Study of Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions in Different Barley Cultivars Using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS)

Document Type : Ruminant Nutrition

Authors

• Hojjat Gholizadeh ¹
• Abbas Ali Naserian ¹
• Reza Valizadeh ¹
• Abdolmansour Tahmasebi ²

¹ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

² Dept. of Animal Science, College of Agri. Ferdowsi University of Mahhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/ijasr.v8i4.26701

Abstract

Introduction Barley is a major cereal grain in Iran. It is the primary constituent of concentrate rations for dairy and beef cattle as sources of energy and protein. The cultivation areas of barley is about 1.68 million ha which normally produce 3.4 million tones of grains. Depending upon local climate condition in Iran, plant breeding experts developed different types of barley (moderate, cold, and dry). Differences in the nutritional characteristics among barley varieties have been reported. Barley cultivars differ in chemical composition and ruminal digestion characteristics. In-vitro gas production results also show there are significant differences in ruminal dry matter disappearance among Iranian barley cultivars. These differences may be attributed to carbohydrate and protein fractions such as rapidly degradable protein and carbohydrate (PA and CA). Little research has been conducted to determine the differences between and within varieties of barley in terms of carbohydrate and protein fractions. This study was carried out to determine protein and carbohydrate fractions of barley cultivars.
Materials and Methods Barley cultivars including: 1- cv. Yousef, 2- cv. Nosrat, 3- cv. CB.79.10, 4- cv. Makooei, 5- cv. Abidar, and 6- cv. Sararood were obtained from Karaj Research Station which is located in central Tehran. Samples were ground using a Retsch ZM200, Rose, Scientific Ltd., Canada through a 0.5 mm screen for starch analysis and through a 1 mm screen for other chemical analyses. Dry matter (DM), ash, crude fat, and crude protein (CP) contents were analyzed according to the procedure of the AOAC. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) values were analyzed. The starch was analyzed using the Megazyme Total Starch Assay Kit (Megazyme International Ltd., Wicklow, Ireland). The non protein nitrogen content was obtained by precipitation of true protein in the filtrate with trichloroacetic acid and determined as the difference between total N and the N content of the residue after filtration. The amount of CP associated with NDF was determined by analyzing the NDF residues for CP. Soluble crude protein was determined by incubating the sample with bicarbonate-phosphate buffer and filtering through Whatman filter paper. The carbohydrate (CHO) was calculated according to formulas of the NRC dairy. Crude protein and carbohydrate fractions were partitioned according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System. The CP fractions are: (1) non protein nitrogen (PA), (2) true protein, and (3) unavailable protein (PC). The true protein fraction is divided into three fractions: (1) rapidly degradable (PB1), (2) intermediately degradable (PB2), and (3) slowly degradable (PB3). The rapidly degradable fraction was determined as the trichloroacetic acid-precipitable fraction. The intermediately degradable fraction of true protein is insoluble in buffer, but soluble in neutral detergent. The slowly degradable fraction is believed to be more slowly degraded in the rumen than fractions rapidly and intermediately degradable because of its association with the plant cell wall; thus, a large proportion of this fraction is believed to escape the rumen. The unavailable protein fraction is the acid detergent insoluble N. Carbohydrate was fractionated into (1) soluble fraction (CA), which is composed of fermentable soluble sugars, (2) intermediately degradable fraction (CB1), which is starch and pectin, (3) slowly degradable fraction (CB2), which is the available cell wall with a slow degradation rate of 0.02-0.10 h-1, and an unfermentable fraction, which is the unavailable cell wall (CC).
Results and Discussion Barley cultivars had 49-55 % of DM starch and 9-14 % of DM crude protein. They differed in crude protein, soluble protein, neutral detergent fiber, non-protein nitrogen, and neutral detergent insoluble protein. Makooei had the greatest amount of crude protein and non-protein nitrogen, and the lowest amount of neutral detergent insoluble protein. Barley cultivars differed in protein and carbohydrate fractions. Makooei had the greatest amount of PA and the lowest amount of PB1and PB3. Abidar had the greatest amount of PB1, NSC and the lowest amount of CB2.
Conclusion Type of cultivar had significant effect on the protein and carbohydrate fractions of barley. Difference in protein and carbohydrate fractions can be influenced the protein and carbohydrate availability in ruminants. Results of the current study can be used to select and improve barley cultivars and accurate ration formulation in ruminants.

