بررسی تاثیر pH و اسانس‌های رازیانه، کاج و اکالیپتوس بر ویژگی‌های تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در شرایط برون‌تنی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی،دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر pH و اسانس‌های رازیانه، کاج و اکالیپتوس بر ویژگی‌های تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در شرایط برون‌تنی بود. چهار پایه خوراکی شامل؛ 100 درصد علف خشک یونجه، 100 درصد کنسانتره (جو) و مخلوط‌های علف خشک یونجه و کنسانتره به نسبت 80 به 20 و 60 به 40 درصد به‌صورت دو آزمایش در شرایط برون‌تنی به مدت 24 و 72 ساعت انجام شد. در آزمایش اول، مقادیر صفر، 3 و 30 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر از اسانس‌های رازیانه، کاج و اکالیپتوس به محیط کشت اضافه شد و در ‌pHهای مختلف مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. pH ابتدای انکوباسیون به 5=pH، 6=pH و 7=pH رسیده شد. بیشترین میانگین گاز تولیدی از بخش قابل تخمیر در تیمار حاوی یونجه با اسانس اکالیپتوس در 7=pH و کمترین آن در تیمار 60 به 40 درصد با اسانس کاج در 6=pH مشاهده شد. در آزمایش دوم همان شرایط آزمایش نخست اما در 24 ساعت انکوباسیون برای بررسی تاثیر آن‌ها بر pH محیط کشت، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و نسبت ناپدید شدن ماده خشک بود. کمترین pH محیط کشت در انتهای انکوباسیون به تیمار 60 درصد کنسانتره با اسانس‌های رازیانه، کاج و اکالیپتوس در 6=pH و بیشترین آن به یونجه با اسانس کاج در 7=pH بود. کمترین غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی به تیمار یونجه با اسانس کاج در 7=pH و بیشترین آن به تیمار 80 درصد کنسانتره با اسانس رازیانه در 7=pH بود. کمترین نسبت ناپدید شدن ماده خشک در تیمار یونجه با اسانس کاج در 7=pH بود. به نظر می‌رسد آزمایشات بیشتر جهت بررسی تاثیراسانس‌های طبیعی بر تخمیر شکمبه‌ای ضروری باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of pH and Fennel, Pine and Eucalyptus Essential Oils on Rumen Fermentation Properties (in vitro)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saed Alireza Vakili 1
  • sara saki 1
  • Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran 2
  • Fereshteh Ali Pour 1
1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction In the ruminant animal, rumen fermentation provides nutrients, energy and protein needed for livestock, but this process is accompanied by the loss of energy in the form of methane and protein as ammonia nitrogen. Methane released from ruminants as an environmental pollutant with 38% greenhouse gases is one of the most important reasons for global warming. On the other hand, it reduces 2 to 15 percent of the energy consumed by the livestock. Ammonia nitrogen and nitric oxide are excreted through urine and fertilizers and pollute the environment. Therefore, researchers have tried to eliminate these problems from the past to add some supplements to animal feed to improve fermentation performance. Over the past few decades, ionophors and probiotics have been marketed as methane reducers. However, the antibiotic concerns and the level of these compounds in animal products have limited their use. To solve this problem, the use of herbs, essential oils and their extracts in the replacement of antibiotics and improvement of rumen function has been suggested. Essential oils are aromatic, volatile and oily compounds extracted from plants. They have antimicrobial properties against many bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Due to the fact that herbal essential oils have strong antimicrobial properties, they are used as additives in livestock feeding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of some essential oils and pH on rumen fermentation parameters in different diets in in vitro.
Materials and Methods In this study, the essential oils of Fennel (Foeniculu vulgare), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Pinus pumilio (Pinus pumilio) were used. For the extraction of pine and fennel seeds and Eucalyptus leaves were used. Water extraction was used to extract essential oils from Clevenger apparatus. For this purpose, 1Lit glass balloons (pine and fennel seeds were cut and Eucalyptus leaf grinding), 70 grams were used and 750 ml of distilled water was added to each balloon. Samples and distilled water were warmed up at 100°C. Heating was performed for 4 hours to evaporate the contents of the balloons. The essential oils of each sample were extracted on the cooled water from the evaporation procedure. Finally, each of the essential oils was stored in dark glass containers until refrigerated at 4 ° C. The first phase consisted of incubation 4 basal diet: 100% alfalfa hay, 100% concentrate (barley), mixed concentrate with alfalfa with levels of 80 to 20 and 60 to 40% of concentrates to alfalfa hay with zeros, 3 and 30 mg/l of essentiol oils pine, eucalyptus and fennel mixed with 30 ml of rumen fluid for 72 hours at pH different (5 = pH, 6 = pH and 7 = pH). The pH were set at desired levels using NaOH and HCl at the beginning of incubation to investigate the effect of essential oils and different pH on different parts fermentation, the result of test gas production (a and b) .The second experiment tested the same conditions but in the first 24 hours for examining their effects on pH medium, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and dry matter disappearance.
