Effect of different sources of organic and inorganic manganese on productive performance, antioxidant status, immune system and bone strength in aged laying hens (82 to 94 weeks)

Document Type : Research Articles

Authors

1 Department of animal Science, Kashmar Branch,Islamic Azad University, Kashmar, Iran.

2 Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: As the highest cost of poultry production is the cost of feed, optimizing feed consumption and reducing feed conversion ratio are very important in the poultry industry. Also, the problem of lower egg shell quality caused by prolonged egg production period is an important issue affecting the breeding of old layer hens. Approximately 10% of the eggs produced in poultry farms are lost due to breakage of eggshells, which accounts for huge economic loss to the egg industry. Improving eggshell quality are essential for protection against penetrating of pathogenic bacteria. As a result, a great deal of efforts have been applied to improving egg shell quality in old laying hens in the fields of mineral nutrition. Numerous researchers have focused on the addition of trace elements in the diet to regulate egg quality by improving eggshell ultrastructure. Manganese is an indispensable trace element, Manganese takes a crucial part in biological processes, including the metabolism of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate. The low Mn content in corn–soybean meal diets used in production and the inefficient intestinal absorption of Mn in birds calls for the need for optimizing the supplemental provision of Mn to birds. In the process of egg formation, manganese is important for the formation of the shell and the pleasure affects the quality of the shell. Manganese is an important nutrient for laying hens. Dietary Mn is known to have profound effects on the skeleton. Manganese supplementation affects the function and characteristics of the tibia.
Materials and methods: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two inorganic and organic forms of manganese on performance, antioxidant activities, immune system and bone strength in older laying hens. 250 Leghorn laying hens (w-36) with 80 weeks of age were divided into 5 treatments and 5 replications in a completely randomized design. Treatments were: control (without manganese supplement), treatments containing 100% manganese sulfate (diet 1), 75% manganese sulfate and 25% organic manganese chelated (diet 2), 50% manganese sulfate and 50% organic chelated (diet 3) 25% sulfate Manganese and 75% organic chelated (diet 4). During the experiment, daily feed intake (g), egg weight, number and production of eggs (g/hen/day) and feed conversion ratio were calculated. To evaluate the humoral immunity on the day of slaughter (94 weeks age), 10 cc of blood was taken from two selected birds and its immunoglobulins were measured. To evaluate the bone strength, two pieces of chicken were selected from each replication and after slaughter, the tibia of the right foot was isolated and after preparation, the mechanical properties of the bones were measured. Also The antioxidant activities of SOD (Superoxide dismutase), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and MDA (malondialdehyde) were evaluated.
Results and Discussion: The results obtained in this experiment showed that the production performance was affected by experimental treatments. The lowest feed conversion ratio and the highest feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg mass were observed in diets 4 and5, i.e. treatments receiving 50% and 75% manganese organic chelate. Also, the levels of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were significantly affected by experimental treatments. The levels of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in the experimental treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control treatment, while in immunoglobulin M there was no statistically significant difference between diet 3 and basal diet. In addition, antioxidant activity was significantly affected by experimental treatments. The amount of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced in diet treatments 4 and 5 compared to the control treatment. The percentage of DPPH (2,2-dipheny l-1-picrylhydrazyl) in diets 3, 4 and 5 showed a significant increase compared to the basal diet. Also, the amount of superoxide dismutase in diet 2 showed a significant decrease compared to other diets and control diet. However, the effects of inorganic and organic manganese supplements on the tibia strength of older laying hens were not affected by experimental treatments.
Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that the addition of manganese supplement to the diet improves the production performance and immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M through the use of organic manganese source in laying hens and manganese amino acid chelate can replace 75% of manganese sulfate in the diet of older laying hens. Also, antioxidant status was significantly affected by experimental treatments. In general, the addition of manganese supplement in the diet of laying hens improves performance, immune system and antioxidant activity in aged laying hens.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Abbasi, S., J.FakhraeiH. Mansoori Yarahmadi   and S. Khaghani.2020.Effects of different sources fat on performance immune system and intestinal microflora in commercial laying hens. Journal of Animal Environment .12(4): 225-230.(In persian). Doi:10.22034/AEJ.2020.125582.

    2.Ahmadi, M., A. Ahmadian, M. Poorghasemi, P. Makovicky, and A. Seidavi. 2019. Nano-Selenium affects on duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon characteristics in chicks: An animal model. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 10(2):225-229.