Keywords

• Barley cultivars
• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Fractions

20.1001.1.20083106.1396.8.4.3.2

---

References

1- AOAC International. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Association of Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.

2- Anker, N. K., E. M. Færgesta., S. Sahlstrøm, and A. K. Uhlen. 2006. Interaction between barley cultivars and growth temperature on starch degradation properties measured in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 130: 3–22.

3- Blum, A. 1989. Breeding methods for drought resistance. Pages 197-215 in Plants under Stress. H. T. J. Flowers and M. B. Jones, ed. Cambridge Univ Press.

4- Bonnett, G. D, and L. D. Incoll. 1992. Effects on the stem of winter barley of manipulating the source and sink during grain- filling 1. Changes in accumulation and loss of mass from internodes. Journal of Experimental Botany, 44: 75-82.

5- Chalupa, W, and C. J. Sniffen. 1996. Protein and amino acid nutrition of lactating dairy cattle—today and tomorrow. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 58: 65-75.

6- Colkesen, M., A. Kamalak., O. Canbolat., Y. Gurbuz, and C. Ozkan. 2005. Effect of cultivar and formaldehyde treatment of barley grain on rumen fermentation characteristics using in vitro gas production. South African Journal of Animal Science, 35: 206-212.

7- Crooker, B., C. Sniffen., W. Hoover, and L. Johnson. 1978. Solvents for soluble nitrogen measurements in feedstuffs. Journal of Dairy Science, 61: 437-447.

8- Damiran, D, and P. Yu. 2010. Chemical profile, rumen degradation kinetics, and energy value of four hull-less barley cultivars: comparison of the zero-amylose waxy, waxy, high-amylose, and normal starch cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58: 10553-10559.

9- FAOSTAT. 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat.

10- Fox, D. G., C. J. Sniffen., J. D. O'Connor., J. B. Russell, and P. J. Van Soest. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: III. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3578-3596.

11- Ghezeljeh, A. E., D. M. Mesgaran., N. H. Moghaddam, and A. Vakili. 2011. Bulk density, chemical composition and in vitro gas production parameters of Iranian barley grain cultivars grown at different selected climates. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6: 1226-1232.

12- Ghorbani, G, and A. Hadj-Hussaini. 2002. In situ degradability of Iranian barley grain cultivars. Small Ruminant Research, 44: 207-212.

13- Greenberg, N. A, and W. F. Shipe. 1979. Comparison of the abilites of trichloroacetic, picric, sulfosalicylic, and tungestic acids to precipitate protein hydrolysates and proteins. Journal of Food Science, 44: 7735-737.

14- Krishnamoorthy, U., T. Muscato, C. Sniffen, and P. Van Soest. 1982. Nitrogen fractions in selected feedstuffs. Journal of Dairy Science, 65: 217-225.

15- Lanzas, C., C. J. Sniffen, S. Seo, L. O. Tedeschi, and D. G. Fox. 2007. A revised CNCPS feed carbohydrate fractionation scheme for formulating rations for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 136: 167-190.

16- Licitra, G., T. Hernandez, and P. Van Soest. 1996. Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57: 347-358.

17- Lopez Castaneda, C., R. A. Richards, D. G. Farquhar, and R. E. Williamson. 1996. Seed and seedling characteristics contributing to variation in early vigour among temperate cereals. Crop Science, 36: 1257-1266.

