اثر ترکیبی عصاره سیر (Allium sativum)و زردچوبه (Curcuma longa) بر کاهش اثرات سوء ناشی از آفلاتوکسین B1 در موش‌های صحرایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

2 آموزشکده کشاورزی سرایان، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه به‌منظور ارزیابی اثر هم‌افزایی عصاره سیر و زردچوبه در برابر آسیب ناشی از آفلاتوکسین B1 روی 64 سر موش صحرایی نر 10-12 هفته، با میانگین وزنی 300-250 گرم در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی به‌صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل (2 × 2 × 2) در هشت گروه و به‌مدت 28 روز انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1- شاهد (2/0 میلی‏لیتر آب مقطر استریل به‌صورت خوراکی)، 2- آفلاتوکسین B1 (100 میکروگرم به‌ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن)، 3- عصاره سیر (50 میلی‏گرم به‌ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن)، 4- عصاره زردچوبه (100 میلی‏گرم به‌ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن)، 5- عصاره سیر همراه با عصاره زردچوبه، 6- آفلاتوکسین B1 همراه با عصاره زردچوبه، 7- آفلاتوکسین B1 همراه با عصاره سیر، 8- آفلاتوکسین B1 همراه با عصاره سیر و زردچوبه بودند. در تمام گروه‌ها، آفلاتوکسین و عصاره‌‌ها به‌صورت خوراکی داده شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از عصاره زردچوبه، سیر و ترکیب آن‏ها بدون آفلاتوکسین اثر معنی­داری بر فراسنجه‌های اندازه‏گیری شده نداشت. آفلاتوکسین B1 موجب افزایش معنی­دار آنزیم‌های کبدی AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)، ALT (Alanine transaminase)، ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)، بیلی‌روبین تام، مالون‏دی‏آلدهید و کاهش معنی­دار ظرفیت آنتی‏اکسیدانی تام، T3 (تری یدوتیرونین) و T4 (تیروکسین) نسبت به گروه شاهد دارای آفلاتوکسین شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که عصاره سیر و زردچوبه اثر بالقوه­ای بر کاهش سطوح ALP، ALT و افزایش سطح T4 در مقایسه با گروه‏های مسموم شده دریافت‌کننده عصاره سیر یا زردچوبه به‌تنهایی دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Combined Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extracts to Reduce the Adverse Effects of Aflatoxin B1 in Rats

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadi Sarir 1
  • Saeedeh Zakerian 1
  • masood didarkhah 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 Faculty of Agriculture Sarayan, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction : Fungal toxins are also of considerable importance and are always placed next to plant pesticides and heavy metals. Mycotoxins are small molecules that are produced as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi and yeasts. Aflatoxins, secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus spp, commonly contaminate a wide variety of tropical and subtropical food/feedstuffs. Chemically, aflatoxins are difuranocoumarin compounds and include B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. The removal of aflatoxins from contaminated food is a major problem in livestock and poultry nutrition and the pollution removal methods are based on the decomposition, destruction, inactivation, or removal of aflatoxins through biological, chemical, or physical methods. In recent years, the study of the effect of plants and their extracts and compounds on things such as reducing microbial growth and the effect on microorganisms has increased dramatically. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of the combination of garlic and turmeric extract on the amount of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, the amount of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in rats intoxicated with aflatoxin B1.
Materials and Methods: In this research, 64 male Wistar rats with an average body weight of 250-300 g were used to evaluate the synergistic effect of garlic and turmeric extract against the damage caused by aflatoxin B1 in the form of a completely randomized design as a factorial experiment (2×2×2). Eight groups were tested for 28 days in the animal dissection laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University, observing all ethical considerations. This study aimed to determine the synergistic effect of garlic and turmeric extracts for possible protection against injury induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Rats were divided into eight groups and treated for 28 days including control (0.2 ml sterile distilled water orally), AFB1 (100 µg/kg BW orally), garlic extract (GE) (50 mg/kg BW orally), Turmeric extract (TE) (100 mg/kg BW orally), GE plus TE, AFB1 plus GE, AFB1 plus TE, AFB1 plus GE and TE. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected for biochemical study.
