تأثیر استفاده از عصاره آبی کاسنی، پروبیوتیک و آنتی‌بیوتیک بر عملکرد، خصوصیات لاشه، فراسنجه‌های خونی، جمعیت میکروبی و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی- تغذیه طیور

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 گروه علوم دامی، دانشـکده ی کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

3 گروه علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

چکیده

آزمایشی به منظور تعیین اثرات استفاده از عصاره کاسنی و پروبیوتیک بر عملکرد، خصوصیات لاشه، فراسنجه‌های خونی، جمعیت میکروبی و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد. در این آزمایش از تعداد 180 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر، در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار، 3 تکرار و 12 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار استفاده شد. تیمار‌های آزمایشی شامل تیمار 1-‌ جیره شاهد (بدون افزودنی)، تیمار 2- جیره شاهد به همراه افزودن آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینامایسین (150 میلی‌گرم در کیلو‌گرم)، تیمار 3- جیره شاهد به همراه عصاره کاسنی (3 میلی‌لیتر در لیتر آب آشامیدنی)، تیمار 4- جیره شاهد به همراه پروبیوتیک گالیپرو (300 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم)، تیمار 5- جیره شاهد به همراه عصاره کاسنی (3 میلی‌لیتر در لیتر آب آشامیدنی) و پروبیوتیک گالیپرو (300 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم) بودند. درصد چربی محوطه شکمی در تیماری که آنتی‌بیوتیک دریافت کرده بود، بیشترین و تیمار تغذیه شده با جیره‌های حاوی عصاره کاسنی و پروبیوتیک کمترین مقدار بود. کمترین غلظت کلسترول در تیماری که عصاره کاسنی و پروبیوتیک گالیپرو دریافت کرده بودند دیده شد و بیشترین میزان HDL در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی اثری بر میزان عیار پادتن نداشتند، هر چند میزان تیتر IgG تمایل به معنی‌دار شدن را نشان داد. افزودن عصاره کاسنی و پروبیوتیک به جیره اثری بر شمار لاکتوباسیل‌ها و کاهش شمار جمعیت اشریشیاکلای نداشت. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که افزودن پروبیوتیک گالیپرو و حتی به همراه عصاره کاسنی باعث کاهش چربی محوطه بطنی شد، اما افزودن پروبیوتیک گالیپرو روی ایمنی اثری نداشت و فقط زمانی که عصاره کاسنی به تنهایی استفاده شد، ایمنی عمومی پرنده علیه عامل بیماری‌زای بیرونی افزایش یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Chicory Extract and Probiotic on Performance, Caracas Characteristics, Blood Parameters, Intestinal Microflora and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens

نویسندگان [English]

