تاثیر افزودن مکمل روی-متیونین به جیره‌های حاوی چربی غیر اشباع بر عملکرد رشد، وضعیت سلامتی و برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی گوساله‌های شیرخوار هلشتاین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم دامی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان. ملاثانی، اهواز، ایران.

2 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکدگان علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 گروه تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان؛ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر افزودن مکمل روی-متیونین به جیره­های با و بدون مکمل چربی نمک کلسیمی روغن کتان بر عملکرد رشد، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، رشد اسکلتی، وضعیت سلامتی و برخی فراسنجه­های خونی گوساله­های شیرخوار انجام شد. در این آزمایش از 28 رأس گوساله ماده هلشتاین 3 روزه با میانگین وزنی 2± 7/35 کیلوگرم در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با چینش فاکتوریل 2×2 و 7 تکرار در هر تیمار به مدت 49 روز استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل، جیره شاهد، جیره حاوی 1/0 درصد مکمل روی-متیونین، جیره حاوی 5/2 درصد مکمل چربی نمک کلسیمی روغن کتان و جیره حاوی 5/2 درصد نمک کلسیمی روغن کتان بعلاوه 1/0 درصد مکمل روی-متیونین بودند. ماده خشک مصرفی، عملکرد رشد و شاخص­های رشد اسکلتی تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. تاثیر برهمکنش بین چربی و روی-متیونین بر غلظت آنزیم آلانین آمینوترانسفراز تمایل به معنی‌داری داشت و کمترین غلظت در تیمار شاهد و بیشترین غلظت در تیمار حاوی روی مشاهده شد. استفاده از مکمل چربی موجب افزایش قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و ماده آلی و کاهش دمای مقعد و امتیاز مدفوع شد. غلظت آنزیم آلکالین فسفاتاز تحت تاثیر مکمل روی-متیونین افزایش یافت. به­نظر می­رسد که تغذیه روغن محافظت شده کتان با سطوح بالای اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع در گوساله­های شیرخوار تاثیر مثبتی بر وضعیت سلامت گوساله­ها و قابلیت هضم ظاهری خوراک داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of zinc-methionine supplementation to diets containing unsaturated fat on growth performance, health status and some blood parameters of suckling Holstein calves

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kamran Karamnejad 1
  • Mohsen Sari 1
  • Mehdi Dehghan banadaki 2
  • Hassan Rafiei 3
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
3 Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural resources Research and Education Center; Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction Zinc is part of more than 300 enzymes involved in immunity, metabolism, growth and reproductive functions. This element is essential for the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, the development and proper functioning of immune cells. Therefore, zinc deficiency can affect the performance of animals by reducing appetite and growth and immune system disorders.
Fat supplementation in milk replacer or starter diets has been suggested to improve the energy density of calf diets. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic are two essential fatty acids precursors of eicosanoids, important molecules in regulation of inflammation. Eicosanoids derived from linoleic acid has the inflammatory effects, while Eicosanoids derived from alpha-linolenic acid has anti-inflammatory effects. Adding alpha-linolenic acid in the form of Ca-salt of flaxseed oil to calf starter improves daily weight gain and feed efficiency. It seems to decreasing the ratio of linoleic acid to alpha linolenic acid in the diet have positive effects on the health and immune system of dairy calves.
Zinc has a direct effect on modulating the activity of desaturase enzymes in fatty acid metabolism and also indirectly affects the absorption, oxidation and composition of fatty acids. In addition, zinc participates in the structure of superoxide dismutase, which is an important enzyme in the oxidative process of lipids. Free radicals reaching the cytoplasm are neutralized by this enzyme. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic supplementation of zinc and dietary Ca-salt of flaxseed oil on growth performance, health status and some blood parameters of Holstein calves.
Materials and Methods A total of Twenty-eight 3-day-old female Holstein calves with a starting average weight of 35.7±2 kg were used based on a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 7 replications per treatment for 49 days (before weaning). The experimental treatments were: 1) Control (CON), 2) diet containing 0.1% Zn-methionine supplement (+Zn), 3) diet containing 2.5% Ca-salt of flaxseed oil supplement (+Fat) and 4) diet containing 2.5% Ca-salt of flaxseed oil supplement with 0.1% Zn-methionine supplement (+Fat +Zn). The calves were housed in individual pens and fed with whole milk and had free access to the feed starter and water. Milk was offered 4 L/d in two equal meals daily at 07:00 and 19:00. All the calves were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and days 14, 28, 42 and 49. Daily weight gain and feed efficiency (gain to feed) were calculated. Apparent digestibility was determined by the internal marker method of acid-insoluble ash. Changes in skeletal growth and health scores from birth to 42 days were recorded. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on last week of the trial (3 h after the morning feeding). Blood parameters data were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS (9.1v). Repeated measured data (body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency) were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure and health scores were analyzed using a multivariable logistic mixed model (GLIMMIX). Significance among treatments was determined by the Tukey test and results were considered as significant the P-value was less than 0.05.
