The Effects of Replacement of Mung bean (Vigna radiate) Straw with Wheat Straw or Corn Silage on Performance, Rumen fermentation and Blood Parameters of Finishing Male Lambs

Document Type : Ruminant Nutrition

Authors

• Iman Mehramiri ¹
• Morteza Chaji ¹
• Saleh Tabatabaei Vakili ²
• Tahereh Mohammadabadi ¹
• Mohsen Sari ¹

¹ Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran.

² Faculty of Animal Sciences, Ramin Khuzestan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Malasani, Ahvaz, Iran

10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.52536

Abstract

Introduction Animal nutrition, accounted as significant portion of the animal husbandry costs. Dry and semi-arid climate and lack of rainfall in Iran has caused difficulty in preparation of inexpensive feed for ruminant animals. Therefore, one way to overcome limitation of forage resources and the high cost of livestock feeds is use of agricultural by products such as mung bean straw or other unconventional sources of the feed. Irrigated cultivation of mung bean in Iran distributed in Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Isfahan, Fars, Khuzestan and northern provinces, and rainfed cultivation in the foothills of Gorgan. Most nutritional studies, conducted with the mung bean, but just few studies have been done on its straw. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to finding the effects of mung bean straw on digestion and sheep fattening performance when it was replaced by wheat straw or low grain-corn silage in diet of Arabic lambs.
Materials and Methods After determining the appropriate level of replacing mung bean straw with wheat straw and corn silage using the in vitro two steps digestion method, in the second step of study the lambs, fed selected diets from first step, included: diet without mung bean straw (control ration), 100% replacing of mung bean straw with wheat straw (diet 1), 25% and 50% replacing of mung bean straw by corn silage (diets 2 and 3, respectively) as a completely randomized design. For determination of nutrients digestibility, the amount of feed intake, ort and fecal excretion was recorded. In order to estimate blood and rumen fermentation parameters, and rumen protozoa population count at the end of the experiment, rumen fluid and blood was taken from the lambs after the morning feeding. The weight of lambs was recorded at initial, final of experiment, also every fifteen days. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency was calculated.
Results and Discussion The result of first step, determining the appropriate level of digestibility, was showed that there is no difference between the experimental diets for nutrients digestibility. According to the in vitro results, amount of feed intake was different between rations and in diets containing mung bean straw (diets 1 and 3 exception 2) was more than the control, diet 1 had the highest nutrients digestibility. The experimental diets had no effect on blood and rumen parameters. There was no significant difference between the diets for the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in whole period of study. About 30-40% of rumen microbial digestion of fiber, done by protozoa population, also 34% from cellulolytic activity of the rumen is belonging to the protozoa. The fiber degradability significantly decreases by defaunation of rumen, so it is possible that more digestibilities of NDF and ADF in the diet containing 100% replacement of mung bean straw by wheat straw (diet 1) was related to more rumen protozoa population of this diet. Also, lower amount of pH, even non significant, in control diet, no. 2 and 3, may be caused to decrease their digestibility, because proper growth of cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa take place in pH 6.7 and when pH falls under 6.2, the significant decreases in digestibility of fiber will be happened and fiber decreasing continued by falling of pH. In the other hand, rumen protozoa have the ability for stabilizing the rumen pH, which is probably due to the rapid digestion of starch and stored by ciliated protozoan. So, perhaps the more population of fiber digester strains such as Entodinium in diet 1 improves its digestibility.
Conclusion Therefore, according to the results of present study, there were no difference in the finishing performance and nutrients digestibility of lambs, also these traits were even better in some cases such as feed intake (0-45 day), gain (0-15 and 0-30 day) and feed conversion ratio (0-15 day), so the use of mung bean straw because of its abundance and relatively cheapness at the particular season of the year, the replacement of it by wheat straw or low grain-corn silage in the feeding of lambs is recommended.

Keywords

• ammonia nitrogen
• Daily gain
• digestibility
• Feed Conversion Ratio
• Rumen protozoa

20.1001.1.20083106.1396.9.3.6.6

---

References

1- AOAC. Intenational. 2012. Official Method of Analysis. 19th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.

2- Bannink, A., and A. Tamming. 2005. Rumen Function. Pages 263-270 in Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism. J. Dijkstra., J. M. Forbes and J. France. CABI Publishing, UK.

3- Bonhomme, A. 1990. Rumen ciliate: their metabolism and relationship with bacteria and their hosts. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 30: 203-266.

