوز و مواد جامد فاقد چربی شیر شد. این در صورتی بود که درصد چربی شیر به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. با افزایش NFC وزن بدن افزایش یافت با این حال تیمارها تأثیر معنی‌داری بر آن نداشتند. درصد ماده خشک مصرفی به ازای وزن بدن تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفت. میزان کل پروتئین شیر با افزایش NFC، افزایش یافت. همچنین با افزایش NFC میزان کل چربی شیر افزایش یافت، اما تأثیر معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. افزایش NFC منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار قابلیت هضم پروتئین خام، کربوهیدرات غیر الیافی، ماده خشک و ماده آلی خوراک شد. pH و نیتروژن آمونیاکی شکمبه با افزایش NFC کاهش پیدا کردند به طوری که این کاهش برای نیتروژن آمونیاکی معنی‌دار بود. نتایج این آزمایش نشان می‌دهد که افزایش کربوهیدرات‌های غیر الیافی به طور معنی‌داری موجب افزایش تولید و اغلب ترکیبات شیر می‌شود. به نظر می‌رسد جیره‌های گاوهای شیری در ابتدای دوره شیردهی می‌بایست حاوی بیش از 36 درصد NFC در ماده خشک جیره باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Non-Fiber Carbohydrate on Performance Ability and Digestibility Characteristics of Nutrients in Lactating Dairy Cows

نویسندگان [English]

  • saeid Kamel Orumieh 1
  • Abbas Ali Naserian 1
  • Reza Valizadeh 1
  • Fatemeh Helen Ghaneh 2
  • Mohammad Banayane Aval 2
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction Carbohydrates (CHO) are the most important source of energy which provides over half of the energy in livestock diets. They are also the major sources of energy for ruminal microorganisms in a dairy cow’s diet. Carbohydrate nutrition influences both the quantity and quality of milk. Carbohydrates are mainly divided to two types of fiber and non-fiber. Determining the quantity of non-fibrous carbohydrates lead in the balance in dairy cows’ diet. The required levels of structural carbohydrates are known and available, but the desired level of non-fibrous carbohydrates is not defined in details. NFC is fermented fast and almost completely in the rumen. They include: starch, sugars, pectins and β-glucans. According to researchers, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) can be estimated by subtracting crude protein, NDF, ether extract and Ash from 100 with a correction for crude protein bound to Neutral Detergent Fiber. To reach the highest level of microbial growth, the availability of carbohydrates and protein must be synchronized. It could happen with the best availability level of NFC and rumen degradable protein (RDP).The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of non-fibrous carbohydrates in the range of 33 to 42% of the dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, and body weight in Holstein dairy cow.
Materials and Methods To determine the effect of dietary nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) level on dry matter intake, milk production and body weight, eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 107±28 d in milk and 644±68 kg BW in the beginning of trial were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement (21-d periods). Treatments were 33, 36, 39 and 42% NFC in the DM bases. Experimental diets were formulated to meet the requirements according to National Research Council (2001) for Holstein cows of 620 Kg of BW and production 50 Kg of milk with 3.2% fat per day. Corn and soybean meal were substituted for wheat bran to achieve the requested level of non-fiber carbohydrates. Diets were fed as Mixed Ration (TMR) 37:63 forage to concentrate ratio and were offered three times daily ad libitum (0800, 1600 and 2400 h) for 10% refusals and cows had free access to fresh water. Data were analyzed in a changeover design using the mixed procedure of SAS Institute Inc (2003). The model included fixed effects of treatment and period, random effect of cow and residual error. Least squares means procedure (LSMEANS) was used to detect the difference between dietary treatments.
