The Effect of essential oil from Carum copticum L on feed intake and metabolic response of Mahabadi goats in early lactation period

Document Type : Ruminant Nutrition

Authors

• nafise bahrami
• Yones ali Alijoo
• rasoul pir mohammadi
• Behzad Asadnezhad

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.84211

Abstract

Introduction[1] One of the most important additives in the past years has been antibiotics. Despite the beneficial effects of oral antibiotics on animal production and health, their use in animal nutrition for the production of bacteria resistant to various drugs (which may be hazardous to human health) has been controversial. The use of antibiotics has recently been banned due to bacterial resistance and chemical residues in meat and their side effects in humans Therefore, alternatives to the use of growth-promoting antibiotics should be identified and introduced to livestock breeders so that both efficiency and economic benefits are not diminished and consumer health concerns are eliminated. Much research has recently been done on the effects of plant essential oils as natural additives to improve rumen fermentation such as increased production of volatile fatty acids, reduced methane production, improved protein metabolism and increased feed utilization efficiency. Humans have used plants and their extracts for thousands of years .This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Carum copticum L. essential oil supplementation on nutrient digestibility and some blood and ruminal metabolites, milk production and milk compounds in Mahabadian goats.
   Materials and Methods Treatments included: control diet (basal diet without essential oil), basal diet + 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil in the ration dry matter and basal diet + 600 mg / kg Carum copticum L. essential oil in the dietary dry matter. Treatments were provided by TMR. During the experimental period, the animals were kept individually and healthy. Each livestock had a separate mug and manger. The cages were thoroughly cleaned and washed before the animals were deployed. Goats always had access to fresh water all day long. Drinkers were also thoroughly cleaned once every two days. The study was conducted in three 21-day trial periods including 14 days of habituation and 7 days of vector record. All measurements taken are in the record stage. Experimental rations adjusted to dry matter, based on NRC recommendations with SRNS software version 1.9.4468. During the trial period, the amount of feed poured into the manger and the daily residue was recorded to calculate the dry matter intake. It was calculated on a daily basis, so that the amount of feed given was weighed daily, and the remainder of the feed was collected, weighed, and sampled twice a week. Daily milk production was recorded in goat milk production. Milk samples were collected weekly for two consecutive days to determine the composition of the milk produced, and its composition including the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and total solids was measured using (MilcoscanTMS50 model number 75610 Was taken). Blood samples were taken at 4 h after the morning meal to determine blood parameters. The blood samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 7 minutes, and serum was stored in 1.5 ml microtubes in a freezer at -20 °C. Isolated serum for determination of albumin, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, total protein and glucose.
 
    Results and Discussion Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. Effect of experimental treatments on dry matter digestibility was not significant (P <0.05). Numerically, the highest digestibility was related to treatment of 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil and the lowest was related to 600 mg/kg treatment, and the effect of experimental diets on digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was not significant (p < 0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of volatile fatty acids was not significant (p < 0.05) but the total amount of volatile fatty acids showed a significant decrease compared to the control. The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of milk produced was not significant (p < 0.05). Effect of experimental treatments on milk fat and protein content was not significant (p < 0.05). As shown in the table, the experimental treatments had a significant effect on some blood parameters such as cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, albumin, urea and creatinine (p < 0.05). Blood cholesterol significantly decreased with increasing dosage of essential oil Blood LDL concentration decreases with increasing dosage of essential oil in the diet. Blood HDL increased significantly with increasing essential oil content.
   Conclusion In general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Carum copticum L. essential oil to Mahabadian goat’s diet did not have a significant effect on milk yield, production and composition but it decreased total rumen volatile fatty acids, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL concentrations. However, further research is needed.

Keywords

• Dry matter intake
• Female Essential Oil
• Mahabadian Goat
• Nutrient Digestibility

20.1001.1.20083106.1400.13.1.3.7

---

References

1-         AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2012. Official Methods of Analysis. 19th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.

2-         Angela, J., A. Flores., D. Garciarena., M. Juan., A. Hernandez Vieyra Karen., and D. C. Beauchemin. 2013. Effect of specific essential oil compounds on the ruminal environment, milk production and milk composition of lactating dairy cows at pasture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 168: 20-26.

3-         Busquet, M., S. Calsamigla., A. Ferret., and C. Kamel. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123: 597-613.

4-         Benchaar, C., H. V. Petit., R. Berthiaume., T. D. Whyte., and P. Y. Chouinard. 2006. Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production and milk composition in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 4352-4364.

5-         Benchaar, C., A.V. Chaves., G. R. Fraser., and T. A. McAllistar. 2007. Effects of essential oils and their components on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 23:413-419.

6-         Bager, F., M. Madsen., J. Christensen., and F. M. Aarestrup. 1997. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 31: 95-112.

7-         Burt, S. 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods – a review International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94: 223-253.

8-         Castillejos, L., S. Calsamiglia., A. Ferret., and R. Losa. 2005. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and the type of diet on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous calture system. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119:29-41.

9-         Castillejos, L., and S. Calsamiglia. 2006. Effects of essential oils active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in vitro system. Journal of Dairy Science, 89:2649-2658.