4- Broderick, G. A., and J. H. Kang. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64–75.

5- Chaji, M. 2014. Applied animal nutrition, feed and feeding. Norbakhsh. Tehran. (In Persian)

6- Chen, Z, and H. Sayfert. 2004. An energy rich diet Causes rumen papilla proliferation associated with more IGF type1 receptors and increased plasma IGF-1 concentration in young goat. Journal of Nutrition, 134: 11-17

7- Dahmardeh, M., and Kh. Rigi. 2013. Evaluate the performance and quality of forage intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and green mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Iranian crop science, 44(1): 159-168. (In Persian)

8- Davidson, S., B. A. Hopkins., D. E. Diaz., S. M. Bolt., C. Brownie., V. Fellner, and L. W. Whitlow. 2003. Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 1681–1689.

9- Dehority, B. A. 2003. Rumen Microbiology. Academic Press, London.

10- Du, L. 2008. Hull, frolic acid, para-coumaric acid content and particle size characteristics of various barely variation in relation to nutrient availability ruminants. MSc Thesis. University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada.

11- Dukes, H. H. 1996. Physiology of Domestic Animals. 11th ed. Ithaca and London.

12- El Shaer, H. M. 2010. Halophytes and salt-tolerant plants as potential forage for ruminants in the Near East region. A Review. Small Ruminant Research, 91: 3–12.

13- FAO, 2009. How to Feed the World in 2050. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.

14- Galindo, J., A. Elias., R. Piedra, and O. Lezcano. 1990. The effect of some zeolite components on the rumen microbial activity of silage diets. Cuban Journal Agriculture Science, 24: 187-195.

15- Hristov, A. N., M. Ivan., L. M. Rode, and T. A. McAllister. 2001. Fermentation characteristics and rumen ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed medium or high barley based diets. Journal of Animal Science, 79: 515-524

16- Kammes, K. L., and M. S. Allen. 2012. Nutrient demand interacts with forage family to affect digestion responses in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95: 3269–3287.

17- Lotfi-noghabi, R., Y. Rozbehan. 2012. The in vitro organic matter digestibility of pistachio hull using rumen fluid in Taleshi sheep. 2012. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 42: 231-237. (In Persian).

18- Majnoun-Hosseini, N. 1996. Grain legume in Iran. Tehran Jihad Daneshgahi press, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).

19- Makkar, H. P. S. 2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49: 241–256.

20- McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards., J. F. D. Greenhalgh., C. A. Morgan., L. A. Sinclair, and R. G. Wilkinson. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th ed. Pearson press, Canada.

21- NRC, 2007. Nutritional Requirements of Small Ruminants. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

22- Ogimoto, K., and S. Imai. 1981. Atlas of Rumen Microbiology. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.

23- Parsa, M, and A. Bagheri. 2008. Legumes. Mashhad Jihad daneshgahi press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).

24- Pond, W. G., D. C. Church., K. R. Pond, and P. A. Schoknecht. 2005. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. 5th ed. John Wiley and Son, Inc. USA.

25- Radostits, O. M, and D. C. Blood, and C. C. Gay. 2005. Veterinary Medicine. 9th. Bailliere Tindall, London.

26- Rahimi, A., A. A. Naserian., R. Valizadeh., A. M. Tahmasbi, and A. R. Shahdadi. 2013. Effects of replacing different levels of alfalfa hay with pistachio hull on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentative parameters, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in Balochi male lambs. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 5(3): 190-200. (In Persian).

27- Ramin, A. G., A. Aghazadeh, and T. Karamian. 2007. Evaluate the relationship between dietary protein and energy with milk urea and lactose, and blood glucose and urea in lactating ewes. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 4(3): 24-32. (In Persian).

28- Sallam, S. M. A., M. E. A. Nasser., A. M. EI-Waziry., I. C. S. Bueno, and A. L. Abdalla. 2007. Use of an in vitro rumen gas production technique to evaluate some ruminant feedstuffs. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3: 34-42.

29- MJA, 2014. Annual Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. Available at http:\\www.maj.ir. (In Persian).

30- Tilley, J. M. A, and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two stage technique for the in digestion of forage crops. British Grassland Society, 18: 104-111.

31- VanSoest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583– 3597.

32- Williams, A. G, and S. E. Withers. 1993. Changes in the rumen microbial populations and its activities during the refaunation period after the reintroduction of ciliate protozoa into the rumen of defaunated sheep. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 31: 61-69.