Added value (matrix) of Lysophospholipids Supplementation on Metabolizable Energy of Different Fat Sources and Digestible Nutrients of Corn-Soybean Meal Diet in Broiler Chickens

Document Type : Poultry Nutrition

Authors

• Aliakbar Salari ¹
• Abolghasem Golian ¹
• Ahmad Hassanabadi ²

¹ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

² Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.81617

Abstract

Introduction[1] The digestion and absorption of dietary fats involve processing of insoluble triglycerides in water, which is done by bile activity to emulsify the fats and then to hydrolyze them by lipase. Lipid digestion is not optimal, especially in young birds and it is improved with increasing age; this is due to the low capacity of the digestive system in the secretion of lipase and bile acids, so that the lipase function in one-day-old chickens is one percent of its activity in 21 days of age. Emulsifiers can distribute fat droplets in the emulsion, which is required for the digestion and absorption of fats. Lysophospholipids increase the ability of the emulsion of the fat in the diet and facilitate the development of the chylomicron and, as a result, it increases the digestive capacity and absorption of lipids, such as essential fatty acids and lipid soluble vitamins in the small intestine. The purpose of this study was to estimate the added value of lysophospholipid supplement in corn-soybean diets and its added effect on metabolizable energy (ME) of different types of fat during the growth period of broiler chicks.
 
 
Materials and methods Three hundred and fifty day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery unit. First, the whole chicks were kept in the pan for up to 14 days of age and fed with standard starter (1-10 days) and grower (11-14 days) diets. At 15 d of age, 288 chicks were divided into 144 two-part groups, then they were transferred randomly to metabolic cages and fed with experimental diets. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of two lysophospholipid (0 and 250 g/ton) levels, three fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and their mix) and four levels of fat (0, 3, 6 and 9 % replaced in diet) with 6 replicates of 2 male birds each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by replacing and mixing four levels of soy oil, tallow and/or their mixture (50:50) in the basal diet. Then, each diet was divided into two equal parts; one part was mixed with 0.25 g/kg of supplemental lysophospholipid and the other one was kept intact to make 24 diets.
 
Results and Discussion According to the different ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids (SFA: UFA) between tallow (33:60) and soybean oil (16:84), it is known that saturated fatty acids are less digestible in animal fats compared with fatty acids of vegetable oils. Addition of supplemental lysophospholipid did not have any significant effects on dietary ME, digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF). The interaction effect of the replacement level and the sources of fat was significant for the ME of diet, in which the basal diet with 9 percent soybean oil replacement had the highest ME compared to the other levels and the other fat sources. Two and three way interactions were not significant for ME and digestibility of dietary DM and CF. No significant effect of lysophospholipids on the digestibility of dietary nutrients using 1 and 1.5 g/kg of diet. The effects of lysophospholipids on the digestibility of nutrients depend on factors such as the difference in the base diet, especially in ingredient, the composition and ratio of fat in the diet and the emulsifier (lysophospholipid), which can lead to different responses. Soybean oil had the most ME among the sources of fat. The ME of soybean oil, tallow and their mixture was determined using replacement method to be 8367, 6134 and 6547 kcal/kg, respectively. Studies have shown that the degree of saturation, the amount of free fatty acids, and the position of fatty acids on the glycerol basis affect utilization of fat by the bird. Possibly, the effect of lipophospholipids on the digestibility of crude fat from diets containing tallow can complete the function of bile salts. In normal conditions, there is little effect on high amounts of saturated fatty acids. The lysophospholipid supplementation improved the ME of various sources of fat about 596.4 kcal/kg. The estimated added value (matrix) of lysophospholipid supplement for ME in each kilogram of soybean oil, tallow and their mixture, were 157, 43 and 211 kcal/kg, respectively.
 
Conclusion The results of this study showed that the lysophospholipid supplementation increased the ME of supplemental fats but had no significant effect on the ME, digestibility of DM and CF in diet.

