The Effect of Different Levels of Whey Powder on Growth Performance, Fermentation Parameters, Ruminal Morphology, Degradability and Microbial Protein Biosynthesis in Fattening Lambs

Document Type : Research Articles

Authors

1 PhD student in Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

2 Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

Abstract

Introduction[1]: One of the valuable unconventional foods is whey powder, which is a by-product of cheese production. Whey powder is used as an important source of energy and protein in animal nutrition. By reviewing the composition of whey powder based on dry matter and comparing it with the needs of livestock, its nutritional value can be understood. Whey powder as a feedstuff also has properties of a prebiotic; it contains a significant amount of lactose that is not absorbed to a large extent, but is fermented and converted to lactic acid and volatile fatty acids, which may stimulate the establishment of lactobacilli in the small intestine. Whey powder in animal feed, in addition to preventing environmental problems, reduces feed costs and improves yield. Adding whey powder to this juice probably improves and increases the weight of animals fed with whey powder by stimulating the microorganisms of the digestive system and as a result, by better synthesizing the required nutrients and improving the absorption of nutrients from the digestive system. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of whey powder on growth performance, fermentation parameters, ruminal morphology, degradability and microbial protein biosynthesis in fattening Zell lambs.
Material and methods: In the first experiment, ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein were measured with nylon bag technique using three fistulated Zell sheep with mean weight of about 40 kg and mean age of about 10 months. In this experiment, nylon bags made of polyester (Dacron) with a pore diameter of 45 ± 5 micrometers and dimensions of 9 ×7 cm were used. Incubation time in rumen consisted of 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96. In the second experiment, the effect of different levels of whey powder on fermentation parameters, ruminal morphology and microbial protein biosynthesis, an experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with four diets containing zero, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 % whey powder on 24 male lambs with initial mean weight of 24± 2 kg and mean age of 4.5±0.52 months for 90 days was performed. Every day, a certain amount of feed in the form of TMR was weighed for each experimental treatment and was provided to the experimental lambs at 8 am and 5 pm. To determine the daily weight gain of the experimental lambs, weighing was done with a digital metal scale every 14 days until the end of the 90th day of the experiment. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Comparison of experimental treatment means was done using Duncan's multi-range test at a significance level of 0.05.
Results and discussion: A significant difference was observed for final weight, dry matter consumption and daily weight gain among the experimental treatments, and the highest values ​​were found in the 4.5% whey powder treatment. Significant differences were observed in pH, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, and acetic acid among the experimental treatments. Specifically, the treatment with 4.5% whey powder exhibited the highest levels of fermentation parameters. Additionally, the 4.5% whey powder treatment showed the highest population of total bacteria at 2 and 4 hours after feeding, as well as the highest protozoa population at 4 hours after feeding. Moreover, the 4.5% whey powder treatment demonstrated the highest thickness, height, and density of villi compared to the other experimental treatments. Furthermore, significant differences were found in the degradability parameters of dry matter and crude protein among the experimental treatments. In particular, the soluble, degradable, and effective rumen degradability in passage rate constant parts exhibited significant differences. The amount of gas produced from the fermentable part also showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments. The control treatment showed the lowest amount of gas produced from the fermentable part, which was significantly lower than the other treatments. However, no significant difference was observed between the experimental treatments in other parameters of gas production.
The highest amount of microbial protein production was observed in the treatment of 3% whey powder.
 
Conclusion: The consumption of higher levels of whey powder at a maximum of 4.5% in the diet of fattening lambs improved the growth performance and some ruminal indices and decomposability of dry matter and crude protein.
 

 
 