Results and Discussion The glucose absorption is less when the animal uses the diet with low NFC level and then the glucose intake in hepatic portal vein increase. So, the less portion of glucose is provided to make production (e.g Milk) in animal tissues and as a result, the animal production decreases. With the supply of protein requirements and also the increase of fermentable carbohydrates, due to the synchronizing availability of protein and energy for ruminal microorganisms, their growth will increase which leads the VFA production to increase. The more production of VFA results in more supply of glucose and then energy in ruminants. So it seems that, the growth of NFC will cause to increase the production. Increasing the dietary nonfiber carbohydrate enhanced dry matter intake, body weight, milk production, fat corrected milk production (FCM 3.5%), protein percentage, lactase and solid nonfat (SNF) while, the fat percentage decreased significantly. Although, by increasing NFC the BW increased, the treatments had not any significant effects on that. DMI percentage of body weight was not affected by treatments. The amount of total milk protein was increased by growth in nonfiber carbohydrate. Increasing level of NFC led to significant increase in CP, NFC, DM and OM digestion. The pH of the rumen is the key factor in normal and stable function of it. Because the fermentation and physiologic function of the rumen influences ruminal microbial population. The pH value and the quantity of ammonia N in rumen fluid are substantial parameters to reflect the ruminal fermentation. Ruminal pH and ammonia were decreased by increasing the NFC in which the decrease in treatments for ammonia was significant.
Conclusion Results showed that increasing nonfiber carbohydrate significantly increased milk production and milk protein percentage. It seems that diet of lactating cows in early lactation should contain over 36% NFC on DM bases.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • DMI
  • Lactating dairy cows
  • NFC
  • Performance
1- AOAC .2005. Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC International. 18th ed. Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877-2417, USA.
2- Azizi, R., A. Afzalzadeh., M. Danesh Mesgaran, and H. Fazaeli. 2004. Comparison of AFRC and NRC systems in energy and protein requirement for dairy cow. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 18: 61-68. (In Persian).
3- Batajoo, K. K, and R. D. Shaver. 1994. Impact of nonfiber carbohydrate on intake, digestion and milk production by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 77: 1580-1588.
4- Bayat, A. R., R, Valizadeh., A. A. Naserian, and M. Danesh Mesgaran. 2006. The effect of reducing particle sizes of alfalfa hay and barley gain on chewing activities, dry matter intake and milk production in dairy cow. Page 90 in Proc. Proceeding of 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress. (In Persian).
5- Behgar, M., M. Danesh Mesgaran., H. NasiriMoghadam, and S. Sobhani Rad. 2007. Chemical composition, dry matter and crude protein degradability of alfalfa silage treated with formic and sulphuric acids and its effect on performance of early lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 11(40): 339-350. (In Persian).
6- Broderick, G. A. 2003. Effects of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86:1370–1381.
7- Chen, Z., H. Zhengli., L. Fadi., G. Yanli, and Yamnei, J. 2012. Effects of adding mannan oligosaccharide to different concentrate to roughage diets on ruminal fermentation in viIro. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11 (1): 36-42.
8- Hall, M. B., C. C. Larson, and C. J. Wilcox., 2010. Carbohydrate source and protein degradability alter lactation, ruminal, and blood measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 93: 311–322.
9- Heldt, J. S., R. C. Cochran., G. L. Stokka., C. G. Farmer., C. P. Mathis., E. C. Titgemeyer, and T. G. Nagaraja. 1999. Effects of different supplemental sugars and starch fed in combination with degradable intake protein on low-quality forage use by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 77: 2793–2802.
10- Hoover, W. H, and T. K. Miller. 1991. Associative effects of alternative feeds. Page 129 in Natl. Alternative Feeds for Dairy and Beef Cattle. Natl. Invit. Symp. St. Louis, MO. Coop. Ext. University of Missouri, Columbia.
11- KhabazSirjani, M. 2012. The effect of activated bentonite and natural concentration of ammonia nitrogen from protein sources in vivo and in vitro. MSc Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).
12- Lykos, T., G. A. Varga, and D. Casper. 1997. Varying degradation rates of total non-structural carbohydrates: Effects on Ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk production and composition in high producing Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 80: 3341–3355.
