The effect of diets containing pistachio by products treated with electron irradiation, NaOH, and PEG on nutrients digestibility and performance of finishing Zandi lambs

Document Type : Ruminant Nutrition

Authors

• Masoud Moradi ¹
• Ahmad Afzalzadeh ²
• Mahdi Behgar ³
• Mohammad ali Norouzian ⁴

¹ Department of Animal and poultry Science, Aboureihan Pardis, Tehran University

² Aboureihan Pardis, Tehran University

³ Agriculture institute, Science and Technology of Nuclear

⁴ Agricultural Research Institute, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj

10.22067/ijasr.v7i3.35876

Abstract

Introduction It has been estimated that PBP production based on fresh weight in Iran is over 400,000 MT annually. Pistachio by-products consist of 53.50% external hull (epicarp) with the remaining composed of leaves, mesocarp and kernel. The results of few studies showed feeding of low levels of PBP had no effects on sheep, dairy cow and goat performance. Ensiled of PBP with PEG, NaOH and urea then treated by electron irradiation could be caused to better nutrition value via deactivation of tannins. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of diets containing pistachio by products treated by electron irradiation, NaOH, and PEG on nutrients digestibility and performance of finishing Zandi lambs.
Materials and methods Twenty male Zandi lambs with the initial average body weight of 21±1.52 kg were housed in individual pens and were allocated to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design for 70 days. The basal diet consisted of 220 g/kg DM PBP, 130 g/kg DM wheat straw and 650 g/kg DM barley based concentrate. The four dietary treatments included control diet (Treatment 1; basal diet containing 22% PB), ER-PBP (Treatment 2; containing 22% electron irradiated PBP), NaOH-PBP (Treatment 3; containing 22% NaOH treated PBP) and PEG-PBP (Treatment 4; PEG added to basal diet as 15 g/kg of diets DM). Throughout the 70 d experiment, body weight was measured weekly. Feed intake and ort of lambs were recorded and sampled daily for determination of nutrient intake of DM, CP (N × 6.25), EE and NDF as describes before.
Apparent total digestibility of nutrients was estimated by the marker ratio technique using acid insoluble ash (AIA) as an internal marker.
Blood samples (10 ml) were taken from jugular vein of lambs before morning feeding on d 70 of experiment. The serum concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, creatinine, glucose and urea were determined using commercial laboratory kits (Pars Azmun Laboratory, Tehran, Iran) and an auto analyzer. The data were analyzed as completely randomized design. Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to determine the differences amongst treatments. Significant levels were defined as those with probabilities of 0.05 or less.
Results and Discussion Nothing as the effects of dietary treatments were observed on FBW. Feeding ER-PBP diet to lambs tended to increase DMI and also increased (P < 0.01) weight gain and average daily gain compared to other treatments and control group. Inclusion of ER-PBP into the diets of lambs decreased (P < 0.01) FCR compared to control and other diets.
Irradiation of PBP increased (P < 0.01) digestion of diets DM and CP compared to the control group. Digestion of EE and NDF was increased (P < 0.01) in ER-PBP and NaOH-PBP diets.
Serum levels of true protein (TP) was increased (P < 0.01) in lambs fed PEG-PBP diets compared to other groups.
Conclusion It can be concluded that irradiation of pistachio by-product is a useful treatment to improve nutritional value of pistachio by-product as a feed ingredient for sheep. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effects of other physicochemical treatments of PBP on lamb performance and to evaluate the economic value of including PBP in ruminant diets.

Keywords

• digestibility
• Pistachio by product
• Radiation
• Zandi lamb

---

References

1- Al-Masri, M. R., and Zarkawi, M. (1994a). Effects of gamma irradiation on cell wall constituents of some agricultural residues. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 44, 661–663.

2- AOAC, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC international. AOAC international. Maryland, USA.

3- Barry, T.N., Manley, T. R., and Duncan, S. J. 1986. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 4. Sites of carbohydrate and protein digestion as influenced by dietary reactive tannin concentration. British journal of nutrition. 55:123–137.

4- Bagheripour, E., Y. Rouzbehan, D. Alipour. 2008. Effects of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol onin vitrogas production of pistachio by-products. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 146: 327–336.

5- Bakhshizadeh, S., A. Taghizadeh, H. Janmohammadi, and S. Alijani. 2014. Chemical composition and the nutritive value of pistachio epicarp (in situ degradation and in vitro gas production techniques). Veterinary Research Forum, 5 (1) 43 – 47.

6- Ben Salem, H., A. Nefzaoui., L. Ben Salem., J. L. Tisserand. 2000. Deactivation of condensed tannins in Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage by polyethylene glycol in feed blocks: Effect on feed intake, diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis and growth by sheep. Livestock Production Science, 64:51-60.

7- Bhatta, R., A. K. Shinde., D. L. Verma., S. K. Sankhyan., and S. Vaithiyanathan. 2004. Effect of supplementationcontaining polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 on intake, rumen fermentation pattern and growth in kids fed foliage of Prosopis cineraria. Small Ruminant Research, 52: 45–52.