Results and Discussion: Daily administration of aflatoxin B1 at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days resulted in increased levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and malondialdehyde, along with decreased total antioxidant capacity, T3 (triiodothyronine), and T4 (thyroxine). The use of garlic extract (GE), turmeric extract (TE), and their combination showed a positive effect in mitigating aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity. These treatments significantly reduced AST, ALP, total bilirubin, and malondialdehyde levels while significantly increasing total antioxidant capacity and T3 levels.Although GE and TE individually did not show significant effects on the measured parameters, their combination was more effective. Notably, the combination of GE and TE led to a significant increase in T4 levels and a significant decrease in ALT levels compared to the aflatoxin B1 control group. These findings suggest that the combination of garlic and turmeric extracts may have a synergistic protective effect against aflatoxin B1 toxicity. In examining the ALP factor, there was a statistically significant difference between the treatments of garlic or turmeric extract and the combination of these two extracts. One of the possible protective mechanisms of these plants is their antioxidant property, which prevents the activity of free radicals produced by aflatoxin B1.
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the use of garlic extract at the rate of 50 mg/kg of body weight, turmeric extract at the rate of 100 mg/kg of body weight, and their combination reduces the level of toxicity caused by aflatoxin B1. The use of garlic, turmeric extract, and their combination improves liver function indicators and reduces liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. These results show that the extract of garlic, turmeric, and their combination have a protective effect on the liver. The use of turmeric extract, garlic, and the combination of garlic and turmeric extract in the absence of aflatoxin B1 intoxication did not affect the measured variables. In general, the combination of GE and TE may have a synergistic effect in reducing the adverse effects of AFB1.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aflatoxin B1
  • Garlic
  • Turmeric
  • Malondialdehyde
  • Thyroid hormones

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

  1. Altindag, O., Karakoc, M., Kocyigit, A., Celik, H., and Soran, N. (2007). Increased DNA damage and oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Biochemistry, 40(3), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.10.006
  2. Aubourg, S. P. (1993). Interaction of malondialdehyde with biological molecules—new trends about reactivity and significance. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 28: 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb01278.x
  3. Babu, P. S., & Srinivasan, K. (1997). Hypolipidemic action of curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 166, 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006819605211
  4. Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
  5. Berges, R., Siess, M. H., Arnault, I., Auger, J., Kahane, R., Pinnert, M. F., Vernevaut, M.-F. & Le Bon, A. M. (2004). Comparison of the chemopreventive efficacies of garlic powders with different alliin contents against aflatoxin B1 carcinogenicity in rats. Carcinogenesis, 25, 1953-1959. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh200
  6. Carew, L., Evarts, K. and Alster, F. (1998). Growth, feed intake, and plasma thyroid hormone levels in chicks fed dietary excesses of essential amino acids. Poultry Science,77: 295-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.2.295
  7. Chytiri, S., Chouliara, I., Savvaidis, I. and Kontominas, M. (2004). Microbiological, chemical and sensory assessment of iced whole and filleted aquacultured rainbow trout. Food Microbiology, 21: 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-0020(03)00059-5
  8. Denli, M., Blandon, J., Guynot, M., Salado, S., & Perez, J. (2008). Efficacy of a new ochratoxin-binding agent (OcraTox) to counteract the deleterious effects of ochratoxin A in laying hens. Poultry Science, 87, 2266-2272. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00024
  9. Deshpande, S. (2002). Handbook of Food Toxicology. CRC Press, pp, 387-457. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203908969
  10. Devegowda, G., Raju, M., Afzali, NA., Swamy, H., (1998). Mycotoxin picture worldwide: novel solutions for their counteraction. 241-255.
  11. Drotman, R. B., and Lawhorn, G. T. (1978). Serum enzymes as indicators of chemically induced liver damage. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 1: 163-171. https://doi.org/10.3109/01480547809034433
  12. Duda, G., Suliburska, J. and Pupek-Musialik, D. (2007). Effects of short-term garlic supplementation on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in hypertensive adults. Pharmacological Reports: PR,60: 163-170.
  13. Durak, I., Kavutcu, M., Aytaç, B., Avcı, A., Devrim, E., Ozbek, H. and Öztürk, H. S. (2004). Effects of garlic extract consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in humans with high blood cholesterol. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 15: 373-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.01.005
  14. El-Agamy, D. S. (2010). Comparative effects of curcumin and resveratrol on aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in rats. Archives of Toxicology, 84, 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0511-2
  15. Elsaid, F. G., and Elkomy, M. M. (2006). Aqueous garlic extract and sodium thiosulphate as antidotes for cyanide intoxication in albino rats. Research Journal Medicine and Medicine, Science, 1: 50-56.
