اثر تزریق سطوح مختلف ویتامین B کمپلکس پیش از جفت‌گیری بر عملکرد تولیدمثلی میش‌های افشاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

شهلا خدایاری ¹

محمد شمس الهی ²

فرشید فتاح نیا ²

جبار جمالی ¹

شهناز یوسفی زاده ³

¹ گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

² گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.

³ گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی و درمانگاهی، دانشکده پیرادامپزشکی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

10.22067/ijasr.2026.92188.1237

چکیده

مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تزریق سطوح مختلف محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس (10 میلی‌گرم تیامین، 4 میلی‌گرم ریبوفلاوین، 4 میلی‌گرم پیریدوکسین، 10 میلی‌گرم کوبالامین، 50 میلی‌گرم نیاسین‌آمید و 5 میلی‌گرم دکسپانتنول) در پیش از جفت‌گیری بر نمره وضعیت بدنی، غلظت ویتامین B₁₂، فراسنجه‌های پلاسما (گلوکز، کلسترول‌ کل، نیتروژن اورهای، پروتئین کل و ویتامین B₁₂) و عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری انجام شد. یک ماه قبل از شروع فعالیت‌های تولید‌مثلی، تعداد 75 رأس میش بالغ افشاری براساس سن (دو تا سه سال) و نمره وضعیت بدنی (میانگین 25/3) به سه گروه 25 رأسی تقسیم و به‌طور تصادفی به تیمارهای آزمایشی اختصاص داده شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1- میش‌های گروه شاهد (بدون تزریق ویتامین B کمپلکس)، 2- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده پنج میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس 3- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس بودند. محلول حاوی ویتامین B کمپلکس در زمان شروع آزمایش، هفت روز بعد و روز خروج اسفنج به‌صورت زیرجلدی به میش‌ها تزریق شد. هم‌زمان‌سازی فحلی میش‌ها با کارگزاری اسفنج‌های حاوی پروژسترون درون واژن به مدت 12 روز و سپس 5/2 میلی‌لیتر وتارولین، با نام ژنریک آلارلین (لولیبرین- آ) در روز خروج اسفنج صورت گرفت. نمونه‌های خون در شروع آزمایش و در روزهای خروج اسفنج و فحلی از سیاهرگ وداج میش‌ها جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت ویتامین B₁₂ در روز فحلی در گروه 10 میلی‌لیتری به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود (P<0.05). میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس دارای نرخ باروری و نرخ بره‌زایی بیشتری در مقایسه با دیگر گروه‌ها بودند. به‌طورکلی، تزریق 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس در پیش از جفت‌گیری باعث بهبود عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری شد.
مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تزریق سطوح مختلف محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس (10 میلی‌گرم تیامین، 4 میلی‌گرم ریبوفلاوین، 4 میلی‌گرم پیریدوکسین، 10 میلی‌گرم کوبالامین، 50 میلی‌گرم نیاسین‌آمید و 5 میلی‌گرم دکسپانتنول) در پیش از جفت‌گیری بر نمره وضعیت بدنی، غلظت ویتامین B₁₂، فراسنجه‌های پلاسما (گلوکز، کلسترول‌ کل، نیتروژن اورهای، پروتئین کل و ویتامین B₁₂) و عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری انجام شد. یک ماه قبل از شروع فعالیت‌های تولید‌مثلی، تعداد 75 رأس میش بالغ افشاری براساس سن (دو تا سه سال) و نمره وضعیت بدنی (میانگین 25/3) به سه گروه 25 رأسی تقسیم و به‌طور تصادفی به تیمارهای آزمایشی اختصاص داده شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1- میش‌های گروه شاهد (بدون تزریق ویتامین B کمپلکس)، 2- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده پنج میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس 3- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس بودند. محلول حاوی ویتامین B کمپلکس در زمان شروع آزمایش، هفت روز بعد و روز خروج اسفنج به‌صورت زیرجلدی به میش‌ها تزریق شد. هم‌زمان‌سازی فحلی میش‌ها با کارگزاری اسفنج‌های حاوی پروژسترون درون واژن به مدت 12 روز و سپس 5/2 میلی‌لیتر وتارولین، با نام ژنریک آلارلین (لولیبرین- آ) در روز خروج اسفنج صورت گرفت. نمونه‌های خون در شروع آزمایش و در روزهای خروج اسفنج و فحلی از سیاهرگ وداج میش‌ها جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت ویتامین B₁₂ در روز فحلی در گروه 10 میلی‌لیتری به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود (P<0.05). میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس دارای نرخ باروری و نرخ بره‌زایی بیشتری در مقایسه با دیگر گروه‌ها بودند. به‌طورکلی، تزریق 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس در پیش از جفت‌گیری باعث بهبود عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