Results and Discussion The highest average gas production from fermentable partion in treatment of hay with eucalyptus oil and the lowest at 7 = pH in the treatment of 60 to 40 percent with pine essential oil was observed at 6 = pH. At the end of incubation the treatment of 60% concentrate with essential oils of fennel, pine and eucalyptus in 6 = pH and highest for alfalfa with pine oil was at 7 = pH. The lowest concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the treated hay with pine essential oils 7 = pH and the highest 80 percent concentrate treatment with essential oils in fennel was 7 = pH. The disappearance of dry matter in the hay treated with essential oils of pine was 7 = pH. These results suggest that high levels of essential oils effect on rumen microbial fermentation, which confirmed the antimicrobial activity.
Conclusions The results of this study show that of the added essential oils in tested pH, pine essential oil in 3 μl and less in the amount of 30 μl of eucalyptus essential oil, resulted in further reduction of ammonia nitrogen production, increased pH of the culture medium and decreased disappearance dry matter was found in all foods. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential oils of pine and eucalyptus can control the degradation of the microbial protein in the rumen by reducing the ammonia nitrogen content and improve the nitrogen yield in ruminants. Since the amount of gas produced from an indigenous feed is due to the fermentation of that feed, and hence its energy value, it can be concluded that the use of pine essential oils, because it reduces gas production and consequently reduces feed fermentation, The fermentation process is not suitable.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Eucalyptus
  • Fennel
  • pH
  • Pine
  • Ruminal fermentation
1- Aiad, A. M., N. I. Bassuony, A. A. Afifi, and F. M. Abo-Donia. 2008. Adding natural juice of vegetabbales and fruitage to ruminant diets: (A) lemone, onione and garlic juice supplement to diets fed to suckling buffalo calves and its effect on digestibility, growth performance and fungi count. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(2): 149-156.
2- Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia, and M. D. Stern. 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: E9-E21.
3- Burt, S. 2004. Essential Oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbology, 94: 223-253.
4- Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and C. Kamel. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89:761-771.
5- Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, C. Kamel. 2004. Effects of different doses of plant extracts on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 87: 213-213.
6- Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, P. W. Cardozo, and C. Kamel. 2005. Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on ruminal microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 2508-2516.
7- Calsamiglia, S., L. Castillejos, and M. Busquet. 2005. Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, (1): 129-167.
8- Cardozo, P. W., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and C. Kamel. 2004. Effects of natural plant extracts on protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science. 82: 3230-3236.
9- Cardozo, P.W., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and C. Kamel. 2006. Effect of alfalfa extract, anise, capsicum, and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in beef heifers fed a high-cocentrate diet. Journal of Animal Science, 84: 2801-2808.
10- Cardozo, P.W., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, C. Kamel. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 2572-2579.
11- Carro, M. D. and M. J. Ranilla. 2002. Los antibioticos promotores del crecimiento como aditivos: Efectos sobre la produccio´n animal, situacion legal y perspectivas de futuro. Informacion Veterinaria, 238: 35-45.
12- Castillejos, L., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and R. Losa. 2007. Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essential oils compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 132: 186-201.
13- Evans, J. D. and S. A. Martin. 2000. Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Current Microbiology, 41(5): 336-340.
14- Gershenzon, J. and R. Croteau. 1991. Terpenoids in Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Vol. 1. G. A. Rosenthal, and M. R. Berenbaum, ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Pages: 165-219.
15- Grobner, M. A., D. E. Johnson, S. R. Goodall, and D. A. Benz. 1982. Sarsaponin effects on in vitro continuous flow fermentation of a high grain diet. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. American Society for Animal Science Western Section.
16- Lila, Z. A., N. Mohammed, S. Kanda, T. Kamada, and H. Itabashi. 2003. Effect of sarsaponin on ruminal fermentation with particular reference to methane production in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 3330-3336.
17- Menke, K. H. and Steingass, H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28:7-55.
18- Nagy, J.G., H.W. Steinhoff, and G.M. Ward. 1964. Effects of essential oils of sagebush on deer rumen microbial function. Journal Wildlife Management, 28:785-790.
19- Patra, A. K. 2011. Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbial ecology and ruminant production. Asian Journal of Animal Veterinary Advance, 6: 416-428.
20- Patra, A.K., D.N. Kamra, N. Agarwal. 2006. Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128: 276-291.
21- Reuter, H. D. 1996. Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparations. Garlic.
22- Ryan, J. P., T. Quinn, and B. F. Leek. 1997. Comparison of effect of Yucca schidigera plant extract (De-Odorize) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture (Yea- Sacc1026) on pH, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonium, during fermentation of hay by sheep s ruminal fluid in vitro. Journal. Irish Veterinary Journal, 50(7): 422-429.
23- Spanghero, M., C. Zanfia, E. Fabbro, N. Scicutella, and C. Camellini. 2008. Effects of a blend of essential oils on some end products of in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145(1-4): 364-374.
24- Van Nevel, C. J. 1988. Manipulation of rumen fermentation. The rumen microbial ecosystem. Pages: 387-443.
25- Yang, W. Z., C. Benchaar, B. N. Ametaj, A. V. Chaves, M. L. He, and T. A. McAllister. 2007. Effects of Garlic and Juniper Berry Essential Oils on Ruminal Fermentation and on the Site and Extent of Digestion in Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 5671-5681.
CAPTCHA Image