Results and Discussion This study results showed that the use of Zn-methionine and Ca-salt of flaxseed oil had no significant effect on dry matter intake and growth performance. Daily weight gain tended to increase from day 29 to day 49 in treatments containing fat supplement. Fat supplementation increased dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility. Addition of zinc-methionine supplement to diets had no effect on apparent nutrient digestibility. Skeletal growth indices did not affect by dietary treatments. Attitude score, nasal discharge, days with fever, days with diarrhea and days with poor attitude were not affected by experimental treatments. Ca-salt of flaxseed oil reduced rectal temperature and improved fecal consistency. Organic Zn did not improve calf health status. Decreased rectal temperature as a result of consuming the source of alpha-linolenic acid may be due to the effects of alpha-linolenic acid and its derivatives eicosanoids in reducing the incidence of inflammatory responses. Interaction among fat and Zn-methionine tended to affect alanine aminotransferase enzyme concentration. Zn-methionine supplement increased the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase has four Zn element in its active site. This enzyme is involved in calcium absorption and animal growth and is considered as indicator of Zn status. The increase in alkaline phosphatase concentration in the present study can be attributed to the increase in zinc uptake from the source of the organic zinc-methionine.
Conclusion It seems that feeding of Ca-salt of flaxseed oil with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in dairy calves have a positive effect on calf health status and apparent feed digestibility.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Digestibility
  • Flaxseed Oil
  • Holstein Calves
  • Zn-Methionine
  1. Alimohamady, R., H. Aliarabi, R. M. Bruckmaier, and R. G. Christensen. 2018. Effect of Different Sources of Supplemental Zinc on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Lambs. Biological Trace Element Research, 189(1): 75-84. DOI: 1007/s12011-018-1448-1.
  2. Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy- cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 1598-1624. DOI: 3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2.
  3. AOAC 2012. Official Methods of Analysis. 19th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
  4. Arrayet, J. L., A. M. Oberbauer, T. R. Famula, I. Garnett, J. W. Oltjen, J. Imhoof, M. E. Kehrli, Jr., and T. W. Graham. 2002. Growth of Holstein calves from birth to 90 days: The influence of dietary zinc and BLAD status. Journal of Animal Science, 80:545-552. DOI: 2527/2002.803545x.
  5. Ayala, S., and R. R. Brenner. 1983. Essential fatty acid status in zinc deficiency. Effect on lipid and fatty acid composition, desaturation activity and structure of microsomal membranes of rat liver and testes. Acta Physiologica Latino Americana, 33(3): 193-204.
  6. Bhandari, N., S. Mazumder, S. Taneja, B. Dube, R. Agarwal, D. Mahalan-abis, O. Fontaine, R. E. Black, and M. K. Bhan. 2008. Effectiveness of zinc supplementation plus oral rehydration salts compared with oralrehydration salts alone as a treatment for acute diarrhea in a primarycare setting: a cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics, 12: e1279–e1285. DOI: 1542/peds.2007-1939.
  7. Conneely, M., D. P. Berry, R. Sayers, J. P. Murphy, M. L. Doherty, I. Lorenz, and E. Kennedy. 2014. Does iodine supplementation of the prepartum dairy cow diet affect serum immunoglobulin G concentration, iodine, and health status of the calf?. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(8): 5120–5130. DOI: 3168/jds.2013-7867.
  8. Cunnane S. C. and I. Krieger. 1988. Long chain fatty acids in serum phosphoLipids in acrodermatitis enteropathica before and after zinc treatment: a case report. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 7(3): 249-50. DOI: 1080/07315724.1988.10720242.
  9. Doolatabad, S. S., M. Sari, and G. R., Ghorbani. 2020. Effect of partial replacement of dietary starch with fiber and fat on performance, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation and some blood metabolites of Holstein calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 270, p.114691. DOI: 1016/j.anifeedsci.2020. 114691.
  10. Drackley, J. K. 2008. Calf nutrition from birth to breeding. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24(1): 55-86. DOI: 1016/j.cvfa.2008.01.001.
  11. Eder, K. and M. Kirchgessner. 1996. Zinc deficiency and the desaturation of linoleic acid in rats force-fed fat-free diets. Biological Trace Element Research, 54(2): 173-183. DOI: 1007/BF02786264.
  12. Eryavuz, A., and B. A. Dehority. 2009. Effects of supplemental zinc concentration on cellulose digestion and cellulolytic and total bacterial numbers in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151(3-4): 175-183. DOI: 1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.01.008.
