Effects of Oregano, Cumin and Sweet orange Essential oils on Chemical Composition and Degradability Coefficients Corn silage in in-vitro Condition

Document Type : Ruminant Nutrition

Authors

• Hadi Ghorbani
• Seyyed alireza Vakili
• Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/ijasr.v8i3.32965

Abstract

Introduction This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of essential oils of oregano, sweet orange and cumin on chemical composition, parameters of gas production capacity, aerobic stability and degradability of dry matter corn silage carried. Secondary metabolites such as essential oils have antimicrobial properties that by adjusting ruminal fermentation in ruminants to improve the use of nutrients. Oils or extracts of medicinal plants studied could be a viable alternative to Ionophores and antibiotics. While improving energy efficiency and the use of nitrogen in the rumen and reduce the production of methane and nitrogen excretion as environmental pollutants, antibiotic resistance in human pathogens reduced to its minimum Essential oils may be used in ruminant nutrition because silage and rumen fermentation depends on the microbial activity that can be affected by essential oils. Studies show the effects of essential oils on different processes in the rumen. The positive effects of antimicrobial essential oils has led the researchers sought to evaluate the potential of these materials are for controlling and improving rumen fermentation as a method of improving feed efficiency . Given that the effective range of essential oils and their compounds are widespread and many of them have still not been studied, this study was to evaluate these essential oils on ruminal fermentation parameters.

Materials and Methods Corn forage was harvested at 30 to 31% of dry matter (DM) content and chopped with a forage harvester to a theoretical of 50, 100 and 150 mgEOkg−1 DM. To determine dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash from the recommended methods AOAC (1990) was used. As well as to determine neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of Van Sousse and colleagues Van Soest et al.,(1991) were used. ADF was also the hemicellulose length of 1–2 cm. Essential oil (EO), Cumin (CUM), Oregano (ORE) was dissolved in 0.5 v/v aqueous ethanol and sprayed onto the forage at a rate of 5.56 mL kg−1 silage. The oils were applied to the forage to achieve final concentrations fraction of NDF (Chaves et al., 2012). The concentration of ammonia nitrogen were determined using the method Mu and by device (Kjeltec Auto 1030 Analyzer Tecator). Measurement parameters gas production with the method Menke and. Steingass (1988). Estimates OMD and ME According to equations (Makkar. 2004) were determined. Estimation of short chain fatty acids according to equation Gottschalk (1986) was determined. Determine the parameters of degradability matter in samples studied was by proposed equation Orskov and I. McDonald (1979). The data was analyzed considering a completely randomized design.

Results and Discussion The pH of corn silage treated with oregano 150 and cumin 150 decreased in comparison with control treatment significantly (P

Keywords

• Aerobic stability
• Corn silage
• Essential oils
• Gas production

20.1001.1.20083106.1395.8.3.4.7

---

References

1- Aksu, T., E. Baytok, K. Akif and H. Muruz. 2006. Effect of formic acid, malasses and inuculant additives on corn silage composition, organic matter digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 61:29-33.

2- Ando, S., T. Nishida, M. Ishida, K. Hosoda and E. Bayaru. 2003. Effect of peppermint feeding on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation and protozoa. Livestock Production Science, 82: 245–248.

3- AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 1. 15th ed., Arlington, VA.

4- Bolsen, K. K., D. R. Bonilla, G. L. Huck, M. A. Young and R. A. Hart-Thakur. 1996. Effect of propionic acid bacterial inoculant on fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. In: Report of progress of Kansas state university agricultural experiment station. Kansas state university, Manhattan, pp 78–81.

5- Brochers, R., 1965. Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 24: 1033-1038.

6- Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and C. Kamel. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89:761–771.

7- Calsamiglia, S., L. Castillejos, and M. Busquet. 2006. Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle. Pages 129–167 in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, P. C. Garnsworthy, and J. Wiseman, ed. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.

8- Cardozo, P. W., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and C. Kamel. 2004. Effects of natural plant extracts on protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal Animal Science, 82: 3230–3236.

9- Chamberlain, D.G. 1982. Effect of added glucose and xylase on the fermentation of perennial ryegrass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 46: 129–138.

10- Chaves, A. V., J. Baah, Y. Wang, T. A. McAllistera, and C. Benchaar. 2012. Effects of cinnamon leaf, oregano and sweet orange essential oils on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92: 906–915.

11- Davidson, P. M., and A. S. Naidu. 2000. Phyto-phenols. Pages 265– 293 in Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems. A. S. Naidu, ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

12- Falcone, P., B. Speranza, M. A. Nobile, M. R. Corbo, and M. Sinigaglia. 2005. A study on the antimicrobial activity of thymol intended as a natural preservative. Journal of Food Protection, 68: 1664–1670.

