Efficacy of Pediococcus acidilactici- based probiotic on performance, nutrient digestibility, Intestinal histology and microflora in broiler chickens

Document Type : Poultry Nutrition

Authors

• mahdieh mozafari
• Hasan Kermanshahi
• Abolghasem Golian

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/ijasr.v8i3.30342

Abstract

Introduction In many countries, poultry industry is an important economic activity. Consequences of the use of antibiotics, as a growth-promoting additive, were the appearance of bacterial resistance, thus limiting the use of antibiotics led to find safer alternatives by researchers and probiotics have been introduced as a suitable alternative. According to the definition of the Fullers: probiotics are “a live microbial feed supplements, which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance”. Many bacterial species such as Lactobacillus spp, streptococcus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Aspergillus have been used as a probiotics. Lactobacilli are one of the most important probiotic groups in poultry nutrition. The most important mode of action of probiotics in preventing growth of pathogens in intestine includes: Less favorable conditions for pathogens colonization and development and stimulation of positive (Lactic) flora. Also, Lactobacilli colonize the gut wall and block the binding sites of pathogenic bacteria by the use of the mechanism of competitive exclusion and it can affect pathogenic bacteria by producing lactic acid. As a general rule on when and how the use of probiotics for poultry must be taken to appropriate conditions for establishment and reproduction of these microorganisms in the digestive tract is provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Pediococcus acidilactici- based probiotic (PA) on performance, intestinal histomorphology, microflora and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from 1-42 days.
Materials and methods A total of 260 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided randomly into 4 experimental treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates and each replicate was assigned to a pen with 13 birds (1*1m). Birds were given ad libitum access to water and diet. The experimental treatments received a basal diet that was supplemented as follows: control group(C) chicks were fed a basal diet with no probiotic added. In group spray(S), probiotic solution was sprayed above one day- old chicks. In diet (D) group, the basal diet was supplemented with PA at 100 mg.kg-1 of feed for whole trial period and in feed and spray (S-D) group chickens were treated with both of probiotic solution was sprayed above one day- old chicks and then diet was supplemented with PA at 100 mg.kg-1 of feed for whole trial period.
Results and Discussion Feed intake was not affected by any of the treatments. Chickens sprayed with PA, had a higher daily weight gain them those fed diet supplemented with PA and chicks spray on day one and fed diet supplemented with PA. However, no significant difference observed between sprayed chickens and control birds. Was observed feed conversion ratio, in sprayed chickens, was significantly lower than those fed diet supplemented with PA and chickens that received PA through spray + diet. Again, there was no significant difference between sprayed chickens and control ones. In sprayed chickens and those received PA through spray + diet, crude protein digestibility was not significantly different from that in control chickens. But, crude protein digestibility in chickens fed diet supplemented with PA was significantly reduced when compared to those of the control chickens and chickens sprayed with PA and chickens than those received PA through spray + diet. Ash digestibility significantly reduced in chickens fed diet supplemented with PA and chickens that received PA through spray + diet, compared to control chickens. The chickens that received PA through spray + diet had longer villus height and crypt depth in jejunum as compared to others at 42 days. Also, in chickens that received PA through spray + diet, villus height to crypt depth ratio increased in compared with the chickens fed diet supplemented with PA. Among the chickens receiving PA with the different methods, chickens sprayed with PA and chickens that received PA through spray + diet, increase Lactobacillus numbers of the ileum.
Conclusion This study showed beneficial effects of early use of Pediococcus acidilactici- based probiotic on broiler chickens. The treated birds improved BW, FCR, crude protein digestibility and increase of Lactobacillus numbers of the ileum and villus height of jejunum when compared with chickens fed diet supplemented with PA. However, the positive impact resulting from the use of this probiotic in daily gain, feed conversion and crude protein digestibility in broilers receiving probiotics compared with those who received it were not observed.

Keywords

• Histomorphology
• Microbial population
• nutrient digestibility
• Pediococcus acidlactici
• Performance

20.1001.1.20083106.1395.8.3.6.9

---

References

1- Abrishami, M., V. khaksar zareha, H. Kermanshahi and M. Pilevar. 2010. Study of different levels prebiotic (Fermacto) and probiotic (cecal cultured) effects on growth performance, microbial population of digestive system in broiler. The 4th Congress on Animal Science of Iran. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources university of Tehran. (In Persian).

2- AOAC International. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. AOAC Association of Offal Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.

3- Apata, D. F. 2008. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chick fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 88: 1253-1258.