18- Larter, E. N., P. J. Kaltsikes., P. J, and R. C. Mcginnis. 1971. Effect of date and rate of seeding on the performance of titicale in comparison to wheat. Crop Science, 11: 593-595.

19- Morrison, W. R. 1995. Starch lipids and how they relate to starch granule structure and functionality. Cereal Foods World, 40: 437-446.

20- Mirzaii, A. H. R., H. Amanloo, and A. Nikkhah. 2005. Protein and carbohydrate fractions of common feedstuffs in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein system. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 2: 409-414. (In Persian).

21- National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad Press, Washington, DC.

22- O'Connor, J. D., C. J. Sniffen., D. G. Fox, and W. Chalupa. 1993. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: IV. Predicting amino acid adequacy. Journal of Animal Science, 71: 1298-1311.

23- Pitt, R. E., J. S. Van Kessel, D. G. Fox., A. N. Pell., M. C. Barry, and P. J. Van Soest. 1996. Prediction of ruminal volatile fatty acids and pH within the net carbohydrate and protein system. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 226-244.

24- Paul, M. J, and M. Stitt. 1993. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies on levels of carbohydrates, respiratory enzymes and metabolites in seedlings of tobacco and their response to exogenous sucrose. Plant Cell and Environment, 16: 1047-1057.

25- Pelton, w. L, 1969. Influence of low seeding Department of Plant Science' Faculry of rates on wheat yield in southwestern saskatche- Agriculture and Forestry' University -of wan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 49: 60.-61

26- Russell, J. B., J. D. O'Connor., D. G. Fox., P. J. Van Soest, and C. J. Sniffen. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3551-3561.

27- Sniffen, C. J., J. D. O'Connor., P. J. Van Soest., D. G. Fox, and J. B. Russell. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3562-3577.

28- Spiertz, J. H. J. 1977. The influence of temperature light intensity on grain growth in relation to the carbohydrate and nitrogen economy of the wheat plant. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 25: 182-197.

29- Thornley, J. H. M. 1979. Wheat grain growth: anthesis to maturity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 6: 187.

30- Torp, J., H. Doll, and V. Haahr. 1981. Genotypic and environmental influence upon the nutritional composition of barley grain. Euphytica, 30: 719-728

31- Van Soest, P, and V. Mason. 1991. The influence of the Maillard reaction upon the nutritive value of fibrous feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 32: 45-53.

32- Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Cornell University Press.

33- Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.

34- Van Sanford, D. A, and C. T. Mackown. 1987. Cultivar differences in nitrogen remobilization during grain fill in soft red winter wheat. Crop Science, 27: 295-300.

35- Vieira, R. D., D. M. Tekrony, and D. B. Egli. 1992. Effect of drought and defoliation stress in the field of soybean seed germination and vigor .Crop Science, 32: 471-475.

36- Wallace, R. J., R. Onodera, and M. A. Cotta. 1997. Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds. Pages 283-328 in The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. P. N. Hobson and C. S. Stewart, ed. Springer Netherlands.

37- Yu, P., J. Meier, D. Christensen, B. Rossnagel, and J. McKinnon. 2003. Using the NRC-2001 model and the DVE/OEB system to evaluate nutritive values of Harrington (malting-type) and Valier (feed-type) barley for ruminants. Animal feed Science and Technology, 107: 45-60.

38- Yu, P. 2006. Molecular chemical structure of barley proteins revealed by ultra spatially resolved synchroton light sourced FTIR microspectroscopy: comparison of barley varieties. Biopolymers, 85: 308-318

39- Yang, J., J. Zhang., Z. Huang., Q. Zhu, and L. Wang. 2000. Remobilization of carbon reserved is improved by controlled soil drying during grain filling of wheat. Crop Science, 40: 1645-1655.

40- Zhang, X, and P. Yu. 2012 Relationship of carbohydrate molecular spectroscopic features in combined feeds to carbohydrate utilization and availability in ruminants. Spectrochimica. Acta. A, 92: 225-233.