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Alaei Baher, S., Mohammadzadeh, H., Taghizadeh, A., & Hosseinkhani, A. (2019). The effect of bacterial and prebiotic additives on chemical composition, gas production and aerobic stability of corn silage. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 2,193-179. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/IJASR.V10I2.63019 .
  2. Anderson, M. J. (1975). Metabolism of liquid whey fed to sheep. Journal of Dairy Science, 12,1856-1859.‏ https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84798-9 .
  3. Arowolo, M. A., & He, J. (2018). Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics: A review. Animal Nutrition, 3,241-249.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.010 .
  4. Barile, D., Tao, N., Lebrilla, C. B., Coisson, J. D., Arlorio, M., & German, J. B. (2009). Permeate from cheese whey ultrafiltration is a source of milk oligosaccharides. International Dairy Journal, 19(9), 524-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.03.008 .
  5. Bragg, D. S. A., Murphy, M. R., & Davis, C. L. (1986). Effect of source of carbohydrate and frequency of feeding on rumen parameters in dairy steers. Journal of Dairy Science, 69(2), 392-402. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80417-9 .
  6. Brossard, L., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Michalet-Doreau, B., & Martin, C. (2006). Dose effect of live yeasts on rumen microbial communities and fermentations during butyric latent acidosis in sheep: new type of interaction. Animal Science, 82(6), 829-836. https://doi.org/10.1017/ASC200693 .
  7. Bayat, A. (2002). The use of whey instead of water and its effect on the performance of Holstein fattening calves. Master Thesis, Department of Animal Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, (In Persian).
  8. Chen, X. B., & Gomes, M. J. (1992). Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives: an overview of the technical details. International Feed Resources Unit Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK Occasional Publication.
  9. Chen, X. B., Hovell, F. D., Ørskov, E. R., & Brown, D. S. (1990). Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants: effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply on purine derivative excretion by sheep. British journal of Nutrition, 63(1), 131-142. https://doi.org/1079/bjn19900098 .
  10. Conway, E. J. (1950). Micro-diffusion analysis and volumetric error, Crosby. Lockwood and Son Ltd, London.
  11. Cotanch, K. W., Darrah, J. W., Webster, T. M., & Hoover, W. H. (2006). The effect of feeding lactose in the form of whey permeates on the productivity of lactating dairy cattle. WH Miner Agric. Res. Inst. Chazy, NY. www. whminer. com/research/whm-06-1. pdf. Accessed Jan, 7, 2013.
  12. Chung, C. H., & Day, D. F. (2004). Efficacy of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (ATCC 13146) isomaltooligosaccharides as a poultry prebiotic. Poultry Science, 83(8), 1302-1306. https://doi.org/1093/ps/83.8.1302 .
  13. Dehority, B. A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. London, UK. Nottingham University.
  14. DeFrain, J. M., Hippen, A. R., Kalscheur, K. F., & Schingoethe, D. J. (2004). Feeding lactose increases ruminal butyrate and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(8), 2486-2494. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73373-1 .
  15. DePeters, E. J., Fisher, L. J., & Stone, J. L. (1986). Effect of adding dried whey to starter diet of early and late weaned calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 69(1), 181-186. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80384-8 .
  16. De Miranda, M. V. F., Teófilo, T. D. S., de Assis, A. P. P., Leite, H. M. D. S., de Moura, A. K., Melo, V. L. D. L., ... & Lima, P. D. O. (2021). Morphological and Volumetric Characteristics of Holstein-Gir Crossbred Calves’ Stomachs Fed Diets Comprising Cheese Whey and Milk Powder. Journal of Sustainable Development, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n2p179 .
  17. Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478 .
  18. El-Tanboly, E. S., El-Hofi, M. K., & Khorshid, A. (2017). Recovery of cheese whey, a by-product from the dairy industry for use as an animal feed. Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Engineering, 6(5), 148. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2017.06.00215 .
  19. Eseceli, H., Esen, S., Keten, M., Altıner, A., & Bilal, T. (2021). Effect of Whey Protein-Enriched Water on Performance and in Vivo Carcass Measurements in Fattening Merino Lambs. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 36(1), 61-65. https://doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/V36I1/AJAS2101 .
  20. Forbes, J. M., & France, J. (1993). Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism. Cab International.
  21. Galloway Sr, D. L., Goetsch, A. L., Sun, W., Forster Jr, L. A., Murphy, G. E., Grant, E. W., & Johnson, Z. B. (1992). Digestion, feed intake, and live weight gain by cattle consuming bermudagrass hay supplemented with whey. Journal of Animal Science, 70(8), 2533-2541. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7082533x .
  22. Ghorbani, G. R., & Hadj-Hussaini, A. (2002). In situ degradability of Iranian barley grain cultivars. Small Ruminant Research, 44(3), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00082-2 .
  23. Greenwood, R. H., Morrill, J. L., Titgemeyer, E. C., & Kennedy, G. A. (1997). A new method of measuring diet abrasion and its effect on the development of the forestomach. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(10), 2534-2541. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76207-6 .
