مقایسه اثرات گل میمونی با سین بیوتیک و آنتی بیوتیک بر عملکرد و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی- تغذیه طیور

نویسندگان

• فرهاد رستمی ¹
• کامران طاهرپور ²
• حسینعلی قاسمی ³
• فاضل پور احمد ¹

¹ دانشگاه ایلام

² گروه علوم دامی ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.

³ دانشگاه اراک

10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.42460

چکیده

این آزمایش به منظور مقایسه اثر افزودن گل میمونی با آنتی بیوتیک ویرجینامایسین و سین بیوتیک به جیره بر عملکرد و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه های گوشتی انجام شد. تعداد 250 قطعه جوجه خروس (سویه تجاری راس 308) یکروزه به 25 گروه 10 قطعه ای (پنج تیمار و پنج تکرار به ازای هر تیمار) تقسیم شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل جیره پایه بدون ماده افزودنی (جیره شاهد) و جیره پایه حاوی 02/0 درصد آنتی بیوتیک ویرجینامایسین، سطح تجاری سین بیوتیک (در جیره آغازین 15/0 درصد و در جیره های رشد و پایانی 10/0 درصد)، 4/0 و 8/0 درصد گیاه گل میمونی بود. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که جوجه های تغذیه شده با جیره های حاوی گل میمونی، سین بیوتیک و آنتی بیوتیک در پایان دوره پرورش به طور معنی داری ضریب تبدیل بهتری نسبت به گروه شاهد داشتند. در مقابل، افزایش وزن و خوراک مصرفی جوجه ها در کل دوره (1 تا 42 روزگی) تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. اعمال همه تیمارهای آزمایشی به استثنای تیمار 4/0 درصد گل میمونی سبب افزایش معنی دار درصد لنفوسیت و کاهش معنی دار نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد شدند. پرنده های تغذیه شده با تیمارهای سین بیوتیک و 8/0 درصد گل میمونی به طور معنی دار پاسخ ثانویه پادتن بالاتری علیه واکسن های نیوکاسل و گامبورو را در مقایسه با پرندگان گروه شاهد نشان دادند. از نتایج این مطالعه می توان نتیجه گرفت که افزودن 8/0 درصد گل میمونی به جیره جوجه های گوشتی سبب بهبود بازده خوراک و پاسخ ایمنی می شود و می تواند بعنوان یک جایگزین مناسب برای آنتی بیوتیک در تغذیه جوجه های گوشتی مدنظر قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پاسخ ایمنی
• جوجه گوشتی
• عملکرد
• گل میمونی
• هتروفیل:لنفوسیت

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative effects of Scrophularia striata with synbiotic and antibiotic on performance and immune response of broiler chickens

نویسندگان [English]

• Farhad Rostami ¹
• Kamran Taherpour ²
• Hossein Ali Ghasemi ³
• Fazel Purahmad ¹

¹ Ilam University

² Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

³ Arak University

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Following the ban on antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry nutrition in EU and growing pressure on poultry producers in other parts of the world, there is an increasing interest in searching for growth promoting and immune system-strengthening alternatives. Among the possible alternatives, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics (combination of probiotic and prebiotic) and more recently phytogenic products are considered interesting because they have acquired more reliability and acceptability among consumers as safe and natural additives. Scrophularia striata (SS) is a plant which grows in the northeastern part of Iran and their immunomodulatory activities of some species of Scrophularia have also been reported by other investigators. Due to the lack of study for Scrophularia striata effects on broilers performance, and the importance of improving the immune status of broilers, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of S. striata on male broilers growth performance, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and immunity; and also to compare them with virginiamycin as a well-documented antibiotic growth-promoter.

Materials and methods: Two-hundred and fifty of one-day-old male (Ross 308) broiler chicks were classified into 25 groups. Each group included 10 chicks (five treatments and five replicates per treatment). The five experimental treatments were as follow: basal diet with no additives (control diet) and basal diet containing virginiamycin antibiotic, synbiotic, 0.4 or 0.8 % SS. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded in different periods and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To study the effects of different treatments on blood leukocyte subpopulations, blood samples of two birds from each replicate were collected from the wing vein at the end of experiment. EDTA-containing blood samples were stained subsequently, 100 leukocytes per samples were counted by an optical microscope. The ratio of heterophil (H) to lymphocyte (L) was calculated. Vaccination was carried out according to the routine regional vaccination program and was based on optimal timing of the maternal antibody level. On 7th and 14th days after last vaccination, blood samples were collected from brachial veins, and the sera were used to determine the humoral immune response derived from vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease. Haemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine antibody titers of the chickens against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, respectively. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design by ANOVA using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS Institute.

Results and Discussion: The BWG of broilers receiving the antibiotic diet was higher (P

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Broiler
• Heterophil:lymphocyte
• Immune response
• Performance
• Scrophularia striata

مراجع

1- Alizadeh Sadr, M. A., F. Shariatmadari, and M. A. Karimi. 2010. The effect of eٍssential oil, prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on performance and immune response of broilers chickens. Veterinary Journal, (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 87:10-17. (In Persian).