  13. Garcia Orellana, M. 2012. Effect of supplementing essential fatty acids to prepartum Holstein cows and preweaned calves on calf performance, metabolism, immunity, health and hepatic gene expression. PhD Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
  14. Garcia, M., J. Shin, A. Schlaefli, L. Greco, F. Maunsell, J. Santos, C. Staples, and W. Thatcher. 2015. Increasing intake of essential fatty acids from milk replacer benefits performance, immune responses, and health of preweaned Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(1): 458-477. DOI: 3168/jds.2014-8384.
  15. Garcia, M., L. F. Greco, M. G. Favoreto, R. S. Marsola, L. T. Martins, R. S. Bisinotto, and J. E. P. Santos. 2014. Effect of supplementing fat to pregnant nonlactating cows on colostral fatty acid profile and passive immunity of the newborn calf. Journal of Dairy Science, 97: 392-405. DOI: 3168/jds.2013-7086.
  16. Ghasemi, E., M. Azad-Shahraki, and M. Khorvash. 2017. Effect of different fat supplements on performance of dairy calves during cold season. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(7): 5319-5328. DOI: 3168/jds.2016-11827.
  17. Greene, L. W., D. K.Lunt, F. M. Byers, N. K. Chirase, C. E. Richmond, R. E. Knutson, and G. T. Schelling. 1988. Performance and carcass quality of steers supplemented with zinc oxide or zinc methionine. Journal of Animal Science, 66(7): 1818-1823. DOI: 2527/jas1988.6671818x.
  18. Harvatine, K. J. and M. S. Allen. 2006. Effects of fatty acid supplements on milk yield and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(3): 1081-1091. DOI: 3168/jds.S0022-0302(06) 72176-2.
  19. Hassan, E. H., M. M. Farghaly, and G. M. Solouma. 2016. Effect of zinc supplementation from inorganic and organic sources on nutrient digestibility, some blood metabolites and growth performance of growing buffalo calves. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 19 (1): 37-46. DOI: 21608/ejnf.2016.74863.
  20. Hill, T., H. Bateman, J. Aldrich, and R. Schlotterbeck. 2009. Effects of changing the essential and functional fatty acid intake of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 670-676. DOI: 3168/jds.2008-1368.
  21. Hill, T., H. Bateman, J. Aldrich, and R. Schlotterbeck. 2011. Effect of various fatty acid on dairy calf performance. The Professional Animal Scientist, 27(3): 167-175. DOI: 15232/S1080-7446(15)30470-8.
  22. Hill, T., H. Bateman, J. Aldrich, J. Quigley, and R. Schlotterbeck. 2015. Inclusion of tallow and soybean oil to calf starters fed to dairy calves from birth to four months of age on calf performance and digestion. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(7): 4882-4888. DOI: 3168/jds.2015-9376.
  23. Hill, T., J. Aldrich, R. Schlotterbeck, and H. Bateman. 2007a. Effects of changing the fat and fatty acid composition of milk replacers fed to neonatal calves. The Professional Animal Scientist, 23(2): 135-143. DOI: 15232/S10807446(15)30953-0.
  24. Hill, T., J. Aldrich, R. Schlotterbeck, and H. Bateman. 2007b. Amino acids, fatty acids, and fat sources for calf milk replacers. The Professional Animal Scientist, 23(4): 401-408. DOI: 15232/S1080-7446(15) 30995-5.
  25. Hill, T., J. Aldrich, R. Schlotterbeck, and H. Bateman. 2007c. Effects of changing the fatty acid composition of calf starters. The Professional Animal Scientist, 23: 665-671. DOI: 15232/S1080-7446(15)31038-X.
  26. Jenkins, T. C. 1993. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Jouranal of Dairy Science, 76(12): 3851-3863. DOI: 3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77727-9.
  27. Jolazadeh, A. R., T. Mohammadabadi, M. Dehghan-banadaky, M. Chaji, and M. Garcia. 2019. Effect of supplementation fat during the last 3 weeks of uterine life and the preweaning period on performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, passive immunity and health of the newborn calf. British Journal of Nutrition, 122(12): 1346-1358. DOI: 1017/S0007114519002174.
  28. Justus, J. and E. Weigand. 2014. The Effect of a Moderate Zinc Deficiency and Dietary Fat Source on the Activity and Expression of the Δ3Δ2-Enoyl-CoA Isomerase in the Liver of Growing Rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 158(3): 365-375. DOI: 1007/s12011-014-9940-8.
  29. Kadkhoday, A., A. Riasi, M.Alikhani, M. Dehghan-Banadaky, and R. Kowsar. 2017. Effects of fat sources and dietary C18:2 to C18:3 fatty acids ratio on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and some blood components of Holstein calves. Livestock Science, 204: 71-77. DOI: 1016/j.livsci.2017.08.012.