  16. Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. Clinical Biochemistry, 37: 112-119.
  17. Gaby, A. R. (1999). Q10-Textbook of Natural Medicine. NY: Churchill Livingstone, 663-671.
  18. Ghodsi, V. and Baghshani, H. (2011). Evaluation of sublethal cyanide exposure on plasma biochemical profile in rats and possible protective effect of garlic. Human and Veterinary Medicine, 5. 66-67.
  19. Glick, B., Chang, T. S., & Jaap, R. G. (1956). The bursa of Fabricius and antibody production. Poultry Science, 35, 224-225. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.035022
  20. Gomes, H. d. A., Silva, E. N. d., Nascimento, M. R. L. d. and Fukuma, H. T. (2003). Evaluation of the 2-thiobarbituric acid method for the measurement of lipid oxidation in mechanically deboned gamma irradiated chicken meat. Food Chemistry. 80: 433-437.
  21. Graczyk, S., Zawadzki, W., Malicki, A., and Orda, J. (2002). The thyroxine level and blood serum profiles in ducklings, after chronic aflatoxin B1 administration. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Medicina Veterinaria, 1: 21-29.
  22. Gross, W. B., Jones, D., & Cherry, J. (1988). Effect of ascorbic acid on the disease caused by Escherichia coli challenge infection. Avian Diseases, 3, 407-409. https://doi.org/10.2307/1590904
  23. James, M. J. )2000(. Modern food microbiology. An Aspen Publication. Gaithersburg., Maryland., 635.
  24. Johri, T. S., Sadagopan, V. R., Shrivastava, H. P., and Majumdar, S. (1990). Effect of dietary aflatoxin on the performance of purebred broiler chicks. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 60: 1246-1248.
  25. Kwak, M. K., Kim, S. G., Kwak, J. Y., Novak, R. F. and Kim, N. D. (1994). Inhibition of cytochrome P4502E1 expression by organosulfur compounds allylsulfide, allylmercaptan and allylmethylsulfide in rats. Biochemical Pharmacology, 47: 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(94)90185-6
  26. Luper, S. (1999). A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: Part two. Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutic, 4, 178-188.
  27. Manafi, M. (2011). Counteractive effects of mycotoxin adsorbent and Aspergillus parasiticus on broilers performance traits. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 6, 567-571.
  28. Mathuria, N. and Verma, R. J. (2008). Ameliorative effect of curcumin on aflatoxin-induced toxicity in serum of mice. Acta Pol. Pharmaceut. Drug Research, 65: 339-343.
  29. Meki, A.-R., Esmail, E. E.-D. F., Hussein, A. A., and Hassanein, H. M. (2004). Caspase-3 and heat shock protein-70 in rat liver treated with aflatoxin B1: effect of melatonin. Toxicon, 43: 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.026
  30. Montville, T. J. & Matthews, K. R., (2005). Food Microbiology: An Introduction. ASM Press. Washington, DC., USA., 528.
  31. Morihara, N., Ushijima, M., Kashimoto, N., Sumioka, I., Nishihama, T., Hayama, M. and Takeda, H. (2006). Aged garlic extract ameliorates physical fatigue. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29: 962-966. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.962
  32. Muriel, P., Garciapiña, T., Perez‐Alvarez, V., and Mourelle, M. (1992). Silymarin protects against paracetamol‐induced lipid peroxidation and liver damage. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 12: 439-442. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550120613
  33. Naaz, F., Javed, S., and Abdin, M. Z. (2007). Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus et Thonn. on aflatoxin B1-induced liver damage in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113: 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.017
  34. Naik, S. R. (2003). Antioxidants and their role in biological functions: An overview. Indian drugs, 40: 501-516.
  35. Nakamura, H., and Nakao, K. 1993. [Mechanism of regulation of TSH--biosynthesis and secretion]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 51: 2611-2617.
  36. Nasr, A. Y. (2014). Protective effect of aged garlic extract against the oxidative stress induced by cisplatin on blood cells parameters and hepatic antioxidant enzymes in rats. Toxicology Reports, 1, 682-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.003
  37. Nasr, A. Y. (2014). Protective Effect of Aged Garlic Extract Against the Oxidative Stress Induced by Cisplatin on Blood Cells Parameters and Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes In Rats. Toxicology Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.003
  38. National Institutes of Health. (1985). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals: National Academies. Washington, DC., USA., 220.
