مقایسه اثر پودر و عصاره هیدروالکلی مرزنجوش با ویرجینامایسین بر عملکرد، متابولیتهای خونی، جمعیت میکروبی ایلئوم، مرفولوژی ژژونوم و کیفیت گوشت جوجه های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی- تغذیه طیور

نویسندگان

• محمد رضا گنجه ¹
• محمد سالارمعینی ²

¹ دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

² بخش علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، شهر کرمان، کشور ایران

10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.38594

چکیده

این مطالعه به منظور بررسی تاثیر استفاده از پودر و عصاره هیدروالکلی مرزنجوش در مقایسه با آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینیامایسین برعملکرد، فراسنجه‌های خونی، وزن نسبی ارگان‌های داخلی، فلور میکربی روده، مورفولوژی پرزهای روده و کیفیت گوشت در جوجه‌های گوشتی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 8 تیمار، 3 تکرار و 12 جوجه در هر تکرار به اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل جیره شاهد (فاقد هرگونه افزودنی)، آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینیامایسین (100 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم)، پودر برگ مرزنجوش (1 ،2 و 3 درصد) و عصاره مرزنجوش (150، 250 و350 میلی‌گرم در کیلو گرم) بودند. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، در یک تا 10 روزگی پرندگان تغذیه شده با آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینیامایسین مصرف خوراک بیشتری نسبت سایر گروه‌ها داشتند. در 11 تا 24 روزگی نیز مصرف خوراک گروه آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینیامایسین بیشتر از گروه 2 و3 درصد پودر مرزنجوش و 350 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره مرزنجوش بود. کمترین مصرف خوراک در تمام بازه‌های زمانی در تیمار غذایی حاوی 3 درصد پودر مرزنجوش مشاهده شد. در کل دوره پرورش، خوراک مصرفی تحت تاثیر تیمار‌های آزمایشی قرار نگرفت اما استفاده از 3 درصد پودر مرزنجوش نسبت به سایر گروه‌ها افزایش وزن کمتری نشان داد و بیشترین اضافه وزن در تیمار حاوی آنتی‌بیوتیک و 350 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره مشاهده گردید. همچنین در کل دوره، گروه‌های شاهد و 3 درصد پودر مرزنجوش در مقایسه با سایر گروه‌ها ضریب تبدیل غذایی بالاتری را نشان دادند. تیمار‌ها تاثیر معنی داری بر فراسنجه‌های خونی و وزن نسبی اجزای لاشه نداشت. تیمار‌های 1 و 2 درصد پودر و 350 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره مرزنجوش جمعیت باکتری‌های کلی‌فرم را نسبت به شاهد کاهش دادند. افزودن 150 میلی‌گرم در کیلو‌گرم عصاره مرزنجوش طول پرز را به طور معنی داری نسبت به تیمار شاهد و آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینیامایسین افزایش داد. افزودن 1 و 2 درصد پودر مرزنجوش و سطوح مختلف عصاره مرزنجوش میزان TBA را به طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. در مجموع به نظر می رسد می توان از گیاه دارویی مرزنجوش (به خصوص سطح 350 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره) به عنوان جایگزینی برای آنتی‌بیوتیک‌های محرک رشد به خوبی بهره جست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• جوجه‌گوشتی
• عملکرد
• کیفیت گوشت
• مرزنجوش
• ویرجینیا‌مایسین

20.1001.1.20083106.1395.8.1.12.1

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Powder and Hydroalcoholic Extract of Origanum vulgare and Virginiamycin on Performance, Blood Metabolites, Ileal Microflora, Jejunal Morphology and Meat Quality of Broilers

نویسندگان [English]

• mohamad Reza Gangeh ¹
• Mohammad salarmoini ²

¹ Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman

² Department of Animal Science. College of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman. Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction Antibiotic feed additives have long been used as growth promoters in poultry nutrition. However, concern has been expressed about the potential development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (25). Consequently, the animal feed industry, exposed to increasing consumer pressure to reduce the use of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets, has to find alternative feed additives. Marjoram (Origonum vulgar) is a very popular and a common medicinal plant. The main chemical components of marjoram oil are carvacrol, thymol, myrsene, p-cymene, terpinene and pinene (29). The plant is reported to possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities (2, 36).
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of adding different levels of marjoram leaves (powder and hydroalcoholic extract) into broiler diets on growth performance, blood metabolites, relative weight of internal organs, ileal microflora, jejunal histomorphology and meat quality of broiler chicks.
Materials and methods Two hundred and eighty eight one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks (male) were obtained from a commercial local source and used in this study. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments, 3 replicates and 12 birds in each replicate. Experimental treatments consisted of control diet (without any additives), antibiotic virginiamycin (100 mg/kg), Origanum vulgare leaves powder (1, 2 and 3%) and Origanum vulgare extract (150, 250 and 350 mg/kg). The experimental period lasted up to the 42 d of age. The rearing and management conditions were equal for all groups. Experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrients requirements of the Ross broiler chicks (3). Chicks had full access to feed and water during the experimental period. Live body weight and feed intake were recorded at 10, 24 and 42 d of age for each replicate. At the end of the experiment, the blood samples (from one chick per replicate) were collected to determine hematological parameters, then the chicks were slaughtered and ileum contents were removed for bacterial counts and also jejunum were immediately removed for histological studies.
Results and Discussion Based on the results, in 1-10 d period, supplementing the broiler diet with virginiamycin increased significantly feed intake (P