    3.Conly, A. K., R. Poureslami, E. A. Koutsos, A. B. Batal, B. Jung, R. Beckstead, and D. G. Peterson. 2012. "Tolerance and efficacy of tribasic manganese chloride in growing broiler chickens. Poultry science, 91(7):1633-1640. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02056

    4.Cui, Y. M., Zhang, H. J., Zhou, J. M., Wu, S. G., Zhang, C., Qi, G. H., & Wang, J. 2019. Effects of long-term supplementation with amino acid-complexed manganese on performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry and organ histopathology in laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 254, 114203. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.076.

    5.Darvishi, Y., M. S. Shargh, and S. Hassani. 2020. Effect of organic or inorganic zinc and manganese sources on performance and egg quality traits of laying hens. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research, 10(S1), 23.

    6.Faria, B.D., L.M. Silva, V. Ribeiro, A.H.D.N. Ferreira, H.S. Rostagno, L.F.T. Albino, and M.I. Hannas. 2019. Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old. Scientia Agricola77.

    7.Fathi, M.M., A.E. El-Dlebshany, M.B. El-Deen, L.M. Radwan, and G.N. Rayan. 2016. Effect of long-term selection for egg production on eggshell quality of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Poultry science95(11):2570-2575. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew233

    8.Fouad, A.M., Y. Li, W. Chen, D. Ruan, S. Wang, W. Xie, Y.C. Lin, and C.T. Zheng. 2016. Effects of dietary manganese supplementation on laying performance, egg quality and antioxidant status in laying ducks. Asian J Anim Vet Adv11:570-575. DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.570.575.

    9.Gajula, S.S., V.K. Chelasani, A.K. Panda, V.R. Mantena, and R.R. Savaram. 2011. Effect of supplemental inorganic Zn and Mn and their interactions on the performance of broiler chicken, mineral bioavailability, and immune response. Biological trace element research139(2):177-187.DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8647-8.

    10.Gao, T., F. Wang, S. Li, X. Luo, and K. Zhang. 2011. Manganese regulates manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression in the primary broiler myocardial cells. Biological trace element research144(1):695-704. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9093-y.

    11.Ghalesefidi, M.J., F. Shirmohammad, and M. Mehri. 2019. Effect of dietary inclusion of sulphate, hydroxychloride and organic complex sources of manganese on egg quality of aged laying hens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science (IJAS)50(2). (In Persian). 10.22059/IJAS.2019.276506.653688.

    12.Ghosh, A., G.P. Mandal, A. Roy, and A.K. Patra. 2016. Effects of supplementation of manganese with or without phytase on growth performance, carcass traits, muscle and tibia composition, and immunity in broiler chickens. Livestock Science191:80-85. DOI:10.1016/j.livsci.2016.07.014

    13.HylineInternational.2015.Availableat:http://www.hyline.com/UserDocs/Pages/PUB_INVEST_ENG. pdf.

    14.Jasek, A., C.D. Coufal, T.M. Parr, and J.T. Lee. 2019. Evaluation of Increasing manganese hydroxychloride level on male broiler growth performance and tibia strength. Journal of Applied Poultry Research28(4):1039-1047. DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz065.

    15.Junior, A.M.B., N.L.M. Fernandes, A. Snak, A. Fireman, D. Horn, and J.I.M. Fernandes. 2019. Arginine and manganese supplementation on the immune competence of broilers immune stimulated with vaccine against Salmonella Enteritidis. Poultry science98(5):2160-2168. DOI:10.3382/ps/pey570.

    16.Klecker D., L. Zeman, P. Jelinek, and A. Bunesova. 2002. Effect  of manganese and zinc chelates on the quality of eggs.  Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mende-lianae Brunensis, 50:59–68.

    17.Liu, A.H., B.S. Heinrichs, and R.M. LeachJr. 1994. Influence of manganese deficiency on the characteristics of proteoglycans of avian epiphyseal growth plate cartilage. Poultry science73(5):663-669. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0730663.

    18.Liu, R., C. Jin, Z. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Wang, and L. Wang. 2015. Effects of manganese deficiency on the microstructure of proximal tibia and OPG/RANKL gene expression in chicks. Veterinary research communications39(1):31-37. DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9626-5.

    19.Luo, X.G., S.F. Li, L. Lu, B. Liu, X. Kuang, G.Z. Shao, and S.X. Yu. 2007. Gene expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase as a biomarker of manganese bioavailability for manganese sources in broilers. Poultry science86(5):888-894. DOI:10.1093/ps/86.5.888.