  30. Kajarabille, N., M. Pe˜na, J. Díaz-Castro, A. Hurtado, L. Peña-Quintan, C. Iznaola, Y. Rodríguez-Santana, E. Martin-Alvarez, M., López-Frias, F. Lara-Villoslada, and J. J. Ochoa. 2018. Omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation improves neonatal and maternal bone turnover: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Functional Foods, 46:167-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.065.
  31. Lakshmi, R., R. Kundu, E. Thomas, and A. P. Mansuri. 1991. Mercuric Chloride Induced Inhibition of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in the Kidney of Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus. Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica, 19(3):341-344. DOI: 1002/aheh.19910190314.
  32. Lesmeister, K. E. and A. J. Heinrichs. 2005. Effects of adding extra molasses to a texturized calf starter on rumen development, growth characteristics, and blood parameters in neonatal dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 411-418. DOI: 3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72702-8.
  33. Mallaki, M., M. A. Norouzian, and A. A. Khadem. 2015. Effect of organic zinc supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization, and plasma zinc status in lambs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 39:75-80. DOI: 3906/vet-1405-79.
  34. Mandal P., R. S. Dass, D. R. Isore, A. K. Garg, and G. C. Ram. 2007. Effect of zinc supplementation from two sources on growth, nutrient utilization and immune response in male crossbred cattle (Bosindicus × Bostaurus) bulls. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 138(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.09 .014.
  35. McDowell, L. R. 1992. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, P. 272. DOI: 1016/B978-0-444-51367-0.X5001-6.
  36. McDowell, L. R. 2003. Chapter 12 - Zinc. Pages 357-395 in Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition, 2nd ed. L. R. McDowell, ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. DOI: 1016/B978-0-444-51367-0.X5001-6.
  37. Osorio, J. S., R. L.Wallace, D. J. Tomlinson, T. J. Earleywine, M. T. Socha, and J. K. Drackley. 2012. Effects of source of trace minerals and plane of nutrition on growth and health of transported neonatal dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(10): 5831-5844. DOI: 3168/jds.2011-5042.
  38. Parashuramulu, S., D. Nagalakshmi, D. Srinivasa Rao, M. Kishan Kumar, and P. S. Swain. 2015. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Antioxidant Status and Immune Response in Buffalo Calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 15: 179-188. DOI: 5958/0974-181X.2015.00020.7.
  39. Patterson, E., R. Wall, G. Fitzgerald, R. Ross, and C. Stanton. 2012. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of nutrition and metabolism, 2012(2): 539426. DOI: 1155/2012/539426.
  40. Ryan, A. W., E. B. Kegley PAS, J. Hawley, J. G. Powell, J. A. Hornsby, J. L. Reynolds, and S. B. Laudert. 2015. Supplemental trace minerals zinc, copper, and manganese (as sulfates, organic amino acid complexes, or hydroxyl tracemineral sources for shipping stressed calves. The Professional Animal Scientist, 31(4): 333-341. DOI: 15232/pas.2014-01383.
  41. Serhan, C. N., and B. D. 2018. Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 128(7): 2657-2669. DOI: 10.1172/JCI97943.
  42. Simopoulos, A. P. 2002. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(6): 495-505. DOI: 1080/07315724.2002.10719248.
  43. Spears, J., and E. Keeley. 1991. Effect of zinc and manganese methionine on performance of beef cows and calves. Journal of Animal Science, 69 (Suppl 1): 59.
  44. Suttle, N. F. 2010. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. CABI Publishing, New York.
  45. Thrall, M. Hematologia e Bioquímica Clínica Veterinária 1st ed. Roca: São Paulo, p. 335-354.
  46. Vakili, R., A. A. Rashidi, and S. Sobhanirad. 2010. Effects of dietary fat, vitamin E and zinc supplementation on tibia breaking strength in female broilers under heat stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(23): 3151-3156. DOI: 5897/AJAR10.247.
  47. Van Keulen, J., and B. A. Young. 1977. Evaluation of acid insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. Journal of Animal Science, 44 (2): 282-287. DOI: 2527/jas1977.442282x.
  48. Van Soest, P. J, J. b. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non- starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3583-3597. DOI: 3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
  49. Warden, L. C., M. G. Erickson, S. Grarmer, C. Tap, C. Ylioja, N. Trottier, C. L. Preseault, M. J. VandeHaar, A. L. Lock, and E. L. Karcher. 2018. Decreasing the dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids increases the omega-3 concentration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in weaned Holstein heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(2): 1227-1233. DOI: 3168/jds.2017-12696.
  50. Weld, K. A., and L. E. Armentano. 2017. The effects of adding fat to diets of lactating dairy cows on total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility: A meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 100: 1766-1779. DOI: 3168/jds.201611500.
  51. Wright, C. L., and J. W. Spears. 2004. Effect of zinc source and dietary level on zinc metabolism in Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4): 1085-1091. DOI: 3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73254-3.

 

CAPTCHA Image