  • zabihallah yousefi 1
  • mohammad kazemi fard 1
  • Mansoor Rezaei 2
  • Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei 3
1 Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
2 Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
3 Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Introduction The innovation of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production has brought fundamental economic advantage. However, their long-time utilization leads to enhance manifestation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It becomes more and more difficult to deal with bacteria mediated infections. Therefore, alternatives to traditional antibiotic growth promoters, which can promote livestock performance without generating drug-resistance, are urgently needed. Medicinal herbs have potential to act as antibiotic growth promoters to alternatives due to their beneficial effects of antimicrobial actions. Recently, many materials have been innovated as a superseded to antibiotics such as probiotics, prebiotics and medicinal plants. Probiotics increase production performance by reducing the nutrients available for noxious bacteria and also reduce the production of toxic bacterial metabolites. Chicory plant due to its special characteristics and ingredients is used as an herbal medicine. All parts of this plant especially roots have medicinally important compounds. There are not many reports regarding to use chicory extract in broiler chickens. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in order to evaluate effect of different levels of chicory plant extract on performance, blood parameters, intestinal microflora and immune response of broiler chickens.
Material and Methods In order to evaluate chicory extract and probiotics on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters, a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replicates was carried out with 180 Ross 308 male chickens in 42 days. The treatments included: 1- control diet; 2- control diet Virjiniomaysin antibiotic (150 mg/kg diet); 3- control diet +chicory extract (3ml/L); 4- control diet +Gallipro probiotics (300 mg/kg diet) and 5- diet containing chicory extract and probiotics (3ml/L and 300 mg/kg diet). For preparing dietary treatments, a basal diet was formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient recommendations for broiler chickens according to NRC requirements. Feed and water provides as ad libitum for birds throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined during the experiment. Birds were reared on litter floor pen and a continuous lighting program with 23 h light and 1 h darkness was used. At the end of experiment, after 8 h of fasting, two chickens from each replicate were selected for performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and intestinal microflora assay. Blood samples were collected from the brachial vein and plasma by centrifugation of the noncoagulated blood at 3000 × g for 10 min. The plasma samples were kept in the deep freezer until analysis for determining blood parameters. In order to assay immunity response at 28 and 35 days age, 0.1 ml sheep red blood cell was injected to two birds of each replicates and after seven days from injection 2 ml blood samples were taken form brachial vein.
Results and Discussion Treatments did not have any significant effect on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Carcass, breast, thigh, liver and bursa fabricius percentages, were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The results showed a significant decrease in the abdominal fat of treatment 5 fed with chicory extract and probiotics. Chicory extract may provide direct functional support to digestive reactions in the body. First of all, chicory root increases the flow of bile, which supports digestion, because extra bile helps break down fats, therefore supplementation chicory extract to diet could lead to decreasing abdominal fat. Analysis of variance of data did not reveal any significant effect on blood glucose, triglycerides and VLDL concentrations. The lowest concentration of cholesterol and highest concentration of HDL were obtained in group 5 and control group. Whereas the decrease in blood HDL and cholesterol level might be due to the properties of chicory leaf extract to stimulate lactic acid producing bacteria secreting the hydrolase that in turn converts bile salts into de-conjugated bile acids and ultimately resulted in the reduced serum cholesterol level. Experimental treatments did not affect antibody titer (IgG، IgM), although IgG titers tend to reduce. Prebiotics act as an alternative treatment to antibiotics and chemicals, and play the role of alarm molecules to activate the immune system. Probiotic bacteria include the adherence capability, antagonism against pathogens and production of extracellular enzymes.
Conclusion The results of this experiment suggested that adding combination of chicory extract and probiotics into broiler diets can reduced abdominal fat percentage and enhance immunity response.