13- MacGregor, C. A., M. R. Stokes., W. H. Hoover., H. A. Leonard., L. L. Junkins., C. J. Sniffen, and R. W. Mailman. 1983. Effect of dietary concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrate on energy and nitrogen metabolism and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 66(1): 39-50.
14- Minor, D. J., S. L. Trower., B. D. Strang., R. D. Shaver, and R. R. Grummer. 1998. Effects of non-fiber carbohydrate and niacin on periparturient metabolic status and lactation of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81:189–200.
15- Nocek, J. E, and J. B. Russell. 1988. Protein and energy as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrate availability to microbial synthesis and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 71(80): 2070-2107.
16- NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
17- Piwonka, E. J, and J. L. Firkins. 1996. Effect of glucose fermentation on fiber digestion by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 79: 2196–2206.
18- Piwonka, E. J., J. L. Firkins, and B. L. Hull. 1994. Digestion in the rumen and total tract of forage-based diets with starch or dextrose supplements fed to Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 77:1570–1579.
19- Rezaii F., M. Danesh Mesgaran, and A. Heravi Moussavi. 2011. Effects of the source of non-fiber carbohydrates on in vitro first order ruminal disappearance kinetics of dry matter and NDF of various feeds. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 11(2): 139-144. (In Persian).
20- Rius, A. G., M. L. McGilliard., C. A. Umberger, and M. D. Hanigan., 2010. Interactions of energy and predicted metabolizable protein in determining nitrogen efficiency in the lactating dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 93:2034–2043.
21- Robinson, P. H., S. Tamminga, and A. M. Van Vuuren. 1986. Influence of declining level of feed intake and varying the proportion of starch in the concentrate on rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Livestock Production Science, 15(2): 173-189.
22- Schwab, E. C., C. G. Schwab., R. D. Shaver., C. L. Girard., D. E. Putnam, and N. L. Whitehouse. 2006. Dietary Forage and non-fiber carbohydrate contents influence B-vitamin intake, duodenal flow, and apparent Ruminal synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89:174–187.
23- Shriver, B. J., W. H. Hoover., J. P. Sargent., R. J. Crawford, and W.V. Thayne. 1986. Fermentation of a high concentrate diet as affectedby rumnial pH and digesta flow. Journal of Dairy Science, 69: 413-419.
24- Sievert S. J, and R. D. Shaver. 1993. Carbohydrate and Aspergillus owe effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 76(1): 245-254.
25- Sievert, S. J, and R. D. Shaver. 1993. Effect of nonfiber carbohydrate level and Aspergillusoryzae fermentation extract on intake, digestion, and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 71(4): 1032-1040.
26- Spicer, L. A., C. B. Theurer., J. Sowe, and T. H. Noon. 1986. Ruminal and post-ruminal utilization of nitrogen and starch from sorghum grain-, corn-, and barley-based diets by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 62 (2): 521-530.
27- Stern, M. D., H. Hoover., C. J. Sniffen., B. A. Crooker, and P. H. Knowlton. 1978. Effects of non-structural carbohydrate, urea and soluble protein levels on microbial protein synthesis in continuous culture of rumen contents. Journal of Animal Science, 47(4): 944-956.
28- Stokes, S. R., W. H. Hoover., T. K. Miller, and R. Blauweikel. 1991. Ruminal digestion and microbial utilization of diets varying in type of carbohydrate and protein. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(3): 871-881.
29- Sutton, J. D., J. A. Bines., S. V. Morant, and D. J. Napper. 1987. A comparison of starchy and fibrous concentrates for milk production, energy utilization and hay intake by Friesian cows. Journal of Agricultural Science, 109(2): 375-386.
30- Tessman, N. J., H. D. Radloff., J. Kleinmans., T. R. Dhiman, and L. D. Satter. 1991. Milk production response to dietary forage:grain ratio. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(8): 2696-2707.
31- Vakili, S. A. 2008. Effects of different proportions of alfalfa hay to concentrate on nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbial population variations in animal models. PhD thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).
32- Van Soest P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3583–3597.
CAPTCHA Image