2- Allan, W. H., and R. E. Gough. 1974. A standard haemagglutination inhibition test for Newcastle disease 1. Comparison of macro and micro method. Veterinary Record, 95:120-123.

3- AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Virgina, USA.

4- Arora, R., D. Gupta, R. Chawla, R. Sagar, A. Sharma, R. Kumar, J. Prasad, S. Singh, N. Samanta, and R. K. Sharma. 2005. Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospect. Phytotherapy Research, 19:1-22.

5- Aviagen. 2007. Ross Broiler Management Manual, Nutrition Specification. Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, Scotland, UK.

6- Awad, W. A., K. Ghareeb, and J. Bohm. 2008. Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a synbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium and oligosaccharides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9:2205–2216.

7- Awad, W. A., K. Ghareeb, S. Abdel-Raheem, and J. Bohm. 2009. Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88:49–55.

8- Azadmehr, A., and A. Afshari. 2009. Suppression of nitric oxide production in activated murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by Scrophularia striata ethanolic extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124:166-169.

9- Azadmehr, A., K. Alizadeh Oghyanous, R. Hajiaghaee, Z. Amirghofran, and M. Azadbakht. 2013. Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of Scrophularia striata extract against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 33:1135–1141.

10- Bahrami, A. M. and A. Valadi. 2010. Effects of Scrophularia striata ethanolic leaves extracts on Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Pharmacology, 6:431-434.

11- Barbosa Fascina, V., J. R. Sartori, E. Gonzales, F. Barros de Carvalho, I. M. G. Pereira de Souza, G. Polycarpo, A. C. Stradiotti, and V. C. Pelicia. 2012. Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41:2189-2197.

12- Bas, E., M. C. Recio, M. Abdallah, S. Mañez, R. M. Giner, M. Cerda-Nicolas, and J. L. Rios. 2007. Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators' production and anti-inflammatory effect of the iridoid scrovalentinoside. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110:419-427.

13- Bhutada, P., Y. Mundhada, K. Bansod, A. Ubgade, M. Quazi, S. Umathe, and D. Mundhada. 2010. Reversal by quercetin of corticotrophin releasing factor induced anxiety- and depression-like effect in mice. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 16:955-960.

14- Castanon, J. I. R. 2007. History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds. Poultry Science, 86:2466–2471.

15- Chichlowski, M., J. Croom, B. W. McBride, G. Davis, L. Daniel, and M. Koci. 2007. Direct-fed microbial and salinomycin modulate whole body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal enterocytes cytokine production in the broiler chick. International Journal of Poultry Science, 86:1100-1106.

16- Craig, W. J. 1999. Health-promoting properties of common herbs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70:491s-499s.

17- Dalimi, A., M. Arbabi, and R. Naserifar. 2013. The effect of aqueous extraction of Artemisia sieberi Besser and Scrophularia striata Boiss. On Leishmania major under in vitro conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(1):237-246. (In Persian).

18- Danaee Pataveh, M. 1391.The effect of different levels of Ferulago angulata on blood parameters, liver enzymes, meat oxidative stability and performance of broiler. MSc Thesis. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources. (In Persian).

19- Davila, S. G., J. L. Campo, M. G. Gil, M. T. Prieto, and O. Torres. 2011. Effects of auditory and physical enrichment on 3 measurements of fear and stress (tonic immobility duration, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and fluctuating asymmetry) in several breeds of layer chicks. Poultry Science, 90:2459–2466.

20- Diaz, A. M., M. J. Abad, L. Fernandez, A. M. Silvan, J. De Santos, and P. Bermejo, 2004. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia scorodonia: In vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Life Science, 74:2515-2526.

21- Falaki, M., M. Shams shargh, B. Dastar, and S. Zrehdaran. 2010. Effects of different leves of probiotic and prebiotic on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9:2390-2395.

22- Gunal, M., G. Yayli, O. Kaya, N. Karhan, and O. Sulak. 2006. The effects of antibiotic growth promoter, probiotic or organic acid supplementation on performance, intestinal microflora and tissue of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5:149-155.

23- Hamann, L., V. El-Samalouti, A. J. Ulmer, H. D. Flad, and E. T. Rietschel. 1998. Components of gut bacteria as immunomodulators. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 41:141-154.

24- Hassanpour, H., A. K. Zamani Moghaddam, M. Khosravi, and M. Mayahi. 2013. Effects of synbiotic on the intestinal morphology and humoral immune response in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 153: 116–122.

25- Houshmand, M., K. Azhar, I. Zulkifli, M. H. Bejo, A. Meimandipour, and A. Kamyab. 2011. Effects of non-antibiotic feed additives on performance, tibial dyschondroplasia incidence and tibia characteristics of broilers fed low-calcium diets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95:351-358.

26- Jazila, E. M., M. Driss, and A. Hamid. 2007. Antimicrobal activaty of Elttaria Cardamomum: Toxicity, biochemical and histological studies. Food Chemistry, 104:1560-1568.

27- Khodambashi Emami, N., A. Samie, H. R. Rahmani, and C. A. Ruiz-Feria. 2012. The effect of peppermint essential oil and fructooligosaccharides, as alternatives to virginiamycin, on growth performance, digestibility, gut morphology and immune response of male broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 175:57–64.

