In vitro Fermentation Parameters of Diets Containing Different Levels of Mint Pulp and Chicory Pulp

Document Type : Ruminant Nutrition

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. Ilam.Iran

2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.

3 Department of Animal Science, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sharekord, Iran.

4 Animal Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

5 Department of Animal Science, Zanjan Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction[1] The world average yield of essential oil is around 50000 ton/year which means that large amounts of apparently useless plant residues are produced. These residues do not have a specific commercial use, so it would be a very interesting alternative to provide feed for livestock.Agro-industrial co-products, can be effectively consumed by ruminant species. Since, many parts of Iran have arid and semi-arid climate, and there is feed shortage during the year, hence agro-industrial co-products can be used as animal feed. This experiment was aimed to study the chemical compositions and in vitro rumen fermentation of mint pulp and chicory pulp and experimental diets containing different levels of mint pulp and chicory pulp.
Materials and Methods Fresh mint pulp and chicory pulp were collected from an agro industry processing factory. Chemical compositions (dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and ash), in vitro gas production parameters, total protozoa population and N-ammonia concentration of mint pulp and chicory pulp were measured. Each pulp separately included at three levels (10, 20 and 30 % of DM) in a basal diet. Experimental diets were: 1- Basal diet, 2- basal diet containing 10% chicory pulp, 3- basal diet containing 20% chicory pulp, 4- basal diet containing 30% chicory pulp, 5- basal diet containing 10% mint pulp, 6- basal diet containing 20% mint pulp and 7- basal diet containing 30% mint pulp. Basal diet formulated for ewes and contained 12.5 % CP and 2.20 Mcal metabolisable energy (ME) /Kg of diet. In vitro gas production parameters, total protozoa population and N-ammonia concentration of diets were measured and ME, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were estimated. For in vitro gas production tests, the rumen fluid was taken from two rumen fistulated Kurdish rams. For measuring kinetic parameters of gas production, 200 mg of samples were incubated with 40 ml of buffered-rumen fluid for 120 hours. The cumulative produced gas was recorded at different times of incubation and gas production parameters were fitted to an exponential equation. For estimating ME, OMD and total VFA, 40 ml buffered rumen fluid was added to 200 mg of diets and incubated at 39 °C for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation, gas production recorded and ME, OMD and SCFA were estimated. Rumen protozoa population were identified after 24 hours incubation. Five ml of buffered rumen fluid was pipetted into a screw-capped test tube containing 5 ml of formalin. Thereafter, two drops of brilliant green dye (2 g brilliant green and 2 ml glacial acetic diluted to 100 ml with distilled water) were added to the test tube, mixed thoroughly and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. Total and differential counts of protozoa were made with five replications.  All in vitro gas production trials were carried out in three runs. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design using Proc GLM of SAS software. The differences among treatments were evaluated using Tukey adjustment when the overall F-test was P ≤ 0.05. Trends were declared when 0.05 < P≤ 0.10. In addition, independent comparisons were done for diets containing mint pulp vs. diets containing chicory pulp.
Results and Discussion The results showed that mint pulp contains 105, 500 and 345 g/kg of CP, NDF and ADF respectively and chicory pulp contains 69.7, 610 and 465 g/kg of CP, NDF and ADF respectively. Mint pulp had greater lag phase than chicory pulp (p < 0.05) and potential of gas production did not differ between two pulps. Mint pulp had greater estimated ME, SCFA and OMD in compare to chicory pulp (p < 0.01). Potential and rate of gas production, N- ammonia concentration, total protozoa population, estimated ME, SCFA and OMD were not different among all experimental diets (P>0.05). The constant rate of gas production when half the potential of gas is produced was different among experimental diets (P=0.05), so that basal diet and diet containing 30 % of mint pulp had the highest and lowest value, respectively.
Conclusion Considering the obtained data regarding the chemical compositions and gas production parameters, it is concluded that mint pulp and chicory pulp could be used as a part of forage portion in ruminant nutrition. More experiments are needed to study the inclusion of mint pulp and chicory pulp in diets of productive ruminants.