Material and Methods: In order to evaluate of chicory extract and probiotic on performance, caracass characteristics and blood parameters a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replicates was carried out with 180 Ross 308 male chickens in grower periods. The treatments included 1: control diet; 2: control diet+ Virjiniomaysin antibiotic (150 mg/kg diet); 3: control diet +chicory extract (3ml/L); 4: control diet +Gallipro probiotic (30O mg/kg diet) and 5: diet containing chicory extract and probiotic. For preparing dietary treatments, a basal diet was formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient recommendations for broiler chickens according to NRC requirements. Feed and water provides as ad libitum for birds throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined during the experiment. Birds were reared on litter floor pen and a continuous lighting program with 23 h light and 1 h darkness was used. At the end of experiment, after 8 h of fasting, two male chickens from each replicate were selected for performance, Caracas characteristics, blood parameters and intestinal microflora assay. Blood samples were collected from the brachial vein and Serum was obtained by centrifugation of the coagulated blood at 3000 × g for 10 min. The sera samples kept in the deep freezer until analysis for determining blood parameters. In order to assay immunity response at 28 and 35 of age, 0.1 ml sheep red blood cell was injected to two birds of each replicates and after seven days from injection 2 ml blood samples were taken form brachial vein.
Results and Discussion: Effect of treatment didn’t significant effect on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion (P>0.05). Carcass, breast, thigh, liver and bursa fabricius percentages, were not affected by treatments (P>0.05).The results showed a significant decrease in the abdominal fat in birds of treatment group 5 that inclusion with chicory extract and probiotic. Chicory may provide direct functional support to the digestive reactions in the body. First of all, chicory root increases the flow of bile, which supports digestion. Because extra bile helps break down fats, therefore supplementation chicory extract to diet could lead to decreasing abdominal fat. Analysis of variance of data did not reveal any significant effect on blood glucose, triglycerides LDL and VLDL concentrations but HDL and cholesterol concentrations did affect with inclusion of treatments. Whereas the decrease in blood HDL and cholesterol level might be due to the properties of chicory leaf extract to stimulate lactic acid producing bacteria secreting the hydrolase that in turn converts bile salts into de-conjugated bile acids and ultimately resulted in the reduced serum cholesterol level. Immune response for SRBC were markedly enhanced by chicory extract plus probiotic treatment (group 5) as compared to other group. Prebiotics act as an alternative treatment to antibiotics and chemicals, and play the role of alarm molecules to activate the immune system. Probiotic bacteria include the adherence capability, antagonism against pathogens and production of extracellular enzymes
In conclusion, the results of this experiment suggested that adding combination of chicory extract and probiotics combined in broiler diets can reduced abdominal fat and enhance immunity response.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Broiler Chickens
  • Chicory extract
  • Immune response
  • Intestinal microflora
  • Probiotics
1- Abdelqader, A., A. Al-Fataftah, and G. Das. 2013. Effects of dietary Bacillus Subtilis and inulin supplementation on performance, egg shell quality, intestinal morphology and microflora composition of laying hens in the late phase of production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 179: 103-111.
2- Chow, J. M. 2002. Probiotics and prebiotics: A brief overview. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 12(2): 76-86.
3- Cotter, P. F., A. Malzone., B. Paluch., M. S. Lilburn, and Sefton. 2000. Modulation of humoral immunity in commercial laying hens by a dietary prebiotic. Poultry Science, 79 : 38-45.
4- Delzenne, N. M., C. Daubioul., A. Neyrinck., M. Lasa, and H. S. Taper .2002. Inulin and oligofructose modulate lipid metabolism in animals: review of biochemical events and future prospects. British Journal of Nutrition, 87(2): 255-259.
5- Denli, M., F. Okan, and K. Celik. 2003. Effect of dietary probiotic, organic and antibiotic supplementation to diets on broiler performance and carcass yield. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2(2): 89-91.
6- Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple rang and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-20.
7- Gibson, G. R, and M. Roberfroid. 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonie microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125: 1401-1412.
8- Guo, F. C., H. F. J. Savelkoul., R. P. Kwakkel., B. A. Williams, and M. Verstegen. 2003. Immunoactive, medicinal properties of mushroom and herb polysaccharides and their potential use in chicken diets. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 59: 427-440.
