اثر افزودن سطوح مختلف ویتامین A به جیره‌های بر پایه‌ گندم بر عملکرد، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی- تغذیه طیور

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهر کرد، ایران.

2 گروه علوم دامی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

3 گروه علوم دامی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهر کرد، ایران

چکیده

جهت ارزیابی اثر افزایش سطح ویتامین A در جیره‌های بر پایه گندم بر عملکرد، سیستم ایمنی، و هضم مواد مغذی در جوجه‌های گوشتی، 200 قطعه جوجه‌خروس سویه راس 308 در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و 4 تکرار استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل جیره‌های بر پایه گندم حاوی ویتامین A در سطوح 1500، 4500، 7500، 10500، و 13500 واحد بین‌المللی در کیلوگرم (IU/kg) بود. جهت بررسی پاسخ ایمنی، تزریق گلبول‌های قرمز خون گوسفند (SRBC) و آزمون حساسیت بازوفیلی پوستی (CBH) انجام شد. هضم‌پذیری مواد مغذی در 21 روزگی اندازه‌گیری شد. در سن 42 روزگی، 2 پرنده از هر تکرار انتخاب و پس از خون‌گیری، کشته شد. جهت اندازه‌گیری ویسکوزیته شیرابه هضمی، محتویات ژژنوم و ایلئوم نمونه‌گیری شد. برای بررسی وضعیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، غلظت مالون‌دی‌آلدهید (MDA) در نمونه‌های سرم اندازه‌گیری شد. سطوح مختلف ویتامین A تأثیری بر عملکرد، پاسخ CBH و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی نداشت. ویتامین A در سطح IU/kg 13500 تیتر آنتی‌بادی علیه SRBC را افزایش داد. سطوح متوسط ویتامین A (4500 و 7500) سبب کاهش غلظت MDA سرم شد. سطوح متوسط و بالای ویتامین A (7500 تا 13500) سبب کاهش ویسکوزیته محتویات ژژنوم و همچنین کاهش وزن نسبی کل دستگاه گوارش شد. ویتامین A در سطح IU/kg 4500 چربی بطنی را کاهش داد. ویتامین A در سطح IU/kg 7500 شاخص تولید را افزایش داد. به طور کلی با توجه به اثرات مثبت ذکر شده در فوق و همچنین با توجه به شاخص تولید و هزینه انجام شده به ازاء هر کیلو‌گرم افزایش وزن و تولید گوشت، استفاده از سطح IU7500 قابل توصیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of performance, nutrients digestibility, and immune system responses in broiler chickens fed on wheat-based diet supplemented with different levels of vitamin A

نویسندگان [English]