10-     Chaves, A.V., K. Stanford., L. L. Gibson., T. A. McAllister., and C. Benchaar. 2008. Effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145: 396-408.  

11-     Calsmiglia, S., M. Busquet., P. W. Cardoz., L. Castillejos., and A. Ferret. 2007. Essential oils a modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 90:2580-2595.

12-     Cardoz, P.W., S. Calsamiglia., A. Ferret., and C. Kamel. 2004. Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science, 82: 3230-3236.

13-     DePeters, E., J. S. Taylor., C. M. Finley., and T. R. Famula. 1987. Dietary Fat and Nitrogen Composition of Milk from Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 70: 1192-1201.

14-     Dalkani, M., R. Darvishzadeh., and A. Hassani 2011. Correlation and sequential path analysis in Ajowan (Carum copticum L). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 52: 211-216.

15-     Elson, C. E. 1995. Suppresssion of mealonate pathway activities by dietary isoprenoids: protective roles in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition, 125: 1666S-1672S.

16-     FASS . 2010. Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. 3rd rev. ed. Federation of Animal Sciences Societies Savoy, IL.

17-     Fraser, G. R., A. V. Chaves., Y. Wang., T. A. McAllister., K. A. Beauchemin., and C. Benchaar. 2007. Assessment of the effects of cinnamon leaf oil on rumen microbial fermentation using two continuous culture systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 2315-2328.

18-     Greathead, H. 2003. Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62: 279-290.

19-     Giannenas, I., J. Skoufos., C. Giannakopoulos., M. Wiemann., O. Gortzi., S. Lalas., and I. Kyriazakis. 2011. Effects of essential oil on milk production, milk composition, and rumen micro biota in chios dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 5569-5577.  

20-     Hristov, A. N., and J. P. Jouany. 2005. Factors affecting the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in the rumen. In Nitrogen and Phosphprus Nutrition of cattle: Reducing the Enviromental Impact of Cattle Operation PP 117-166 Eds E Pfeffer and Hristov AN.

21-     Ivan, M., M. D. Dayrell., S. Mahadevan., and M. Hidiroglou. 1992. Effect of  bentonite on wool growth and nitrogen metabolism in fauna-free and faunated sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 70:3194-3202.

22-     Lee, K. W., H. Everts., H. J. Kappert., R. Losa., and A. C. Beynen. 2004. Growth performance of broile chickens fed a carboxymthyl cellulose containing diet with supplemental carvacrol and/or cinamaldehyde. International Journal of poultry Science, 9:619-622.

23-     Molero, R., M. Ibara., S. Calsamiglia., A. Ferret., and R. Losa. 2004. Effect of specific blend of essential oil compounds on dry matter and crude protein degradability in heifers fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114:91-104.

24-     Mass, J. A., G. F. Wilson., S. N. McCutcheon., G. A. Lynch., D. L. Burnham., and J. France. 2001. The effect of season and monensin sodium on the digestive characteresitice of autumn and spring pasture fed to sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 79:1052-1058.

25-     Newbold, C. J., F. M. McIntosh., P. Williams., R. Losa., and R. J. Wallace. 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oils compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114:105-112.

26-     NRC (National Research Council). 2007. Nutrient Requirments of Lamb. 7^th rev. ed Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.

27-     Ottenstein, D. M., and D. A. Batler. 1971. Improved gas chromatography separation of free. Acids C–C in dilute solution. Anal Chemestry, 43: 952-955.

28-     Reynal, S. M., I. R. Ipharraguerre., M. Lineiro., A. F. Brito., G. A. Broderick., and J .H. Clark. 2007. Omasal flow of soluble proteins, peptids, and free amino acids in dairy cows fed diets supplemented with proteins of varying ruminal degaradibilities. Journal of Animal Science, 90:1887-1903.

29-     Rostam zadeh, H., R. Pir Mohammadi., and Y. A. Alijoo. 2015. Effect of Ajowan plant essential oil (cariumcopticum) on performance and some blood parameters of Mahabadi goats at early lactation period. Animal science journal, 28(106): 103-110. (In Persian).

30-     SAS. 2002. Version 9.1 SAS/STAT user’s guide. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, NC.

31-     Slyter, L. L., and P. A. Putnam, 1967. In vivo vs. In vitro continuous culture of ruminal microbial population. Journal of Animal Science, 26: 1421-1427.

32-     Tekippe, J. A., A. N. Hristove., K. S. Heyier., T.W. Cassidy., V. D. Zheijazkov., J.F.S. Ferreira,. S. K. Karnati., and G. A.Varga. 2011. Rumen fermentation and production effects of  Origanum valgare L. Leaves in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 5065-5079.

33-     Van Keulen, J., and B.A. Young. 1977. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. Jornal of Animal Science, 44: 282–287.

34-     Van Soest, P.J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminants. 2^nd Edition. Cornell University Press, NY.

35-     Yang, W.Z., C. Benchaar, B. N. Ametaj, and K. A. Beauchemin. 2010. Dose response to eugenol supplemention in growing beef fermentation and intestinal digestion. Animal Feed Science and Tehnology, 158: 57-64.