فحلی

فراسنجه‌های پلاسما

نرخ باروری

ویتامین B12

موضوعات

• فیزیولوژی و بیوتکنولوژی دامی

---

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of Different Levels of B Complex Vitamins Injection Before Mating on Reproductive Performance of Afshari Ewes

نویسندگان English

Shahla Khdayary ¹

Mohammad Shamsollahi ²

Farshid Fatahnia ²

Jabar Jamali ¹

Shahnaz Yousefizadeh ³

¹ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

² Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

³ Department of Laboratory and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction: Nutritional manipulation of reproduction is a practical management strategy to increase lambing rates in extensive sheep production systems, especially in semi-arid regions such as Iran. Nutrition influences reproductive performance by providing essential nutrients required for oocyte development, ovulation, fertilization, and embryo survival. Follicular development in ewes is highly sensitive to nutritional status, and folliculogenesis and ovulation rate can be enhanced through nutritional manipulation. Improved nutrient supply can affect the pituitary-hypothalamic axis and consequently alter the secretion of gonadotropins, progesterone, estrogen, insulin and growth hormone secretion leading to increased ovulation rate and oocyte quality. The most important nutritional factors affecting reproduction in ruminants include energy, protein, minerals and vitamins. Deficiencies of minerals and vitamins in the diet impair health status and reduce ovulation rate. B‑complex vitamins are water‑soluble compounds that include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12). B vitamins, as biochemical cofactors, are essential for various biological processes including maintaining cellular homeostasis, e.g., genomic stability, mitochondrial function, energy metabolism (e.g., in the Krebs cycle in mitochondria and the folate, glutathione, and methionine cycles in the cytosol), and redox homeostasis. All B vitamins required for growth are also required for reproduction and fetal development. Deficiencies of folic acid, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, choline, and cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) can impair reproductive performance. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of injecting different levels of B‑complex vitamins (BCV) before mating on body condition score (BCS), plasma metabolite concentrations, and reproductive performance in Afshari ewes.
Materials and Methods: A total of 75 mature Afshari ewes were divided into three equal groups based on age (2-3 years) and body condition score (BCS; average = 3.25) and randomly allocated to experimental treatments (n = 25 ewes per group). Experimental treatments consisted of (1) control group (C; no BCV injection), (2) ewes received subcutaneous 5 mL injection of BCV (BCV-5) and (3) ewes received subcutaneous 10 mL injection of BCV (BCV-10). The BCV solution was injected subcutaneously at the beginning of estrous synchronization, 7 days later and at the day of sponge removal. Estrous of all ewes were synchronized by 12-day intravaginal sponge and intramuscular injection of 2.5 mL of vetaroline at the day of sponge removal. Animals also received an intramuscular injection of 5 mL of a solution contained vitamin A (50000 IU/mL), vitamin D₃ (10000 IU/mL) and vitamin E (20 mg/mL; 3VitADE, Nasr Fariman Co, Fariman, Iran) and 5 mL of a solution contained vitamin E (50 mg/mL) and Se (0.5 mg/mL; SelojectE, Razak Co, Tehran, Iran) at the day of sponge insertion and removal, respectively. All ewes were mated with Afshari rams for 3 consecutive days (1 ram per 5 ewes). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed for 30 days post-mating using plasma progesterone assay by an ELISA reader (STAT-FAX 3200, USA) and a commercial kit (Monobind Inc. USA, ELISA kit). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of experiment, on the day of sponge withdrawal and at the day of estrous.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that plasma glucose concentration on the day of sponge removal tended to be higher in BCV-10 group than other groups (P=0.09). However, plasma glucose concentration of glucose on the day of estrous did not influence by level of BCV injection before mating. Injection of different levels of BCV before mating had no effect on plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and total protein at the day of sponge removal and at the day of estrous (P>0.05). Ewes received BCV solution had lower plasma urea nitrogen concentrations at the day of sponge removal (P<0.05). However, experimental treatments had no effect on plasma concentration of urea nitrogen at the day of estrus (P>0.05). The body condition score (BCS) of ewes was similar among all groups (P>0.05). The highest plasma vitamin B₁₂ concentration at the day of estrous and at the day of sponge removal was observed in BCV-10 group compared to other groups (P<0.05). Higher lambing rate and fertility rate were observed in BCV-10 group than other groups (P<0.05. Whereas twining rate was not influenced by experimental treatments (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that injection of a solution containing BCV (especially 10 ml) before mating by increasing plasma glucose and vitamin B₁₂ concentrations and decreasing urea nitrogen concentration improved fertility and lambing rates in Afshari ewes. Therefore, it can be used as a strategy to improve the reproductive performance of ewes. However, this effect should be confirmed in future studies.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Afshari ewe