4- Awad, W. A., K. Ghareeb, S. Abdel-Raheem and J. Böhm. 2009. Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88: 49–55.

5- Bai, S. P., A. M. Wu, X. M. Ding, Y. Lei, J. Bai, K. Y. Zhang and J. S. Chio. 2013. Effects of probiotic-supplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 92: 663–670.

6- Barton, M. D. 2000. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews, 13: 279–299.

7- Chichlowski, M., J. Croom, B. D. McBride, G. B. Havenstein and M. D. Koci. 2007a. Metabolic and physiological Impact of probiotics or direct-fed-microbials on poultry (review). International Journal of Poultry Science, 6(10): 694-704.

8- Cole, C. B., R. Fuller and M. J. Newport. 1987. The effect of diluted yogurt on the gut microbiology and growth of piglets. Food Microbiology, 4: 83–85.

9- Cox, N. A., J. S. Bailey, L. C. Blankenship and R. P. Gildersleeve. 1992. Inovo administration of a competitive exclusion culture treatment to broiler embryos. Poultry Science, 71: 1781-1784.

10- Djezzar, R., K. Benamirouche, D. Baazize-Ammi, A. Khoubei, A. Merroukhi, E. Maghni and D. Guetarni. 2013. Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Pediococcus Acidilactici on Zootechnical and Sanitary Performances of Broilers in Algeria. Journal of Animal Science Advances, 3(4):157-164.

11- Fan, Y., J. Croom, V. Christensen, B. Black, A. Bird, L. Daniel, B. McBride and E. Eisen. 1997. Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth. Poultry Science, 76: 1738–1745.

12- Fuller, R. 1977. The importance of Lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop. British Poultry Science, 18: 85-94.

13- Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. Journal Applied Bacteriology, 66: 365-378.

14- Gunal, M., G. Yayli, O. Kara, N. Karahan and O. Sulak. 2006. The effect of antibiotic growth promoter, probiotic or organic acid supplementation on performance, intestinal microflora and tissue of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(2): 149-155.

15- Higgins, J. P., S. E. Higgins, J. L. Vicente, A. D. Wolfenden, G. Tellez and B. M. Hargis. 2007. Temporal effects of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture on Salmonella in neonatal broilers. Poultry Science, 86: 1662-1666.

16- Huang, R. L., Y. L. Yin, G. Y. Wu, Y. G. Zhang, T. J. Li, L. L. Li, M. X. Li, Z. R. Thang, J. Zhang, B. Wang, J. H. He and X. Z. Nie. 2005. Effects of dietary oligochitosan supplementation on ileal digestibility of nutrients and performance in broilers. Poultry Science, 84: 1383-1388.

17- Ichikawa, H., T. Kuroiwa, A. Inagaki, R. Shineha, T. Nishihira, S. Satomi and T. Sakata. 1999. Probiotic bacteria stimulate gut epithelial cell proliferation in rat. Digestive Diseases and Science, 44: 2119-2123.

18- Imondi, A. R. and F. H. Bird. 1966. The turnover of intestinal epitheliumin the chick. Poultry Science, 45: 142–147.

19- Jin, L. Z., W. Y. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin. 1996. Influence of dried bacillus subtilis and Lactobacilli cultures on intestinal microflora and performance in broilers. Asian- Australian Journal of Animal Science, 9 (4): 397-403.

20- Jin, L. Z., Y. W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin. 1997. Probiotics in poultry: Modes of action. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 53: 352–368.

21- Jin, L.Z., Y. W. HO, N. Abdullah and S. jalaludin. 1998. Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations and serum cholesterol of broilers diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poultry Science, 77:1259-1265.

22- Kabir, S. M. L. 2009. The role of probiotics in the poultry industry (Review). International Journal of Molecular Science, 10: 3531-3546.

23- Kalarathy, R., N. Abdullah, S. jalaludin and Y. W. Ho. 2003. Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44(1): 139-44.

24- Klaenhammer, T. R. 1993. Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid Bacteria (review). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 12: 39-85.

25- Klasing, K. C. 1998. Nutritional modulation of resistance to infectious diseases. Poultry Science, 77: 1119–1125.

26- Laudadio, V., L. Passantino, A. Perillo, G. Lopresti, A. Passantino, R. U. Khan and V. Tufarelli. 2012. Productive performance and histological features of intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels. International Journal of Poultry Science, 91: 265–270.