13- Ferme, D., M. Banjac, S. Calsamiglia, M. Busquet, C. Kamel, and G. Avgustin. 2004. The effects of plant extracts on microbial community structure in a rumen-simulating continuous culture system as revealed by molecular profiling. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 49:151–155.

14- Gottschalk, G. 1986. Propionate and Succinate Fermentation. In: Gottschalk, G. (Ed.) Bacterial Metabolism. pg 242-244. Springer-Verlag, New York.

15- Guenther, E., 1948. The essential Oils. D. Van Nostrand, New York.

16- Gustafson, R. H., and R. E. Bowen. 1997. Antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83: 531–541.

17- Hart, K.J., D.R. Y´a˜nez-Ruiz, S.M. Duval, N.R. McEwan, C.J. Newbold. 2008. Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147:8–35.

18- 18-Hassant, F., A. F. Mustafa, and P. Seguin. 2007. Effects of inoculation on ensiling characteristics, chmical composition and aerobic stability of regular and brown midrib millet silages. Journal of Animal Science, 139: 125-140.

19- Ilakova, J., Knotek, S and Golecky, J 1998. Assessment of the effect of probiotic on nutritive value of grass silage. Proceedings of the 17th general meeting of EGF, Debrecen, Hungry. PP: 733-735.

20- Juven, B. J., J. Kanner, F. Schved, and H. Weisslowicz. 1994. Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. Journal of applied bacteriology, 76: 626–631.

21- Kung, Jr, L., and Ranjit, N. K. 2001. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 84: 1149−1155.

22- Kung, Jr. L., Myers, C. L., Neylon, J. M., Taylor, C. C., Lazartic, J., Mills, J. A., and Whaiter, A. G. 2004. The effects of buffered propionic acid –based additives alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole –crop barley. Journal of Dairy Science, 87: 1310-1316.

23- Kung Jr L, Williams P, Schmidt RJ and Hu W.2008. A blend of essential plant oils used as an additive to alter silage fermentation or used as a feed additive for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91:4793–4800.

24- Lambert, R.J.W., Skandamis, P.N., Coote, P., Nychas, G.-J.E., 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91: 453–462.

25- Lee, S. E., H. J. Hwang, J. S. Ha, H. S. Jeong, and J. H. Kim. 2003. Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Life Sciences, 73:167–179.

26- Losa, R., 2001. The use of essential oils in animal nutrition. In: Feed Manufacturing in the Mediterranean Region. Improving Safety: From Feed to Food. Proceedings of the III Conference of Feed Manufacturers of the Mediterranean. Reus, Spain.

27- Makkar, H. P. S. 2004. Recent advances in the in vitro gas method for evaluation of nutriational quality of feed resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 33: 170-184.

28- McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R. and Heron, S.J.E., 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage.‌Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, UK, pp. 184-236.

29- Menke, K.H. and H. Steingass, 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28: 7-55.

30- Merensalmi, M. and Virkki, M., 1991. The role of enzymes in the preservation and utilization of forage. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Forage Preservation, Nitra, Czechoslovakia, January 1991, pp. 43-46.

31- Muck, R. E. 1987. Dry matter level effects on alfalfa silage quality I. Nitrogen transformations. Trans. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 30: 7 –14.

32- Nagy, J.G., H.W. Steinhoff, and G.M. Ward. 1964. Effects of essential oils of sagebush on deer rumen microbial function. Journal of Wildlife Management, 28: 785–790.

33- Newbold, C.J., F.M. McIntosh, P. Williams, R. Losa, and R.J. Wallace. 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114: 105–112.

34- Orskov, E.R. and I. Mcdonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92: 499-503.

35- Packiyasothy, E.V., Kyle, S., 2002. Antimicrobial properties of some herb essential oils. Food Australia 54:384–406.

36- Pahlow, G., R. E. Muck, F. Driehuis, S. J. W. H. Oude Elferink, and S. F. Spoelstra. 2003. Microbiology of ensiling. Pages 31–94 in Silage Science and Technology. D. R. Buxton, R. E. Muck, and J. H. Harrison, ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

37- Patra, A.K., D.N. Kamra, Neeta Agarwal. 2006. Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128: 276–291.

38- Ranjit, N. K., C. C. Taylor, and Jr. L. Kung. 2002. Effect of lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation, aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage. Grass and Forage Science, 57: 73-81.

39- 39-Rowghani, E.1., Zamiri, M. J.1., Khorvash, M. and Abdollahipanah, A.1. 2008.a The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici on corn silage fermentation, ruminal degradability and nutrient digestibility in sheep.Journal of Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7: 263-267.

40- Van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharide in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583–3597.

41- Wallace, R.J., 2004.Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 63: 621–629.

42- Wheeler, J. L and Mulcahy, C.1989. Consequences for animal production of cyanogenesis in sorghum and hay. Tropic. Grasslands, 23: 193-202.