    1. Mirkazehi, M.T.,H. kermanshahi, A. Golian, A.R., Raaji.2013.The Effects of Dietary 1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and Root Hydroalcoholic Extract of Withania somnifera on Bone Mineralisation and Strength of Broiler Chickens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research.5(4).313-324.(In persian).DOI: 10.22067/IJASR.V5I4.33864.
    2. Noetzold, T.L., S.L. Vieira, A. Favero, R.M. Horn, C.M. Silva, and G.B. Martins. 2020. Manganese requirements of broiler breeder hens. Poultry Science99(11):5814-5826.DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.085.

    22.Oliveira, T.F.B., A.G. Bertechini, R.M. Bricka, E.J. Kim, P.D. Gerard, and E.D. Peebles. 2015. Effects of in ovo injection of organic zinc, manganese, and copper on the hatchability and bone parameters of broiler hatchlings. Poultry Science94(10):2488-2494. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev248.

    1. Pan, S., K. Zhang, X. Ding, J. Wang, H. Peng, Q. Zeng, Y. Xuan, Z. Su, B. Wu, and S. Bai. 2018. Effect of high dietary manganese on the immune responses of broilers following oral Salmonella typhimurium inoculation. Biological trace element research181(2):347-360. DOI:10.1007/s12011-017-1060-9.

    24.Qiu, Y., Q. Liu, and T. Beta. 2009. Antioxidant activity of commercial wild rice and identification of flavonoid compounds in active fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry57(16):7543-7551. DOI:10.1007/s12011-017-1060-9.

    25.Sah, N., D.L. Kuehu, V.S. Khadka, Y. Deng, K. Peplowska, R. Jha, and B. Mishra. 2018. RNA sequencing-based analysis of the laying hen uterus revealed the novel genes and biological pathways involved in the eggshell biomineralization. Scientific reports8(1):1-12. DOI:10.1021/jf901074b.

    26.Sun, Q., Y. Guo, J. Li, T. Zhang, and J. Wen. 2010. Effects of methionine hydroxy analog chelated Cu/Mn/Zn on laying performance, egg quality, enzyme activity and mineral retention of laying hens. The Journal of Poultry Science:1108310128-1108310128. DOI:10.2141/jpsa.011055.

    27.Swiatkiewicz, S. and J. Koreleski. 2008. The effect of zinc and manganese source in the diet for laying hens on eggshell and bones quality. Veterinarni Medicina53(10):555. DOI:10.17221/1966-VETMED.

    28.Vakili, R. , J. Saebifar, R. Majidzadeh heavi.2022.Investigation of Egg Enrichment Using Organic and inorganic Supplements in aged Laying Hens.134(1).183-193.(In persian).DOI: 10.22092/VJ.2021.353503.1820.

    1. Wang, Y., Z. Gou, X. Lin, Q. Fan, J. Ye, and S. Jiang. 2021. Optimal Level of Supplemental Manganese for Yellow-Feathered Broilers during the Growth Phase. Animals11(5):1389. DOI: 10.3390/ani11051389.

    30.Xiao, J.F., S.G. Wu, H.J. Zhang, H.Y. Yue, J. Wang, F. Ji, and G.H. Qi. 2015. Bioefficacy comparison of organic manganese with inorganic manganese for eggshell quality in Hy-Line Brown laying hens. Poultry Science94(8):1871-1878. DOI:10.3382/ps.2013-03354.

    31.Xie, J., C. Tian, Y. Zhu, L. Zhang, L. Lu, and X. Luo. 2014. Effects of inorganic and organic manganese supplementation on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I and follicle-stimulating hormone expression and reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. Poultry Science93(4):959-969. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03598.

    32.Yıldız, A.Ö., Y. Cufadar, and O. Olgun. 2011. Effects of dietary organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on performance, egg quality and bone mineralisation in laying hens. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire162(10):482-488.

    33.Zhang, Y.N., S. Wang, X.B. Huang, K.C. Li, W. Chen, D. Ruan, W.G. Xia, S.L. Wang, K.F.M. Abouelezz, and C.T. Zheng. 2020. Estimation of dietary manganese requirement for laying duck breeders: effects on productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, tibial characteristics, and serum biochemical and antioxidant indices. Poultry Science99(11):5752-5762. DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.076.

    34.Zhu, Y., L. Lu, X. Liao, W. Li, L. Zhang, C. Ji, X. Lin, H.C. Liu, J. Odle, and X. Luo. 2017. Maternal dietary manganese protects chick embryos against maternal heat stress via epigenetic-activated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic abilities. Oncotarget8(52):89665. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20804.

CAPTCHA Image
  • Receive Date: 12 October 2021
  • Revise Date: 22 December 2021
  • Accept Date: 05 January 2022
  • First Publish Date: 05 January 2022