  39. Ozen, H., Karaman, M., Cigremis, Y., Tuzcu, M., Ozcan, K., and Erdag, D. (2009). Effectiveness of melatonin on aflatoxicosis in chicks. Research in Veterinary Science, 86: 485-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.09.011
  40. Pozzi, C. R., Correa, B., Xavier, J. G., Direito, G. M., Orsi, R. B., & Matarazzo, S. V. (2001). Effects of prolonged oral administration of fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1 in rats. Mycopathologia, 151, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010954119980
  41. Ramsewak, R. S., DeWitt, D. L., & Nair, M. G. (2000). Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Curcumins III from Curcuma longa. Phytomedicine, 7, 303-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80048-3.
  42. Rastogi, R., Srivastava, A. K., and Rastogi, A. K. (2001). Long term effect of aflatoxin B1 on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney: effect of picroliv and silymarin. Phytotherapy Research, 15: 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.722
  43. Recknagel, R. O., Glende Jr, E. A., Dolak, J. A. and Waller, R. L. (1989). Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacology and therapeutics, 43: 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(89)90050-8
  44. Rezaei-Moghadam, A., Mohajeri, D., Rafiei, B., Dizaji, R., Azhdari, A., Yeganehzad, M., Shahidi, M., & Mazani, M. (2012). Effect of turmeric and carrot seed extracts on serum liver biomarkers and hepatic lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status in rats. BioImpacts: BI, 2, 151. https://doi.org/10.5681/bi.2012.020
  45. Ricky, A. S., Steward, W. P,. & Gescher, A. J., (2007). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin. The molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, 595, 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_20
  46. Rose, S. R. (2000). Disorders of thyrotropin synthesis, secretion, and function. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 12: 375-381. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008480-200008000-00017
  47. SAS Institute Inc. (2005). User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1 Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
  48. Satoh, K. (1978). Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clinica Chimica Acta, 90, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(78)90081-5.
  49. Satoh, K. (1978). Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clinica Chimica Acta, 90: 37-43.  https://doi.org/1016/0009-8981(78)90081-5
  50. Selmanoglu, G., and Kockaya, E. A. (2004). Investigation of the effects of patulin on thyroid and testis, and hormone levels in growing male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42: 721-727. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fct.2003.12.007
  51. Sharma, Ricky A., William P. Steward, and Andreas J. Gescher. (2007). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin. The molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_20
  52. Sharma, V., Gupta, R. and Sharma, S. (2011). Preventive effects of tinospora cordifolia extract against aflatoxin-b1 induced oxidative stress in swiss albino mice. Asian Journal Pharmaceutical Clinical Research, 4: 149-155. https://doi.org/ 4103/0971-6580.84259
  53. Shotwell, O. L., Hesseltine, C., Stubblefield, R. and Sorenson, W. (1966). Production of aflatoxin on rice. Applied Microbiology,14: 425-428. https://doi.org/ 1128/am.14.3.425-428.1966
  54. Tadi, P. P., Teel, R. W., & Lau, B. H. (1991). Organosulfur compounds of garlic modulate mutagenesis, metabolism, and DNA binding of aflatoxin B1. Nutrition and Cancer, 15, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589109514116
  55. Thabrew, M. I., Joice, P. D. and Rajatissa, W. (1987). A comparative study of the efficacy of Pavetta indica and Osbeckia octandra in the treatment of liver dysfunction. Planta Med, 53: 239-241. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962691
  56. Valchev, I., Lazarov, L., Hristov, T., and Kanakov, D. (2014). Blood Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine And Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Concentrations In MULARD Ducks With Experimental Aflatoxicosis. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine,13-20.
  57. West, S., Wyatt, R., & Hamilton, P. (1973). Improved yield of aflatoxin by incremental increases of temperature. Applied Microbiology, 25, 1018-1019. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.25.6.1018-1019.1973
  58. Yarru, L. P., Settivari, R. S., Gowda, N. K. S., Antoniou, E., Ledoux, D. R., & Rottinghaus, G. E. (2009). Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin. Poultry Science, 88, 2620-2627. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00204
  59. Yener, Z., Celik, I., Ilhan, F., & Bal, R. (2009). Effects of Urtica dioica L. seed on lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and liver pathology in aflatoxin-induced tissue injury in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.031
  60. Zhou, J., Yan, X., Guo, F., Sun, N., Qian, Z. and Ding, D. (2000). Effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on plasma constituents and enzyme activities related to oxidative stress. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 13: 44-55.
CAPTCHA Image