B complex vitamin

Estrus

Fertility rate

Plasma metabolites

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

مراجع

Abdelrahman, M., Abo-Shehada, M., & Mukbel, R. (2006). Effect of stage of gestation on the accumulation of copper, manganese, zinc, iron and calcium in fetal tissue of Awassi ewes in Northern Jordan. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(6), 538-552.

Abdollahi, E., Kohram, H., Shahir, M. H., & Nemati, M. H. (2015). Effects of a sustained-release multi-trace element ruminal bolus on sex ratio, reproductive traits and lambs growth in synchronized Afshari ewes. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.22067/veterinary.v7i1.33598

Ashworth, C. J. (1995). Maternal and conceptus factors affecting histotophic nutrition and survival of embryos. Livestock Production Science, 44(2), 99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(95)00045-5

Awawdeh, M. S., Eljarah, A. H., & Ababneh, M. M. (2019). Multiple injections of vitamin E and selenium improved the reproductive performance of estrus-synchronized Awassi ewes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51, 1421-1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01826-0

Barrett, D. M., Duggavathi, R., Davies, K. L., Bartlewski, P. M., Bagu, E. T., & Rawlings, N. C. (2007). Differential effects of various estradiol-17beta treatments on follicle-stimulating hormone peaks, luteinizing hormone pulses, basal gonadotropin concentrations, and antral follicle and luteal development in cyclic ewes. Biology of Reproduction, 77(2), 252-262. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.058842

Bartlewski, P. M., Baby, T. E., & Giffin, J. L. (2011). Reproductive cycles in sheep. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3-4), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.024

Butler, W. R. (2001). Nutritional effects on resumption of ovarian cyclicity and conception rate in postpartum dairy cows. BSAP Occasional Publication, 26(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263967X00033644

De Koster, J. D., & Opsomer, G. (2013). Insulin resistance in dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 29(2), 299-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.04.002

Duplessis, M., Lapierre, H., Pellerin, D., Laforest, J. P., & Girard, C. L. (2017). Effects of intramuscular injections of folic acid, vitamin B₁₂, or both, on lactational performance and energy status of multiparous dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(5), 4051-4064. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12381

Ferguson, J. D. (2005). Nutrition and reproduction in dairy herds. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 21(2), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.03.001

Fleming, T. P., Velazquez, M. A., Eckert, J. J., Lucas, E. S., & Watkins, A. J. (2012). Nutrition of females during the peri-conceptional period and effects on foetal programming and health of offspring. Animal Reproduction Science, 130(3-4), 193-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.015

