Effect of Fish Meal Replacement by Fermented Sesame Meal in the Diet on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical and Immunity Indices of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Document Type : Research Articles

Authors

Ali Aboud ¹

Reza Valizadeh ¹

Omid Safari ²

¹ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

² Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/ijasr.2024.87330.1195

Abstract

Introduction: Aquaculture is currently considered as one of the fastest-growing global fish industry. However, this sector is facing with fishmeal shortage as the main source of protein in their diets. Therefore, considerable studies have been carried out to find other protein sources instead fishmeal for aquaculture feeding. Protein sources such as vegetable by-products (oil seed meals), animal by-products, biodegradable organic wastes, fermented organic wastes (Ayan, 2018), and insect meal (Gasco et al., 2021; Zarantoniello et al., 2021) have been used in aquatic nutrition. Oilseed by-products such as fermented sesame meal are considered as the best alternative protein sources instead fishmeal. In the sesame oil industry, oil extraction is done either using organic solvents or by mechanical pressing and the by-products is known as sesame meal. Oil extraction leads to an increase of protein content of sesame seed meal (Onsaard et al., 2010) which can be used as a protein source in nutrition of fish culture industry (Onsaard, 2012). Sesame seed meal has been represented as a protein source in aqua feeds replacing soybean meal for reducing the feed costs (Tacon, 1993). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fishmeal substitution levels with fermented sesame seed meal on growth performance, blood biochemical indices, and digestive enzymes activities of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Materials and Methods: This study was run at one of the rainbow trout production farms in Ortekand, Kalat of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Three hundred sixty rainbow trout fingerlings (≈ 2.30g) were stocked in the 18 tanks for 63 days. Water physicochemical parameters of rearing unit were measured weekly. Diets were formulated according to NRC standards by the using of UFFDA software. Sesame seed meal was fermented (FSM) by the Neurospora intermedia fungus with inoculation level of 10⁶ CFU g^-1. For sampling and analysis, three fish were chosen randomly from each tank and their plasma samples were preserved at -80°C for next steps. Data analysis was performed using of SPSS version 22, using ANOVA test and mean comparisons was conducted by Duncan’s multiple range. The Broken line regression was done for further analysis. Blood biochemistry was measured by the usage of common kits (Zist Azma Chemical Co.) via ELISA method. Immune responses were measured according to methods described by Neissi et al. (2013). Chemical analysis was done according to protocols described in AOAC and glucosamine by methods described by Zheng and Shetty, 1998. Growth performance and nutritional efficiency indices calculated according to models were used in order to determine the optimum inclusion level of dietary FSM.
Results and Discussion: After 63 days of feeding trial, the highest values of final weight (54.26 g), specific growth rate (SGR; 4.95 % body weight day^-1), protein efficiency ratio (PER; 2.86), and protein productive value (PPV; 49.23%) and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.11) were observed in the rainbow trout fed the diet containing 50% fishmeal substituted level with FSM (p<0.05). With an increment in the fishmeal substitution with FSM from 10 to 100%, the activities of total immunoglobulin, complement, and lysozyme showed increasing trends (p<0.05). The lowest contents of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride were measured in the plasma of fish fed the diet containing 100 % fishmeal substituted with FSM (p<0.05). Based on the broken line regression model, the dietary fishmeal substitution level (%) with FSM for maximum growth (SGR) and weight gain values and the best FCR value of rainbow trout were estimated to be 66.64%, 72.78%, and 71.84%, respectively. These results may be due to the effects of fermentation process on sesame meal and improvement in its palatability, increase of bioactive peptides contents, enhancing apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, and reduction of anti-nutritional factors contents. The fermentation process enhanced nutritional and functional properties of original product. Also, the presence of sesamin, one of sesame lignan may has played a role in reducing plasma cholesterol and LDL levels. Furthermore, increase in bioactive peptides after fermentation could act as antimicrobial agents by stimulating or suppressing some immune responses or by interacting with microbial host invaders.
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study indicated that replacing 50% of fermented sesame meal instead of fishmeal in the diet of rainbow trout fingerlings (≈ 2.30 g) lead to further improvement of growth performance indices and feeding efficiency such as final weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, and protein production value, etc. In the investigation of plamsa biochemical and immunity indices, in most cases the replacement level in the range of 50-100% has shown favorable results compared to that of fed the control diet. Finally, based on the obtained results, it is recommended to replace 50% of fishmeal with fermented sesame meal in the diet of this fish.

Keywords

Blood parameters

Feed conversion ratio

Feed efficiency

Processed sesame meal

Rainbow trout

Subjects

• Animal Nutrition

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Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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