  24. Gülşen, N., Coşkun, B., Umucalilar, H. D., Inal, F., & Boydak, M. (2002). Effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation on growth performance and histology of the immune system in broilers. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 56(2), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039420214186 .
  25. Grummer, R. R., Staples, C. R., & Davis, C. L. (1983). Effect of defaunation on ruminal volatile fatty acids and pH of steers fed a diet high in dried whole whey. Journal of Dairy Science, 66(8), 1738-1741. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)82000-1 .
  26. Jafari Khorshidi, K., & Hosseinpour, A. (2008). The effect of using different levels of fermented and concentrated whey in the diet on the rate of microbial protein synthesis and changes in protozoan populations in sheep rumen. Journal of Clinical Research in Large Livestock, 8. (In Persian).
  27. Iji, P. A., Saki, A., & Tivey, D. R. (2001). Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 1. Intestinal weight and mucosal development. British Poultry Science, 42(4), 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120073151 .
  28. Jeacocke, R. E. (1977). Continuous measurements of the pH of beef muscle in intact beef carcases. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 12(4), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb00120.x.
  29. Juengst Jr, F. W. (1979). Use of total whey constituents–Animal feed. Journal of Dairy Science, 62(1), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83210-5 .
  30. Krause, K. M., & Oetzel, G. R. (2006). Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126(3-4), 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.004 .
  31. Lammers, B. P., Heinrichs, A. J., & Aydin, A. (1998). The effect of whey protein concentrate or dried skim milk in milk replacer on calf performance and blood metabolites. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(7), 1940-1945. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75767-4 .
  32. Lee, S. B., Lee, K. W., Lee, J. S., Kim, K. H., & Lee, H. G. (2019). Impacts of whey protein on starch digestion in rumen and small intestine of steers. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 61(2), 98. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2019.61.2.98 .
  33. Lupo, C. R., Grecco, F. C. D. A. R., Eleodoro, J. I., Filho, L. F. C. C., Serafim, C. C., dos Santos, J. S., & Hernandes, C. (2019). Viability of the use of bovine milk whey at lamb finishing: performance, carcass, and meat parameters. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 47(1), 449-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2019.1653302 .
  34. Makkar, H. P. (2003). Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49(3), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00142-1 .
  35. Maiga, H. A., Schingoethe, D. J., & Henson, J. E. (1996). Ruminal degradation, amino acid composition, and intestinal digestibility of the residual components of five protein supplements. Journal of Dairy Science, 79(9), 1647-1653. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76528-1 .
  36. Mehri, M., Zare, S. A., & Samie, A. (2004). The effects of supplementation of whey powder on broiler performance. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 1007-1013.
  37. Menke, H. H., & Steingass, H. (1988) Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28, 7-55.
  38. Mirshahi, S. (2012). Whey is a source of probiotics, Veterinary Journal, 47, 77-80 (In Persian).
  39. Miranda, M. V. F. G. D., Morais, M. R. P. T. D., Lima, R. N. D., Leite, H. M. D. S., Assis, A. P. P. D., Teófilo, T. D. S., & Lima, P. D. O. (2019). Performance and development of gastric compartments of calves fed with cheese whey and transition milk. Ciência Rural, 49. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190308 .
  40. Miron, J., Ben-Ghedalia, D., Yokoyama, M. T., & Lamed, R. (1990). Some aspects of cellobiose effect on bacterial cell surface structures involved in lucerne cell walls utilization by fresh isolates of rumen bacteria. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 30(1-2), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90055-D .
  41. Mousavi Anijdan, S. T., Chashnidel, Y., Teymouri Yansari, A., & Jafari Sayadi, A. (2016). The Effect of Different Levels of Single Cell Whey Protein on Feed Consumption, Dry and Nutrient Digestibility and Rumen Parameter of Gas Production in Zell Breeding Phases, 2nd National Congress of New Technologies of Iran Aiming at Sustainable Development, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
  42. Nik-Khah, A. (1984). The growth and carcass quality of Afshari, Turkey and Mehraban lambs on different diets. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 15, 498–499.
  43. Nocek, J. E., & Kautz, W. P. (2006). Direct-fed microbial supplementation on ruminal digestion, health, and performance of pre-and postpartum dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(1), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72090-2 .
  44. Orpin, C. G. (1977). The rumen flagellate Piromonas communis: its life-history and invasion of plant material in the rumen. Microbiology, 99(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/101099/00221287-99-1-107 .
  45. Ottenstein, D. M., & Bartley, D. A. (1971). Separation of free acids C2–C5 in dilute aqueous solution column technology. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 9(11), 673-681. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/9.11.673 .