  • Soghra Hatami 1
  • Mohammad Reza Akbari 2
  • Fariborz Khajali 3
1 Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
2 Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
3 Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction Wheat is one of the important ingredients for preparing poultry diets. However, wheat contains some anti-nutritional factors such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) which enhance digesta viscosity and thus decrease nutrients digestion and absorption. These negative effects could damage performance and feed efficiency. Increase in digesta viscosity also imposes negative effects regarding intestinal epithelium. Vitamin A (vitA) is an important nutrient in maintaining the health of intestinal epithelium. Since wheat is deficient in vitA content and also wheat-based diets (WBD) can cause less vitA absorption from the intestinal lumen (by disturbing lipid digestion and absorption), it seems that supplementation of the WBD with vitA would be effective in mitigating some of the anti-nutritional effects of the WBD.
Materials and Methods In this study, the effect of a WBD supplemented with different levels of vitA on performance and immune system of broiler chickens were investigated. Five dietary treatments were prepared as follow: 1) WBD supplemented with 1500 IU vitA/kg (control); 2) WBD supplemented with 4500 IU vitA/kg; 3) WBD supplemented with 7500 IU vitA/kg; 4) WBD supplemented with 10500 IU vitA/kg; and 5) WBD supplemented with 13500 IU vitA/kg. Two hundred Ross 308 male day-old broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with four replicates of ten chicks per each were used. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed to gain ratio (FCR) were recorded periodically during the experiment. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) antigen (2%) was injected to thigh muscle of two birds from each replicate on day 28. Seven and 14 days after injection, blood samples were collected and antibody titers against SRBC were measured. In order to evaluate cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, on day 41, eight chicks per treatment were randomly selected and phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was injected (100 µg) subcutaneously into toes web of each bird. 12 and 24 hours after injection, the thickness of the web was measured and CBH response was calculated. At the end of the experimental period (day 42), two chickens from each replicate were selected randomly and euthanized. Abdominal cavity was opened and digestive organs as well as the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver, and abdominal fat pad were excised and weighted. The small intestinal parts including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were excised, weighted, and measured in length. Afterward, the whole carcass and carcass parts were weighted. The weight of each organ was then expressed compared to the live body weight. For the viscosity measurement, jejunal and ileal contents were collected and centrifuged (500 ×g, 15 min). The supernatants were then used for the viscosity measurement. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. For measurement of total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) of nutrients, chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was used in diets as an external marker. On day 21, samples of excreta were collected every 6 hour (four samples during 24 hours) and pooled. Feed and excreta samples were then analyzed for crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). Chromic oxide concentration in feed and excreta samples was measured and TTAD of CP and EE were then calculated. The collected data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the SAS software.
Results and Discussion In starter period, supplementing the WBD with 10500 or 13500 IU vitA/kg, significantly reduced FI compared to groups consuming 1500 or 4500 IU vitA/kg of diet. This could be attributed to vitA reservoir in yolk sac at the life beginning which increases the probability of vitA toxicity with higher levels of vitA in early growth period. No significant difference was found for FI among treatment groups during grower period (22-42 days of age) as well as entire period (1-42 days of age) of the experiment. VitA at different levels used in this study, had no significant effect on BWG and FCR during starter, grower, and the entire period of the experiment. The highest production index was seen in the group receiving the diet supplemented with 7500 IU vitA/kg. Furthermore, the lowest relative feed cost per kg of live weight or carcass weight were seen in groups receiving diet supplemented with 7500 and 4500 IU vitA/kg, respectively. Feeding WBD containing 13500 IU vitA/kg caused a significant increase in anti-SRBC titer on 7 days after injection, compared to control group. According to this result, it seems that high level of dietary vitA (13500 IU/kg) would be effective in stimulating antibody-mediated immunity in broiler chickens. Improvement in humoral immune responses of broiler chickens by supplemental vitA has been reported in other studies. No significant difference was seen regarding CBH response on 12 and 24 hours after PHA injection, among treatment groups. There was no significant difference among treatment groups as for spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights. VitA at levels of 4500 and 7500 IU/kg of diet, caused a significant decrease in serum MDA concentration. Decrease in serum MDA concentration by increasing dietary vitA level indicates anti-oxidative effects of this vitamin. Supplementation of the WBD with vitA at levels used in this study had no significant effect on the length and weight of duodenum and jejunum. However, vitA at 4500 and 7500 IU/kg of diet, decreased ileum relative weight. Digesta viscosity in the jejunum was decreased by dietary vitA at levels higher than 7500 IU/kg. In addition, abdominal fat pad weight was decreased by supplemental vitA at 4500 IU/kg of diet, comparing to the control. Supplementing the WBD with different levels of vitA had no significant effect on the TTAD of CP and EE.