Keywords

• Added value
• fat levels
• Fat sources
• Performance
• Tallow and Soybean oil

20.1001.1.20083106.1399.12.4.8.1

---

References

1-              Alzawqari, M., H. Kermanshahi, and H. N. Moghaddam. 2010. The effect of glycine and desiccated bile supplementation on performance, fat digestibility, blood chemistry and ileal digesta viscosity of broiler chickens. Global Veterinaria, 96:593-601.

2-              Boontiam, W., B. Jung, and Y. Y. Kim. 2016. Effects of lysophospholipid supplementation to lower nutrient diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 96(3):593-601.

3-              Dänicke, S., H. Jeroch, W. Böttcher, and O. Simon. 2000. Interactions between dietary fat type and enzyme supplementation in broiler diets with high pentosane contents: effects on precaecal and total tract digestibility of fatty acids, metabolizability of gross energy, digesta viscosity and weights of small intestine. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 84:279-294.

4-              Dänicke, S., O. Simon, H. Jeroch, K. Keller, K. Gläser, H. Kluge, and M. R. Bedford. 1999. Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 52:245-261.

5-              Dierick, N. A., and J. A. Decuypere. 2004. Influence of lipase and/or emulsifier addition on the ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing 4% animal fat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84:1443-1450.

6-              Freeman, C. P. 1976. Digestion and absorption of fat. In: Boorman, K. N., Freeman, B. M. (Eds.), Digestion in the Fowl. British Poultry Science Association Edinburgh, Scotland, pp:117-142.

7-              Friedman, H. I, and B. Nylund. 1980. Intestinal fat digestion, absorption, and transport. A review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33:1108-1139.

8-              Guerreiro Neto, A. C., A. C. Pezzato, J. R. Sartori, C. Mori, V. C. Cruz, V. B. Fascina, D. F. Pinheiro, L. A. Madeira, and J. C. Goncalvez. 2011. Emulsifier in broiler diets containing different fat sources. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 13:119-125.

9-              Jansen, M., F. Nuyens, J. Buyse, S. Leleu, and L. Van Campenhout. 2015. Interaction between fat type and lysolecithin supplementation in broiler feeds. Poultry Science, 94:2506-2515.

10-          Jin, S. H., A. Corless, and J. L. Sell. 1998. Digestive system development in post-hatch poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 54:335-345

11-          Jones, D. B., J. D. Hancock, D. L. Harmom, C. E. Walker. 1992. Effects of exogenous emulsifiers and fat sources on nutrient digestibility, serum lipids, and added fats in young chicks. Poultry Science, 68:1506-1512.

12-          Joshi, A., S. G. Paratkar, and B. N. Thorat. 2006. Modification of lecithin by physical, 387 chemical and enzymatic methods. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 108:363-373.

13-          Ketels, E., and G. de Groote. 1989. Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of fatty acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40:111-115.

14-          Krogdahl, A. 1985. Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. Journal of Nutrition, 115:675-685.

15-          Leeson, S., and J. D. Summers. 2001. Nutrition of the Chicken, 4^th ed. (Leeson and summers, Published by university book, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (N1H6N8).

16-          Leeson, S., J. D. Summers. Fat values. 1976. The effect of fatty acid saturation. Feedstuffs, 8:26-28.

17-          Mine, Y., H. Kobayashi, K. Chiba, and M. Tada. 1992. 31P NMR study on the interfacial absorptivity of ovalbumin promoted by lysophosphatidylcholine and free fatty acids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40:1111-1115.

18-          Meng, X., B. A. Slominski, and W. Guenter. 2004. The effect of fat type, carbohydrase, and lipase addition on growth performance and nutrient utilization of young broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poultry Science, 83:1718-1727.

19-          Murray, R. K., D. K. Grammar, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. 1988. Harpers Biochemistry, 21st edition, A Lange Medical Book. California. Pp:241-252.

20-          Noy, Y., and D. Sklan. 1995. Digestion and absorption in young chicks. Poultry Science, 74:366-373.

21-          Polin, D., T. L. Wing, and K. E. Rell. 1980. The effect of bile acids and lipase on absorption of tallow in young chicks. Poultry Science, 59:2732-2743.