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Broiler
• Meat quality
• Origanum vulgare
• Performance
• Virginiamycin

مراجع

1- Adam, K., A. Sivropolou., S. Kokkini., T. Lanaras., and M. Arsenakis. 1998. Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare sub spp. Hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula, angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46:1739–1745.

2- Aureli, P., A. Costantini., and S. Zolea. 1992. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection, 55:344–348.

3- Aviagen. 2007. Nutrition Specification for Ross 308. Aviagen Limited, Newbridge, Scotland.

4- Bampidis, V. A., V. Christodoulou., P. Florou-Paneri., E. Christaki., P. S. Chatzopoulou., T. Tsiligianni., and A. B. Spais. 2005. Effect of dietary dried oregano leaves on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum cholesterol of female early maturing turkeys. British Poultry Science, 46:595–601.

5- Basmacioglu, H., O. Tokusoglu., and M. Ergul. 2004. The effect of oregano and rosemary essential oil or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on performance and lipid oxidation of meat enriched with n-3 PUFA in broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 34:197-210.

6- Bertram, H. C., H. J. Andersen., A.H. Karlsson., P. Horn., J. Hedegaard., and S. L. Engelsen. 2003. Prediction of technological quality (cooking loss and Napole Yield) of pork based on fresh meat characteristics. Meat Science, 65: 707-712.

7- Botsoglou, N. A., D. J. Fletouris., P. Florou-Paneri., E. Christaki., and A. B. Spais. 2003. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in long-term frozen stored chicken meat by dietary oregano essential oil and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Food Research International, 36:207-213.

8- Çabuk, M., M. Bozkurt., A. Alcicek., Y. Akbas., and K. Kucukyilmaz. 2006. Effect of an herbal essential oil mixture on growth and internal organ weight of broilers from young and old breeder flocks. South African Journal of Animal Science, 36:135–141.

9- Carlstrom, A. 1984. New species of Allyssum, Consolida, Origanum and Umbilicus from the SE Aegean Sea. Wildenowia. 14:15-26.

10-Caston, L. J., and S. Leeson. 1992. The response of broiler turkeys to flavomycin. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 72: 445-448.

11- Christensen, L. B. 2003. Drip loss sampling in porcine meat. Meat Science, 63:469-477

12- Chun, S. S., A. V. Vattern., Y. T. Lin., and K. Shetty. 2004. Phenolic antioxidants from clonal oregano (Origanum vulgare) with antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori. Process Biochemistry, 40:809-816.

13- Cowan, M. M. 1999. Plant product as antimicrobial agents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12:564-582.

14- Cross, D. E., R. M. Mcdevith, K. Hillman, and T. Agamovic. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, digestibility and gut microflora in chicken to 28d of ago. British Poultry Science, 4:496-506.

15- Deans, S. G., and P. G. Waterman. 1993. Biological activity of volatile oils. Page 97-111 in: Hay, R.K.M., and P.G. Waterman, eds, Volatile oil crops. Longman Science, 100-101.

16- Demir, E., S. Sarica., M. A. Ozean., and M. Suicmez. 2005. The use of natural feed additives as alternative an antibiotic growth promoter in boiler. European Poultry Science, 69:110-116.

17- Ghorbani Ranjbary, A., N. Ghorbani Ranjbary., S. H. Asmarian., and Z. Ghorbani Ranjbary. 2014. Effect of Origanum vulgare hydroalcoholic extract on liver enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol-HDL, cholesterol-LDL, total bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, total protein in rat. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, 5 (2):121.

18- Giannenas, I., P. Florou-paneri., M. Papazahariadou., N. Botsoglou., E. Christaki., and A. B. Spaisn. 2003. Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Archives in Animal Nutrition, 57: 99-106.

19- Giannenas, I., P. Florou-paneri., N. Botsoglou., E. Christaki., and A. B. Spaisn. 2005. Effect of supplementing feed with oregano and/or a-tocopheryl acetate on growth of broiler chickens and oxidative stability of meat. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 14:521-535.

20- Halle, I. 2001. Effects of essential oils and herbal mixtures on growth of broiler chicks. Pages 439–442 in: Proc. Symp. Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe in der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier, Jena, Thüringen, Germany. Inst. Ernähr. Biol. Pharm. Fak, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ., Jena, Germany.