  46. Ørskov, E. R., & McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 92(2), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048 .
  47. Patel, S. (2015). Functional food relevance of whey protein: A review of recent findings and scopes ahead. Journal of Functional Foods, 19, 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.040 .
  48. Pierce, K. M., Sweeney, T., Brophy, P. O., Callan, J. J., Fitzpatrick, E., McCarthy, P., & O'Doherty, J. V. (2006). The effect of lactose and inulin on intestinal morphology, selected microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the gastro-intestinal tract of the weanling pig. Animal Science, 82(3), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1079/ASC200634 .
  49. Poliquit, A. R., & Sanchez, S. L. (2013). Performance of Growing Lambs as Influenced by Liquid Acid Whey Supplementation. Annals of Tropical Research, 35(1), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.32945/atr3515.2013 .
  50. Russell, J. B., O'connor, J. D., Fox, D. G., Van Soest, P. J., & Sniffen, C. J. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11), 3551-3561. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70113551x .
  51. Sedaghat, A., Ghorchi, T., & Toghdari, A. (2019). The effect of using different levels of whey powder on performance, digestibility and blood parameters in fattening periods, Master Thesis, Animal Science Engineering, Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran. (In Persian).
  52. Salary N, A., M. H. Fathi Nasri, H. Farhangfar, and H. Naeemipour. 2013. Effect of two different levels of fiber on feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and ruminal metabolites of Holstein calves. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 4, 323-334. https://doi.org/10.22067/ijasr.v4i4.20332 .
  53. SAS. (2001). Statistical Analysis System User’s Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
  54. Scharenberg, A., Arrigo, Y., Gutzwiller, A., Wyss, U., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., & Dohme, F. (2007). Effect of feeding dehydrated and ensiled tanniferous sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on nitrogen and mineral digestion and metabolism of lambs. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 61(5), 390-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390701565081 .
  55. Shapiro, D., & Volcani, R. (1977). Liquid acid whey to growing heifers. 2nd Min. Agric., Cattle Div., Ext. Serv. (Hebrew).
  56. Serafim, C. C., de Almeida Rego, F. C., Fabris, J. T., Molina, J. F., Lupo, C. R., Gasparini, M. J., & dos Santos, J. S. (2017). Consumo de nutrientes e perfil metabólico de cordeiros confinados com diferentes teores de soro de leite em pó na dieta. Uniciências, 21(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2017v21n1p7-11 .
  57. Steele, M. A., Croom, J., Kahler, M., AlZahal, O., Hook, S. E., Plaizier, K., & McBride, B. W. (2011). Bovine rumen epithelium undergoes rapid structural adaptations during grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 300(6), R1515-R1523. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00120.2010 .
  58. Stienezen, M., Waghorn, G. C., & Douglas, G. B. (1996). Digestibility and effects of condensed tannins on digestion of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) when fed to sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(2), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1996.9513180 .
  59. Tanha, T. (2020). Study of whey powder proteins and determination of rumen fegradation by nylon bag method. Journal of Experimental Animal Biology, 29,141-133. (In Persian).
  60. Tedeschi, L. O., Cannas, A., & Fox, D. G. (2010). A nutrition mathematical model to account for dietary supply and requirements of energy and other nutrients for domesticated small ruminants: The development and evaluation of the Small Ruminant Nutrition System. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2-3), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.041 .
  61. Thivend, P. (1977).Use of whey in feeding ruminants with particular reference to pollution problems. World Animal Review. Italy. 23-32.
  62. Vaithiyanathan, S., Bhatta, R., Mishra, A. S., Prasad, R., Verma, D. L., & Singh, N. P. (2007). Effect of feeding graded levels of Prosopis cineraria leaves on rumen ciliate protozoa, nitrogen balance and microbial protein supply in lambs and kids. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133(3-4), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.04.003 .
  63. Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 .
  64. Windschitl, P. M., & Schingoethe, D. J. (1984). Microbial protein synthesis in rumens of cows fed dried whole whey. Journal of Dairy Science, 67(12), 3061-3068. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81673-2 .
  65. Yadav, J. S. S., Yan, S., Pilli, S., Kumar, L., Tyagi, R. D., & Surampalli, R. Y. (2015). Cheese whey: A potential resource to transform into bioprotein, functional/nutritional proteins and bioactive peptides. Biotechnology Advances, 33(6), 756-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.002 .
  66. 66-Zamani, J., Azizi, A., & Jahani Azizabadi, H. (2019). The effect of alfalfa replacement with straw processed with sodium hydroxide and whey on yield, characteristics of rumen fermentation, milk production and chemical metabolites of Holstein lactating cows, Master Thesis in Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran. (In Persian).

 

CAPTCHA Image
  • Receive Date: 16 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 19 July 2022
  • Accept Date: 04 September 2022
  • First Publish Date: 04 September 2022