27- Li, L. L., Z. P. Hou, T. J. Li, G. Y. We, R. L. Huang, Z. R. Tang, C. B. Yong, J. Gong, H. Yu, X. F. Kong, E. Pan, Z. Ruan, W. Y. Xhu, Z. Y. Deng, M. Xie, J. Deng, F. G. Yin and Y. L. Yiu. 2008. Effects of dietry probiotic supplemention on ileal digestibility of nutrients and growth performance in 1-42 day old broiler. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 88: 35-42.

28- Miles, R. D., G. D. Butcher, P. R. Henry, and R. C. Littell. 2006. Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science, 85: 476–485.

29- Mountzouris, K. C., P. Tsitrsikos, I. Palamidi, A. Arvaniti, M. Mohnl, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros. 2010. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulin’s and cecal microflora composition. Poultry Science, 89: 58-67.

30- Nahanshon, S. N., H. S. Nakaue and L. W. Mirosh. 1993. Effects of direct fed microbials on nutrient retention and parameters of Single White Leghorn pullets. Poultry Science, 72(Suppl .2): 87. (Abstr.)

31- Patterson, J. A. and K. M. Burkholder. 2003. Application of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Poultry Production. Poultry Science, 82: 627–631.

32- Pivnick, H. and E. Nurmi. 1982. The Nurmi concept and its role in the control of Salmonella in poultry. Applied Science Publishers. London, pp: 41-70.

33- Pluske, J. R., M. J. Tompson, C. S. Atwood, P. H. Bird, I. H. Williams and P. E. Hartmann. 1996. Maintenance of villus height and crypt depth and enhancement of disaccharide digestion and monosaccharide absorption, in piglets fed on cows’ whole milk after weaning. British Journal Nutrition, 76: 409–422.

34- Potten, C. S. 1998. Stem cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium: Numbers, characteristics and death. British Biological Science, 353: 821–830.

35- Rastad, A. H., A. Samie and F. Daneshvar. 2008. Effect of Bactocell and dry whey on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 12(43): 473-480. (In Persian).

36- SAS Institute. 2005. SAS version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC.

37- Shamoto, K. and K. Yamauchi. 2000. Recovery responses of chick intestinal villus morphology to different feeding procedures. Poultry Science, 79: 718–723.

38- Taheri, H. R., H. Moravej, A. Malakzadegan, F. Tabandeh, M. Zaghari, M. Shivazad and M. Adibmorad. 2010. Efficacy of Pedicoccus acidlactici-based probiotic on intestinal Coliforms and villus height, serum cholesterol level and performance of broiler chickens. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44): 7564-7567.

39- Tortuero, F. 1993. Influence of implantation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in chicks on the growth, feed conversion, malabsorption of fat syndrome and intestinal flora. Poultry Science, 52: 197–203.

40- Tsirtsikos, P., K. Fegeros, C. Balaskas, A. Kominakis and K. C. Mountzouris. 2012. Dietary probiotic inclusion level modulates intestinal mucin composition and mucosal morphology in broilers. Poultry Science, 91: 1860–1868.

41- Wolfenden, A. D., C. M. Pixley, J. P. Higgins, S. E. Higgins and J. L. Vicente. 2007. Evaluation of spray application of a Lactobacillus- based probiotic on salmonella enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6(7): 493-496.

42- Xu, Z. R., C. H. Hu, M. S. Xia, X. A. Zhan and M. Q. Wang. 2003. Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poultry Science, 82: 1030–1036.

43- Yaman, H., Z. Ulukanli, M. Elmali and Y. Unal. 2006. The effect of a fermented probiotic, the kefir, on intestinal flora of poultry domesticated geese (Anser anser). Review the Medicine Veterinary, 157: 379-386.

44- Yason, C. V., B. A. Summers and K. A. Schat. 1987. Pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in various age groups of chickens and turkeys: Pathology American Journal of Veterinary Research, 6: 927–938.

45- Yu, B., J. R. Liu, M. Y. Chiou, Y. R. Hsu and P. W. S. Chiou. 2007. The effects of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Pg4 strain on Intestinal characteristics and performance in broilers. Asian-Australian Journal Animal Science, 20(8): 1243 – 1251.

46- Ziaie, H., M. Bashtani, M. A. Karimi Torshizi, H. Naimipour and H. Farhangfar. 2011. Effects of dietary antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic and organic acid as growth promoters on growth performances and ileal digestibility of nutrients in commercial Ross broilers. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 91: 14-24. (In Persian).

47- Zulkifli, I., N. Abdullah, M. N. Azrin and Y. W. Ho. 2000. Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions. British Poultry Science, 41: 593–597.