21- Hashemipour, H., H. Kermanshahi., A. Golian., A. Raji., and M. M. Van Krimpen. 2012. Effect of thymol + carvacrol by next enhance 150 on Intestinal development of broiler chickens fed CMC containing diet. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 3(3):567-576.

22- Helander, I. M., H. L. Alakomi., K. Latva-Kala., T. Mattila-Sandholm., I. Pol, E. J. Smid., L. G. M. Gorris., and A. Von Wright. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46:3590–3595.

23- Hernandes, F., J. Madrid., V. Garcica., J. Orengo., and M. D. Megias. 2004. Influence of two plant extract on broiler performance digestibility and digestive organ size. Poultry Science, 85:169-174.

24- Hernandes, F., J. Madrid., V. Garcica., J. Orengo., P. Catala., and M. D. Megias. 2006. Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels for broilers chickens. British Poultry Science, 47(1): 50-56.

25- Jang, I. S., Y. H. Ko., S. Y. Kong., and C. Y. Lee. 2007. Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134:304-315.

26- Jia-chi, H., T. Steiner., A. Aufy., and L. Tu-fa. 2012. Effects of supplemental essential oil in growth performance, lipid metabolites and immunity, intestinal characteristics, microbiota and carcass traits in broilers. Livestock Science, 144, 3:253-262.

27- Kirkpinar, F., H. Bora Unlu., and G. Ozdemir. 2010. Effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Livestock Science, 137:219-225.

28- Lambert, R. J. W., P. N. Skandamis., P. J. Coote., and G. J. E. Nychas. 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil thymol and carvacrol. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91:453-462.

29- Lee, K.W., H. Everts., and A. C. Beynen. 2004. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3:738–752.

30- Luna, A., M. C. Labaque., J. A. Zygadlo., and R. H. Marin. 2010. Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poultry Science, 89:366–370.

31- Mailes, R. D, G. C. Butcher., P. R. Henry., and R. C. Litllell. 2006. Effect of antibiotic growth performance on broiler performance intestinal growth parameters and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science, 48.

32-Markovic, R., D. Sefer., M. Krstic., and B. Petrujkic. 2009. Effect of different growth promoters on broiler performance and gut morphology. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, 41: 163-169.

33-Mc, J. F. 1984. Histological and histochemical uses of periodic acid. Stain Technology, 23: 99-108.

34- Montoya, G., J. Londono., L. Yassin., G. Vasquez., M. Rojas., and R. Ramirez. 2007. Monoterpenos aromaticos thymol carvacrol: Aproximaciones de sus posibles papeles en procesos claves de la patologia cardiovascular. Scientia Et Technica, 33:27–32.

35- Mountzouris, k. C., P. Tsirtsikos., V. Paraskevas., and K. Fegeros. 2008. Evaluation of the effect of a phytogenic essential oil product on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. World’s poultry congress, Brisbane Australia, 444.

36- Muller, R. F., B. Berger., and O. Yegen. 1995. Chemical composition and fungi toxic properties to phytopathogenic fungi of essential oils of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43:2262–2266.

37- Papageorgiou, G., N. Botsoglou., A. Govaris., I. Giannenas., S. Iliadisan., and E. Botsoglou. 2003. Effect of dietary oregano oil and a-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on iron-induced lipid oxidation of turkey breast, thigh, liver and heart tissues. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 87:324–335.

38- Paparella, A., L. Taccogna., I. Aguzzi., C. Chaves-Lopes., A. Serio., F. Marsilio., and G. Suzzi. 2008. Flow cytometric assessement of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil against listeria monocytogenes. Food Control, 19:1174-1182.

39- Perlic, L., N. Milosevic., D. Zikic., S. Bjedov., D. Cvetkovic., S. Markov., M. Momnl., and T. Steiner. 2010. Effects of probiotic and phytogenic products on performance, gut morphology and cecal microflora of broiler chickens. Archives Animal Breeding, 53, 3:350-359.

40- SAS Institute. 1998. SAS/STAT® User's Guide: Statistics, Version 6.12. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC

41- Tarladgis, B. G., B. M. Watts., and M. T. Younathan Dugan. 1960. A distillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 37: 44-48

42- Ultee, A., R. A. Slump., G. Steging., and E. J. Smid. 2000. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice. Journal of Food Protection, 63:620-624.

43- Vagi, E., B. Simandi., A. Suhajda., and E. Hethelyi. 2005. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Origanum majorana extracts obtained with ethyl alcohol and supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Research International, 38:51-57.

44- Warris, P. D. 2000. An introductory text. New York: CABI Pub.

45- Windisch, W., K. Schedle., C. Plitzner., and A. Kroismayr. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 140-148.

46- Young, J. F, J. Stagsted., S. K. Jensen., A. H. Karlsson., and P. Henckel. 2003. Ascorbic acid alpha tocopherol and oregano supplement reduce stress-induced deterioration of chicken meat quality. Poultry Science, 82:1343-1351.

47- Zargary, A. 2012. Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. 7th ed. Tehran University Press. Tehran. Iran. (In Persian).