ارزیابی تأثیر مدیریت تلفیقی بیوچار و منابع کودی مختلف بر عملکرد و شاخص‌های کیفی ذرت (Zea mays L.) علوفه‌ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

سیدجلیل داورپناه

پرویز رضوانی مقدم

سرور خرم دل

مهدی نصیری محلاتی

جعفر نباتی

گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

10.22067/ijasr.2026.96295.1277

چکیده

چالش‌های اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی و اجتماعی، پایداری تولید ذرت (Zea mays L.) علوفه‌ای به‌عنوان نهاده مهم تولیدات دامی را تهدید می‌کند. این تحقیق به‌منظور بررسی امکان تولید پایدار ذرت علوفه‌ای با جایگزینی یا کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژنه اجرا گردید. آزمایش در طی دو سال متوالی در قالب کرت‌های خرد‌شده براساس طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد به‌طوری‌که کرت‌های اصلی شامل استفاده و عدم استفاده از بیوچار و کرت‌های فرعی شامل هفت سطح کودی شامل شاهد، کود اوره، کود گاوی، شیرابه دامی، ترکیب دوگانه کود شیمیایی و گاوی، ترکیب دوگانه کود شیمیایی و شیرابه دامی و همچنین ترکیب دوگانه کود گاوی و شیرابه دامی بودند. شاخص‌های مورد بررسی شامل عملکرد کمّی و کیفی علوفه ذرت بود. نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معنی‌داری بین تیمارهای آزمایش از لحاظ عملکرد علوفه و کاهش درصد فیبر خام وجود داشت. همچنین ترکیب‌های مختلف کودهای گاوی و شیمیایی تأثیر مطلوبی بر شاخص‌های کیفی شامل درصد فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و خنثی، کل مواد مغذی قابل هضم، ماده خشک مصرفی و انرژی ویژه شیردهی داشت. براساس یافته‌های آزمایش می‌توان ترکیب بیوچار با کودهای مختلف را بسته به شرایط محیطی و مدیریتی برای دستیابی به حداکثر کمیت و کیفیت علوفه مورد استفاده قرار داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

انرژی ویژه شیردهی

فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی

فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی

کیفیت علوفه

موضوعات

• نغذیه نشخوارکنندگان

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عنوان مقاله English

Evaluation of the Effect of Integrated Biochar and Fertilizer Management on Forage Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield and Quality

نویسندگان English

Seyed Jalil Davarpanah

Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam

Soroor Khorramdel

Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati

Jafar Nabati

Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction: Corn (Zea mays L.) ranks alongside wheat and rice as a major staple crop, essential for its nutritional role and as a primary feed source for livestock. In Iran, forage corn production is pivotal to the livestock sector, with annual silage demand reaching approximately 15 million tons (Bazri et al., 2021). Domestic production covers this requirement, but the system faces persistent sustainability challenges. Nitrogen use efficiency is low, around 29%, compared w ith a global mean of 33%, and this inefficiency drives both economic loss and environmental damage through nitrate leaching and water contamination (Kazemi et al., 2018). Heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers, particularly urea, exacerbates these issues by endangering groundwater and raising health concerns, including methemoglobinemia and certain cancers (World Health Organization, 2017; Sidana et al., 2023). Consequently, a transition toward sustainable practices has been proposed, involving the partial replacement of chemical inputs with organic amendments such as biochar and manure. These materials have been shown to enhance soil properties and reduce ecological risks (Gliessman, 2014; Kizilkaya, 2008). Biochar, produced by pyrolyzing plant residues under oxygen-limited conditions, is highly stable in soil, enhances fertility, and contributes to carbon sequestration (Darby et al., 2024; Feng et al., 2012). The present study examined forage yield and quality responses when biochar was combined with fertilizers and amendments, including cattle manure, slurry, and their mixtures.

Materials and Methods: The field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The study site is located in a semi-arid zone, with a mean annual temperature of 15.7°C and a mean yearly rainfall of 256 mm. A split-plot layout based on a randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Main plots were biochar (applied or not), and subplots included seven fertilizer treatments: control (C), urea fertilizer (U), cattle manure (M), slurry (S), and three mixtures (UM, US, MS). Biochar was applied only in the first season at 20 t/ha, following earlier recommendations (Kabir et al., 2023; Qiu et al., 2024). Fertilizer rates were adjusted to nitrogen equivalence: 340 kg/ha urea fertilizer, 50 ton/ha cattle manure, 60.15 m³/ha slurry. Slurry was prepared from cattle waste, fermented aerobically with Bacillus, and then sterilized with ozone. Before sowing, soil, biochar, and slurry samples were analyzed for their physicochemical properties. Corn was planted with pneumatic seeders at 143,000 plants/ha. Irrigation was applied via a drip tape to maintain a 60% depletion of field capacity. Urea treatments were split into equal applications at the 4-leaf, 6-leaf, and tasseling stages. Weeds were removed manually, and no pest or disease incidence was recorded. The indicators studied included corn forage yield and quality characteristics, such as neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent insoluble fiber (ADF), which measure the amount of cell wall and hemicellulose-free cell wall in the forage. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS v9.1 software, and MS Excel 2019 was used for mathematical calculations and preparing figures. Mean comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test at . An initial examination of the homogeneity of the error variances between the two years' data was performed using the Bartlett test. It was found that many traits did not exhibit homogeneity, so the data for each year were analyzed separately for variance.

Results and Discussion: Biochar combined with fertilizers significantly affected forage yield and quality. Biochar-amended plots showed improved soil structure and nutrient retention, consistent with earlier findings of enhanced water-holding capacity and microbial activity (Zhang et al., 2009; Yuniwati, 2018; Liu et al., 2024). Mixtures of manure and chemical fertilizers, particularly UM and MS, produced higher yields and improved forage quality traits: acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), dry matter intake (DMI), and net energy for lactation (NEL), all critical for livestock feeding efficiency (Pedersen et al., 2017). Evidence also indicates that manure–slurry combinations support microbial diversity and nutrient cycling (Zhang et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024). Biochar’s role in carbon stabilization and nitrogen retention is highly relevant in Iranian soils with low organic matter. Slurry provided readily available nitrogen, complementing the slower release from manure, ensuring a steady nutrient supply. Results indicated that biochar mitigated excess nitrogen, reducing the risk of nitrate contamination and related health issues (World Health Organization, 2017; Sidana et al., 2023). Some reports (Darby et al., 2024) noted limited yield effects from biochar alone, but in this experiment, its integration with amendments clearly enhanced both yield and forage quality. Mixing biochar with fertilizers thus improves forage corn output, decreases dependence on chemical inputs, and strengthens soil condition.

Conclusion: Integrating biochar with manure and chemical fertilizers improved forage yield and quality parameters, including ADF, NDF, TDN, DMI, and NEL. Biochar combined with manure and slurry mixtures reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers while enhancing soil properties. Therefore, integrated biochar and fertilizer management can be recommended as a sustainable strategy for forage corn production in semi-arid regions.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Acid detergent fiber

Forage quality

Net energy for lactation

Neutral detergent fiber

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

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