Gagnon, A., Khan, D. R., Sirard, M. A., Girard, C. L., Laforest, J. P., & Richard, F. J. (2015). Effects of intramuscular administration of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ on granulosa cells gene expression in postpartum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(11), 7797-7809. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9623

Galindo, C. E., Ouellet, D. R., Pellerin, D., Lemosquet, S., Ortigues-Marty, I., & Lapierre, H. (2011). Effect of amino acid or casein supply on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary glucose kinetics in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(11), 5558-5568. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3978

Girard, C. L., Vanacker, N., Beaudet, V., Duplessis, M., & Lacasse, P. (2019). Glucose and insulin responses to an intravenous glucose tolerance test administered to feed-restricted dairy cows receiving folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ supplements. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(7), 6226-6234. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16298

Hemingway, R. G., Parkins, J. J., & Ritchie, N. S. (2001). Enhanced reproductive performance of ewes given a sustained-release multi-trace element/vitamin ruminal bolus. Small Ruminant Research, 39(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00175-9

Huntington, G. B., Harmon, D. L., & Richards, C. J. (2006). Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 84(suppl_13), E14-E24. https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.8413_supple14x

Kadim, I. T., Mahgoub, O., Al-Ajmi, D., Al-Habsi, K. R., & Johnson, E. H. (2006). Comparative effects of low levels of dietary cobalt and parenteral injections of vitamin B₁₂ on body dimensions in different breeds of Omani goats. Small Ruminant Research, 66(1-3), 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.09.018

Kawashima, C., Matsui, M., Shimizu, T., Kida, K., & Miyamoto, A. (2012). Nutritional factors that regulate ovulation of the dominant follicle during the first follicular wave postpartum in high-producing dairy cows. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 58(1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.11-139n

Kenyon, P. R., Maloney, S. K., & Blache, D. (2014). Review of sheep body condition score in relation to production characteristics. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 57(1), 38-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2013.857698

DaghighKia, H., & Safdar, A. H. A. (2015). Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) with different profiles (ω3 and ω6) during the flushing period on reproductive performance of ‘Afshari’ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 126, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.02.020

Kim, K., Mills, J. L., Michels, K. A., Chaljub, E. N., Wactawski-Wende, J., Plowden, T. C., & Mumford, S. L. (2020). Dietary intakes of vitamin B-2 (riboflavin), vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 and ovarian cycle function among premenopausal women. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(5), 885-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.10.013

Krisher, R. L. (2004). The effect of oocyte quality on development. Journal of Animal Science, 82(suppl_13), E14-E23.

Lapierre, H., & Lobley, G. E. (2001). Nitrogen recycling in the ruminant: A review. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, E223-E236. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70222-6

Larsen, M., & Kristensen, N. B. (2013). Precursors for liver gluconeogenesis in periparturient dairy cows. Animal, 7(10), 1640-1650. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001171

Lucy, M. C. (2016). The role of glucose in dairy cattle reproduction. Adv. Dairy Technol, 28, 161-173.

Mann, G. E., Payne, J. H., & Lamming, G. E. (2001). Hormonal regulation of oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F2α secretion by the bovine and ovine uterus in vivo. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 21(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0739-7240(01)00105-9

Matte, J. J., Guay, F., & Girard, C. L. (2006). Folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ in reproducing sows: New concepts. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 86(2), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.4141/A05-059

McDowell, L. R. (2000). Vitamins in animal and human nutrition. John Wiley & Sons; 2000 Oct 11.

McFadden, J. W., Girard, C. L., Tao, S., Zhou, Z., Bernard, J. K., Duplessis, M., & White, H. M. (2020). Symposium review: One-carbon metabolism and methyl donor nutrition in the dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(6), 5668-5683. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17319

Mitchell, L. M., Mccallum, G., Mackie, K., Ewell, M., Ainslie, A., & McEroy T. G. (2005). In vitro development of ovine oocytes from ewes of contrasting vitamin B₁₂ status. Journal of Reprpduction and Fertility Development, 17(2), 222-228. https://doi.org/10.1071/RDv17n2Ab143

Mitchell, L. M., Robinson, J. J., Watt, R. G., McEvoy, T. G., Ashworth, C. J., Rooke, J. A., & Dwyer, C. M. (2007). Effects of cobalt/vitamin B₁₂ status in ewes on ovum development and lamb viability at birth. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 19(4), 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd07012

Atti, N., Theriez, M., & Abdennebi, L. (2001). Relationship between ewe body condition at mating and reproductive performance in the fat-tailed Barbarine breed. Animal Science Reserch, 50, 135-144.