Keywords


1- Abrar, A., M. A, Sindhu, M. U. N.  Khan, and M. Sarvar. 2002. Agro-industrial by-products as a potential source of livestock feed. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2: 307-310.
2- Abarghoe, M., and Y. Rozbehan. 2008. Comparison of chemical compounds of two samples of nucleated olivine and non-nucleated silage pulp and determination of digestibility coefficients of olive pomace control samples. Second National Congress of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Sciences. National Animal Science Research Institute. 131-134. (In Persian).
3- AOAC International. 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. AOAC International. Washington, DC.
4- Broderik, G. A., and J. H. Kang. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64-75.
5- Dehority, B. A. 2003. Rumen Microbiology. Nottingham University Press First published.
6- Djouvinov, D., D. Pavlov, A. Ilchev, and E. Enev, 1997. Peppermint (Mentha piperita Huds.) and basil (Ocimum basilicurn L.) etheric oil by-products as roughages for sheep feeding. Animal Feed Science Technology, 68: 287- 294.
7- Fazaeli H., M. Zahedifar, and H. Nouroozian. 2006. Chemical composition and ensiling of damask rose extraction residue with different additives. Animal Science Journal, 72: 58-65. (In Persian).
8- France, J., M. S. Dhanoa. M. K. Theodorou, S. G. Lister, D. R. Davies, and D. Isac. 1993. A model to interpret gas accumulation profiles associated with in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 163: 99-111.
9- Gofoon, A., and I. M. Khalifa. 2007. The effects of Molasses levels on quality of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) silage. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2: 43-46.
10- Kasapidou, E., E. Sossidou, and P. Mitlianga. 2015. Fruit and vegetable co-products as functional feed ingredients in farm animal nutrition for improved product quality. Agriculture, 5: 1020-1034.
11- Khorami, B., A. Khadem, M. Afzalzadeh, and A. Norozian. 2012. Chemical composition, digestibility and degradability of damask rose pulp and its effect on nitrogen balance in ruminants. Animal Production, 13:38- 99. (In Persian).
12- Lashkari, M., and A. Taghizadeh. 2014. Estimation of chemical composition, degradability and fermentation parameters of citrus pulp by using nylon bags and gas production methods. Journal of Animal Science Research, 23:16-28. (In Persian).
13- Makkar, H. P. S. 2010. In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. pp. 107–144. In Vercoe, PE Makkar, HPS, Schlink, AC (Eds.), In vitro Screening of plant resources for extra nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies. IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
14- Menke, K. H., and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development,28: 7-12.
15- Moghadam, M., A. Taghizadeh, and A. Ahmadi. 2012. The nutritional value of grape and raspberry leaves by using nylon bags and gas production methods. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 3: 435-443. (In Persian).
16- Mirzaee, A., M. M. Saki, A. Yaghobfar, and A. Ahmadi. 2008. Investigating the nutritional value of licorice root extract and its effect on the diet of Kurdish lambs. Agricultural research: water, soil and plant in agriculture. 7:117- 126. (In Persian).
17- National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
18- National Research Council. 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
19- Noshadi, S., S. A. Azarfar, D. Alipor, and H. Khosravinia. 2015. Effects of inclusion of dried deoiled Satureja khuzistanica in finishing diet of lambs on kinetics of gas production in vitro. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 45:163-171. (In Persian).
20- Saedi, S., M. Nikpor Tehrani, and A. Morvarid. 2002. Livestock and Poultry Feeds Page 15. Tehran University Press. Tehran. (In Persian).
21- Teimouri Yansari, A., H. Sadeghi, Z. Ansari-Pirsarai, and H. Mohammad-Zadeh. 2007. Ruminal dry matter and nutrient degradability of different olive cake by-products after incubation in the rumen using nylon bag technique. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9: 439-442.
22- Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
23- Yazdani, D., Shahnazi, s, and H. Seyfi. 2005. Planting and harvesting of medicinal plants. Institute of medicinal plants, Volume One. (In Persian).
24- Zinati fakhrabad, H., Kh. Kalantari, and Z. Najafian. 2015. Investigating and explaining the limitations and capabilities of waste management in agricultural sector of Golestan province.  International Conference on Sustainable Development, Ideas and Challenges of Agriculture. Tabriz. (In Persian).
CAPTCHA Image
  • Receive Date: 22 April 2019
  • Revise Date: 16 November 2019
  • Accept Date: 14 December 2019
  • First Publish Date: 27 November 2020