22-          Polycarpo, G. V., M. F. C. Burbarelli, A. C. P. Carão, C. E. B. Merseguel, J. C. Dadalt, S. R. L. Maganha, R. L. M. Sousa, V. C. Cruz-Polycarpo, and R. Albuquerque. 2016. Effects of lipid sources, lysophospholipids and organic acids in maize-based broiler diets on nutrient balance, liver concentration of fat-soluble vitamins, jejunal microbiota and performance. British Poultry Science, 59 (6):788-98.

23-          Raju, M. V. L. N., S. V. R. Rao, P. P. Chakrabarti, B. V. S. K. Rao, A. K. Panda, B. L. A. P. Devi, V. Sujatha, J. R. C. Reddy, G. Shyam Sunder, and R. B. N. Prasad. 2011. Rice bran lysolecithin as a source of energy in broiler chicken diet. British Poultry Science, 52:769-774.

24-          Renner, R., and F. W. Hill. 1961. Factors affecting the absorbability of saturated fatty acids in the chick. Journal of Nutrition, 74:254-258.

25-          Rochell, S., J. Bjk, and W. A. Dozier. 2011. Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poultry Science, 90:1999-2007.

26-          Schwarzer, K., and C. A. Adams. 1996. The influence of specific phospholipids as absorption enhancer in animal nutrition. Lipid/Fett, 98:304-308.

27-          Sibbald, I. R. 1977. The TME system. II. Feedstuffs values and conversion data. Feedstuffs, Poultry Science, 56 (6):2079-2086

28-          Sibbald, I. R., and J. K. G. Kramer. 1977. The TME values of fats and fat mixtures. Poultry Science, 56:2079-2086.

29-          Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger. 1963. A biological assay of ME in poultry feed ingredients together with findings which demonstrate some of the problems associated with the evaluation of fats. Poultry Science, 42:313-325

30-          Smits, C. H. M., P. J. Moughan, A. C. Beynen. 2000. The inhibitory effect of a highly viscous carboxymethylcellulose on dietary fat digestibility in the growing chicken is dependent on the type of fat. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 83:231-238.

31-          Soares, M., C. J. Lopez-Bote. 2002. Effects of dietary lecithin and fat unsaturation on nutrient utilization Symposium. Pp:8-15.

32-          Upadhaya, S. D., J. S. Lee, K. J. Jung, and I. H. Kim. 2017. Influence of emulsifier blends having different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum lipid profiles, and meat quality of broilers. Poultry Science, 97:255-261.

33-          Wiseman, J. 1984. Assessment of the digestible and metabolizable energy of fats for non-ruminants. In: Wiseman, J. (Ed.), Fats in Animal Nutrition.book.

34-          Wiseman, J. 1999. Optimizing the role of fats in diet formulation. Poultry Science, Symposium. Pp. 8-15.

35-          Wongsuthavas, S., S. Terapuntuwat, W. Wongsrikeaw, S. Katawatin, C. Yuangklang, and A. C. Beynen. 2008. Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 92:92-98.

36-          Xing, J. J., E. Van Heugten, D. F. Li, K. J. Touchette, J. A. Coalson, R. L. Odgaard, and J. Odle. 2004 Effects of emulsification, fat encapsulation, and pelleting on weanling pig performance and nutrient digestibility. Journal Animal Science, 82:2601-2609.

37-          Zampiga, M., A. Meluzzi, and F. Sirri. 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation of lysophospholipids on productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 15:521-528.

38-          Zhang, B., L. Haitao, D. Zhao, Y. Guo, and A. Barri. 2011. Effect of fat type and lysophosphatidylcholine addition to broiler diets on performance, apparent digestibility of fatty acids, and apparent metabolizable energy content. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 163:177-184.

39-          Zhao, P. Y., H. L. Li, M. M. Hossain, and I. H. Kim. 2015. Effect of emulsifier (lysophospholipids) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profile in weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science Technology, 207:190-195.