8- Frogh Ameri, N., and G.h. Ghorbai. 1997. Food value determine with digestibility of pistachio surface soft shell the dry and silage. Animal Science Master's thesis. University of Esfahan. (In Persian).

9- Frogh Ameri, N. 2000. Use of Pistachio by-product silage in the Dietary of dairy cows. Natural Resources Research Center and Animal breeding Kerman. (In Persian).

10- Behgar, M., Ghasemi, S., Naserian, A., Borzoie, A., and Fatollahi, H. 2011. Gamma radiation effects on phenolics, antioxidants activity and in vitro digestion of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 80:963–967.

11- Ghaffari, M. H., A. M. Tahmasbi., M. Khorvash., A. A. Naserian., and A. R. Vakili. 2013. Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid composition in Saanen dairy goats fed a diet containing fish oil. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 42: 186-193.

12- Ghasemi, S., A. A. Naserian., R. Valizadeh., A. M. Vakili., A. M. Tahmasebi and M. Behgar. 2012. Effect of NaOH, urea, beam and polyethylene glycol the of pistachios by-products on gas production and estimate microbial protein synthesis in vitro. 5th Congress of Animal Science. University of Esfahan. (In Persian).

13- Gholizadeh H, A. A. Naserian., R. Valizadeh., A. M. Tahmasebi. 2010. Effect of feeding pistachio byproduct on performance and blood metabolites in Holsteindairy cows. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12: 867–870.

14- Lowton, J. E.1992. Effect of high-energy cathode rays on cellulose. Ind. Chem. 44: 2848.

15- Mahdavi, A., M. Zaghari., M. Zahedifar., A. Nikkhah., F. Alemi., A. Hosseini., Z. Mirabdolbaghi., and H. Lotfolahiyan. 2010. The effects of dried pistachio epicarp on lambs' performance. Advances in Animal Biosciences, 1:236-236.

16- Makkar, H. P. S. 2003. Effects and fate tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49:241-256.

17- McSweeney, C.S., B. Palmer., D. M. McNeill., D. O. Krause. 2001. Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91: 83–93.

18- Moslmi Nia, M., M. Yusuf Elahi., H. Mansouri and A. Salehi. 2010. Effect of polyethylene glycol on the digestibility of leaves Iranian Kahur (Prosopis Cinaria) in Kerman. 4th Congress of Animal Science. University of Tehran. (In Persian).

19- Murray, R.K., D. K. Granner., P. A. Mayes., and V. W. Rodwell. 2003. Harper’s Biochemistry, 26th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.

20- Norouzian, M.A., S. E. Ghiasi. 2012. Carcass performance and meat mineral content in Balouchi lamb fed pistachio by-products. Meat Science, 92: 157–159.

21- NRC (National Research Council). 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. Sixth Revised Edition.

22- SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.0 Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.

23- Seyed Momen, S. M. 2003. Study the effects of different levels of pistachio by-product and tannins on the body growth and the production of fluff Rainey fluff goat. Animal Science Master's thesis. Islamic Azad University of Karaj. (In Persian).

24- Shakeri, P., H. Fazaeli, and N. Frogh Ameri. 2004. Use of residues from of pistachio Skins in the diet of Kermani lambs. 1th Congress of Animal Science and aquatic animals. University of Tehran. 246-243. (In Persian).

25- Shakeri P., H. Fazaeli. 2007. Study on the use of different levels of pistachio by-product in diets of fatteninglambs. Iran Journal Agric Science, 38: 529-534.

26- Shakeri, P., A. Riasi., M. Alikhani., H. Fazaeli, and G. R. Ghorbani. 2012. Effects of feeding pistachio by-products silage on growth performance, serum metabolites and urine characteristics in Holstein male calves. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 97: 1022–1029.

27- Shawrang, P. 2008a. Effects of electron beam irradiation on dry matter degradation of wheat straw in the rumen. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11 (4): 676-679

28- Tahan, Gh., M. H. Fathi Nasri., A. Riasi., M. Behgar., H. Farhangfar. 2011. The effect of electron irradiation on the degradation and digestibility of rumen parameters and post ruminal dry mater and crude protein from vegetable protein sources. Journal of Animal Science, 4: 434-422 (In Persian).

29- Rahimi, A., A. A. Naserian., R. Valizadeh, A. M. Tahmasebi., A. R. Shahdadi. 2013. Effect of replacement alfalfa hay with different levels of pistachios byproducts on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in male sheep Baluchi. Journal of Animal Science, 5 (3): 190-200 (In Persian).

30- Reed, J. D. 1995. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 1516-1528.

31- Rezaeenia, A., A. A. Naserian., R. Valizadeh., A. Tahmasbi. 2012. Effect of using different levels of pistachio by-products silage on composition and blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows". African Journal of Biotechnology, 6192-6196.

32- Van Soest, P. J., J.B. Robertson., B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and none starch polysaccharide in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583–3597.

33- Wang, Y., G. C. Waghorn., G. B. Douglas., T. N. Barry, and G. F. Wilson. 1994. The effects of condensed tannins in lotus corniculatus upon nutrient metabolism, body and wool growth in grazing sheep. Proceeding. New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 54: 219-222.