28- Koenen, M. E., J. Karmer, R. Vander Hulst, L. Heres, S. H. Jeurissen, and W. J. Boersma. 2004. Immunomodulation by probiotic lactobacilli in layer and meat-type chickens. British Poultry Science, 45:355-366.

29- Lee, D., S. Lyu, R. Wang, C. Weng, and B. Chen. 2011. Exhibit differential functions of various antibiotic growth porometers in broiler growth immuneresponse and gastrointestianal physiology. International Journal of Poultry Science, 10:216-220.

30- Lewis, W. H., and M. P. Elvin-Lewis. 1995. Medicinal plants as sources of new therapeutics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 82:16-24.

31- Lucas, A. M., and C. Jamroz. 1961. Atlas of avian hematology. Agriculture Monograph 25, USDA, Washington, DC.

32- Mokhtari, R., A. R. Yazdani, M. Rezaee, and B. Ghorbani. 2009. The effect of synbiotics and phytobiotic on broiler blood parameters. Pages 142-145 in Proceedings of 4th Animal science congress. Hamilton, New Zealand.

33- Mosaddegh, R., S. Salari, M. Sari, T. Mohammadabadi, and M. Taghizadeh. 2013. Comparison between effects of addition of Salvia mirzayanii essence with virginiamycin on performance, carcass characteristics, blood factors and some immune parameters of broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 5(1): 20-28. (In Persian).

34- Mozafarian, V. 1996. Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Tehran: Farhang Maaser Publications. 740 Pages. (In Persian).

35- Nobakht, A., M.R. Rahimzadeh, and A.R. Safamehr. 2013. Effects of different levels of mixed medicinal plants of Urtica dioica L., Mentha pulegium L. and Ziziphora tenuior L. on performance, carcass traits, hematological and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(1):215-224. (In Persian).

36- Patterson, J. A., and K. M. Burkholder. 2003. Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poultry Science, 82:627-631.

37- Platel, K., and K. Srinivasan. 2003. Digestive stimulant action of spices: Amyth or reality? Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119:167–179.

38- Ramarao, S.V., M. R. Reddy, M. V. L. N. Raju, and A. K. Panda. 2004. Growth, nutrient utilization and immunecompetence in broiler chicken fed probiotic, gut acidifier and antibacterial compounds. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 39:125-130.

39- Rotelli, A. E., C. F. Aguilar, and L. E. Pelzer. 2009. Structural basis of the anti-inXammatory activity of quercetin: inhibition of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine Type 2 Receptor. European Biophysics Journal, 38:865–871.

40- Safamehr, A., M. Feizi, and A. Nobakht. 2012. The effects of the herb chicory on performance and biochemical parameters in broilers. Animal Science and Research Journal, 10:19-29. (In Persian).

41- Safavi, F., H. Meighani, P. Ebrahimi, and S. Hafez. 2012. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Scrophularia striata. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7: S852.

42- Safavi, F., P. Ebrahimi, and H. Mighani. 2013. In vitro anti-bacterial activity of root and aerial parts of Scrophularia striata bioss on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Journal, 18(8): 603-614. (In Persian).

43- Safavi, F., P. Ebrahimi, and H. Mighani. 2013. In vitro anti-bacterial activity of root and aerial parts of Scrophularia striata bioss on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Journal, 18(8): 603-614. (In Persian).

44- Sarica, S., A. Ciftci, E. Demir, K. Kilinc, and Y. Yildirim. 2005. Use of antibiotic growth promoter and two herbal natural feed additives with and without exogenous enzymes in wheat based broiler diets. South African Journal of Animal Science, 35:61-72.

45- SAS Institute. 2001. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 8.SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.

46- Scott, D. F., and P. D. Michael. 1987. Subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in poultry feeds and their effects on weight gain, feed efficiency, and bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53:331-336.

47- Sharifi, S. D., S. H. Khorsandi, A. A. Khadem, A. Salehi, and H. Moslehi. 2013. The effect of four medicinal plants on the performance, blood biochemical traits and ilealmicroflora of broiler chicks. Veterinary Archives, 83:69-80.

48- Sims, M., K. Dawson, K. Newman, P. Spring, and D. Hoogell. 2004. Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide, bacitracin methylen di salicylate, or both on the live performance and intestinal microbiology of turkeys. Poultry Science, 83:1148-1154.

49- Singh, M., S. Chauhan, and P. Kumar. 2008. Effect of supplementation of diets with BMD and Virginiamycin on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and bacterial population in broiler chickens. Veterinary World, 1:141-143.

50- Slizewska, K., A. Nowak, Z. Libudzisz, and J. Blasiak. 2010. Probiotic preparation reduces the fecal water genotoxicity in chickens fed with aflatoxin B1 contaminated fodder. Research in Veterinary Science, 89:391–395.

51- Teymouri Zadeh, Z., SH. Rahimi, M.A. Karimi Torshizi, and R. Omidbaigi. 2009. The effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., Allium sativum L. extracts and virginiamycin antibiotic on intestinal microflora population and immune system in broilers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(1):39-48. (In Persian).