Moss, G. E., Cammack, K. M., Larson, B. A., Alexander, B. M., Stobart, R. H., Hill, W. J., & Hess, B. W. (2007). Effect of cobalt supplementation and estrous syncronzation on body weight gain and conception rates in yearling ewes and peripubertal ewe lambs. In Proceedings-American Society of Animal Science Western Section. Vol. 58, p. 153.

National Research Council (NRC). (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminats: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and New World Camelids. Washington, D.C., USA.

Rassu, S., Enne, G., Ligios, S., & Molle, G. (2004). Nutrition and reproduction. Dairy Sheep Nutrition. G. Pulina & R. Bencini (Eds.). 1st Ed. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, p. 109-128. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996813.0109

Rhoads, M. L., Gilbert, R. O., Lucy, M. C., & Butler, W. R. (2004). Effects of urea infusion on the uterine luminal environment of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(9), 2896-2901. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73420-7

Robinson, J. J., Ashworth, C. J., Rooke, J. A., Mitchell, L. M., & McEvoy, T. G. (2006). Nutrition and fertility in ruminant livestock. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126(3-4), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.006

Scaramuzzi, R. J., Campbell, B. K., Downing, J. A., Kendall, N. R., Khalid, M., Muñoz-Gutiérrez, M., & Somchit, A. (2006). A review of the effects of supplementary nutrition in the ewe on the concentrations of reproductive and metabolic hormones and the mechanisms that regulate folliculogenesis and ovulation rate. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 46(4), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2006016

Sèdes, L., Thirouard, L., Maqdasy, S., Garcia, M., Caira, F., Lobaccaro, J. M. A., & Volle, D. H. (2018). Cholesterol: A gatekeeper of male fertility? Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00369

Smith, O. B., & Akinbamijo, O. O. (2000). Micronutrients and reproduction in farm animals. Animal Reproduction Science, 60, 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00114-7

Sutton-McDowall, M. L., Gilchrist, R. B., & Thompson, J. G. (2010). The pivotal role of glucose metabolism in determining oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction, 139(4), 685. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-09-0345

Waheed, M. M., El-Shahat, K. H., Sallam, A. A., El-Saidy, B. E., & Khalifa, T. A. A. (2020). Influence of vitamin B₂, ascorbic acid and melatonin on reproduction of ewes during summer season under temperate climate. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants (The), 26(1), 38-42. https://doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000191

Wang, D. M., Zhang, B. X., Wang, J. K., Liu, H. Y., & Liu, J. X. (2018). Effect of dietary supplements of biotin, intramuscular injections of vitamin B₁₂, or both on postpartum lactation performance in multiparous dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(9), 7851-7856. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14524

Yazlik, M. O., Olgac, K. T., Colakoglu, H. E., Kaya, U., Yildirim, M. M., & Bas, B. (2020). Effects of vitamin B₁, vitamin E and selenium on pregnancy and blood metabolites profile during non-breeding season and early prediction of pregnancy by thermographic monitoring in Merino ewes. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 90(10), 1368-1372. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i10.111306

Zacchini, F., Toschi, P., & Ptak, G. E. (2017). Cobalamin supplementation during in vitro maturation improves developmental competence of sheep oocytes. Theriogenology, 93, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.035

Vázquez-Armijo, J. F., Rojo, R., López, D., Tinoco, J. L., González, A., Pescador, N., & Domínguez-Vara, I. A. (2011). Trace elements in sheep and goats reproduction: A review. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14(1), 1-13.