Conclusion The results of this study showed that supplementation of the WBD with vitA at 7500 IU/kg, would not affect performance but could stimulate humoral immune response (antibody production) and anti-oxidative defense of the broiler chickens. Also, vitA supplementation at the level of 7500 IU/kg of the diet improved production index and decreased feed cost per kg of live weight. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that higher levels of supplemental vitA (more than 1500 IU/kg as the requirements) could be effective in decreasing abdominal fat pad in broiler chickens.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Anti-oxidative defense
  • Carcass fat
  • Digestibility
  • Viscosity
  • Vitamin A
  1. Aburto, A., and W. M. Britton. 1998. Effects and interactions of dietary levels of vitamins A and E and cholecalciferol in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 77(5):666-673.
  2. AOAC International. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th AOAC International, Washington, DC.
  3. Azardast, O. 2017. Effect of additional supplementation of a wheat-based diet with vitamins A and D3 on performance and digestibility of nutrients in broilers. MSc thesis. Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. (In Persian)
  4. Bahari, R., M. Shivazad, and F. Eftekhari. 2006. Effect of vitamin A and vitamin E on humoral immune response of commercial layer chicks and khorasan region native chick. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(1):191-202. (In Persian)
  5. Berdanier, C. D. 1997. Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
  6. Buchanan, N. P., L. B. Kimbler, A. S. Parsons, G. E. Seidel, W. B. Bryan, E. E. Felton, and J. S. Moritz. 2007. The effect of non-starch polysaccharides enzyme addition and dietary energy restriction on performance and carcass quality of organic broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16(1):1-12.
  7. Choct, M., and G. Annison. 1992. Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: roles of viscosity and gut micro flora. British Poultry Science, 33(4):821-834.
  8. Combs, G. F. 1976. Differential effects of high dietary levels of vitamin A on the vitamin E-selenium nutrition of young and adult chickens. The Journal of Nutrition, 106(7):967-975.
  9. Davis, C. Y., and J. L. Sell. 1983. Effects of all-trans retinol and retinoic acid nutrition on the immune system of chicks. The Journal of Nutrition, 113(10):1914-1919.
  10. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1):1–42.
  11. Erf, G. F. 2004. Cell-mediated immunity in poultry. Poultry Science, 83(4):580-590.
  12. Fenton, T. W., and M. Fenton. 1979. An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 59(3):631-634.
  13. Gous, R. M., and P. A. Iji. 2001. Evaluating the route of administration of an exogenous microbial enzyme for broiler chicken. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 10(2):150-153.
  14. Haghighi, H. R., J. Gong, C. L. Gyles, M. A. Hayes, B. Sanei, P. Parvizi, H. Gisavi, J. R. Chambers, and S. Sharif. 2005. Modulation of antibody-mediated immune response by probiotics in chickens. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12(12):1387-1392.
  15. Kalislar, S. 2019. The important of beta carotene on poultry nutrition. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 33(3):256-263.
  16. Karadas, F., S. Erdugan, D. Kor, G. Oto, and M. Uluman. 2016. The effects of different types of antioxidants (Se, vitamin E and carotenoids) in broiler diets on the growth performance, skin pigmentation and liver and plasma antioxidant concentrations. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18(1):101-116.
  17. Khoramabadi, V., M. R. Akbari, F. Khajali, H. Noorani, and E. Rahmatnejad. 2014. Influence of xylanase and vitamin A in wheat-based diet on performance, nutrients digestibility, small intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 36(4):379- 384.
  18. Lazaro, R., M. A. Latorre, P. Medel, M. Gracia, and G. G. Mateos. 2004. Feeding regimen and enzyme supplementation to rye-based diets for broilers. Poultry Science, 83(2):152–160.
  19. March, B. E., E. Wong, L. Seier, J. Sim, and J. Biely. 1973. Hypervitaminosis E in the chick. The Journal of Nutrition, 103(3):371-377.
  20. Mohammadi, B., and M. R. Akbari. 2017. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on immune system function, antioxidant status, and performance of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. Journal of Animal Science Researches, 27(1):103-114. (In Persian).
  21. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
  22. Ross, A. C. 1992. Vitamin A status: relationship to immunity and the antibody response. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 200(3):303–320.
  23. SAS Institute. 2002. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
  24. Sepehri Moghaddam, H., and M. Emadi. 2014. The effect of threonine and vitamin A on immune system in broiler chickens. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(3):756-763.
  25. Siahtiri, S., M. R. Akbari, F. Khajali, and H. Hassanpour. 2015. Effect of dietary dried or fresh ground garlic on growth performance and pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens fed on high energy diets and reared at high altitude. Journal of Research in Animal Nutrition, 1(2):29-37. (In Persian)
  26. Sijtsma, S. R., C. E. West, Jan H. W. M. Rombout, and A. J. Van Der Zijpp. 1989. Effect of Newcastle disease virus infection on vitamin A metabolism in chickens. The Journal of Nutrition, 119(6):940–947.
  27. Sklan, D., and S. Donoghue. 1982. Vitamin E response to high dietary vitamin A in the chick. The Journal of Nutrition, 112(4):759–765.
  28. Van Der Klis, J. D., M. W. A. Verstegen, and A. Van Voorst. 1993. Effect of a soluble polysaccharide (carboxy methyl cellulose) on the absorption of minerals from the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. British Poultry Science, 34(5):985- 997.
  29. Whitehead, C. C. 2002. Vitamins in feedstuffs. Pages 181-190 in Poultry Feedstuffs: Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. J. M. McNab and K. N. Boorman, ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
CAPTCHA Image