9- Hooge, D. M. 2004. Meta-analysis of broiler chicken pen trials evaluating dietary mannan oligosaccharide. Poultry Science, 3: 74-163.
10- Jafari, B., A. Rezaie, and E. Habibi. 2011. Comparative effect of Chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) and Nigella sativa extract with an antibiotic on different parameters of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1: 525-528
11- Jahanian, R. 2009. Immunological responses as affected by dietary protein and arginine concentrations in starting broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 88: 1818-1824.
12- Jin, L. Z., Y. W. Ho., N. Abdullah, and S. Jalaludin. 1997. Probiotics in poultry: mode of action. Poultry Science, 55: 351-368
13- Juskiewicz, J., Z. Zdunczyk., E. Z. Sikorska., B. Krol., J. Milala., and A. Jurgonski. 2010. Effect of the dietary polyphenolic fraction of chicory root, peel, seed and leaf extracts on caecal fermentation and blood parameters in rats fed diets containing prebiotic fructans. British Journal of Nutrition, 24: 1-10.
14- Knap, I, and A. B. Kehlet. 2007. New Bacillus subtilis (GalliPro Max) significantly improves broiler production both in combination with antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) and without AGP. Poultry Science, 86: 196-197.
15- Lee, K. W., H. Everts, and A. C. Beyen. 2003. Dietary carvacrol lowers body gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12: 394-399.
16- Leshchinsky, T. V, and K. C. Klasing. 1999. Experimental factors that impact in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. Poultry Science, 78: 39-40.
17- Liu, H. Y. 2008. Influence of chicory feeding on performance and gut development in broilers. MSc Thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
18- Lund, B., S. Hansen, and P. Kürti. 2005. Efficacy of Gallipro-A microbial feed additive for broilers. Pages 25–29 in Proc. 15th European Symposium Poultry Nutrition. World’s Poultry Science Association, Budapest, Hungary.
19- Mussatto, S. I, and I. M. Mancilha. 2007. Non digestible oligosaccharides: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68: 587-597.
20- National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
21- Nodehi, H., H. Darmani-Kuhi., M. Roostaei Ali-mehr, and N. Miralami. 2013. Effects of dried inulin and chicory root on growth performance and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. Animal Science (Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization, Iran. (In Persian)
22- Peterson, A. L., M. A.Qureshi., P. R. Ferket, and J. C. J. Fuller. 1999. Enhancement of cellular and humeral immunity in young broilers by the dietary supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 21(2): 307-330.
23- Rakoff-Nahoum, S., J. Paglino, F. Eslami-Varzaneh, S. Edberg, and R. Medzhitov.2004. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Rescigno M. CCR6+ dendritic cells: The gut tactical-response unit. Immunity, 24: 508–510
24- Rehman, H., C. Rosenkranz, J. Böhm, and J. Zentek. 2007. Dietary inulin affects the morphology but not the sodium-dependent glucose and glutamine transport in the jejunum of broilers. Poultry Science, 86: 118-122.
25- Roberfroid, M. 2007. Prebiotics: The concept revisited. Journal of Nutrition, 137: 830-837.
26- Ross, E. 2000. Intestinal absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol dietary and pharmacological inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis, 51: 357-379.
27- Santoso, U., K. Tanaka, and M. Ohtanis. 1995. Effect of dried bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body composition and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in female broiler chicks. British Journal of Nutrition, 74: 523-527.
28- SAS Institute. 2007. SAS User’s Guide. Version 9.1 ed. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
29- Savage, T. F., P. F. Cotter, and E. I. Zakrewska. 1996. Effect of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide on immunoglobulins, plasma IgG and bile IgA of Wrolstad MW male turkeys. Poultry Science, 75: 143-148.
30- Spring, P., C. Weng., K. A. Dawson, and K. E. Newman. 2000. The effects of dietary mannoligosaccharide on caecal parameters and the samonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 79: 205-211.
31- Velasco, S., L. T. Ortiz., C. Alzueta., A. Rebole., J. Trevino, and M. L. Rodriguez. 2010. Effect of inulin supplementa- tion and dietary fat source on performance, blood serum metabolites, liver lipids, abdominal fat deposition, and tissue fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 89: 1651-1662.
32- Watzl, B., S. Girrbach, and M. Roller. 2005. Inulin, oligofructose and immunomodulation. British Journal of Nutrition, 93: 49-55
33- Xu, Z., C. Hu., M. Xia., X. Zhan, and Wang, M. 2003. Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poultry Science, 82: 1030-1036.
34- Yusrizal, Y, and T. Chen. 2003. Effect of adding chicory fructans in feed on broiler growth performance, serum cholesterol and intestinal length. Poultry Science, 2: 214-219.
35- Zentek. J., B. Marquart., T. Pietrzak., O. Ballevre, and F. Rochat. 2003. Dietary effects on bifidobacteria and Clostridium perfringens in the canine intestinal tract. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 87: 397-407.
CAPTCHA Image