دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 The Effect of Different Levels of Household Waste in the Diet on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolitesand Rumen Parameters of Fattening Lambs تأثیر سطوح مختلف پسماندهای خانگی در جیره بر عملکرد، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، فراسنجه‌های خونی و شکمبه‌ای بره‌های پرواری 169 184 47601 10.22067/ijasr.2025.94998.1269 FA یداله چاشنی دل دانشکده علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-1425-6053 صادق پورنادری دانشکده علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-9175-4355 عیسی دماوندی شرکت پرتوگستران صنعت دماوند، ایران مازیار مجدزاده دانشکده علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران Journal Article 2025 09 27 Introduction: Large quantities of household food waste have the potential to be used as livestock feed, thereby supporting sustainable food production systems. Numerous studies have documented the effects of food waste on animal performance; however, due to regional variations in the composition of household food waste, its nutritional impacts must be evaluated under specific local conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional effects of household waste in northern Iran on fattening performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and blood parameters in crossbred male Zel lambs.Materials and Methods: Twenty crossbred male lambs (3–4 months old; mean body weight 25 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates per treatment for 70 days. The treatments consisted of dietary inclusion levels of household food waste at 0, 20, 40, and 60%. The total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated using SRNS software. The ratio of forage to concentrate on experimental diets was 30:70, and different levels of household food waste replaced edible items in the concentrate part of the diet. Household food waste, which was a mixture of pasta, rice, legumes, eggs, fruit peels, chicken bones, mixed salad and various vegetables, was collected by school students. Daily food waste samples were analyzed to determine chemical compositions during the collection period. Given that chemical composition varied daily, their averages were used to formulate the diet. The lambs were fed individually and had free access to clean water throughout the period. Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. To determine the concentration of blood parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen and total protein), blood sampling was performed once at the end of the experimental period, one hour before the morning feeding. Rumen fluid sampling was performed in the last week of the experimental period, 3 hours after morning feed consumption using an esophageal catheter, and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFAs: acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid) were measured. Nutrient digestibility was determined by the acid-insoluble ash method. Data was analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS software (version 9.1). Treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of P < 0.05.Results and Discussion: The chemical composition analysis of household food waste showed that the average dry matter content was 89.4%. The mean crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, and non‑fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were 19.56, 11.91, 25.96, 17.75, 11.43, and 27.14% of dry matter, respectively.With increasing level of food waste in the diet, final body weight decreased (P < 0.0001), dry matter intake (P = 0.0004) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.0001) increased significantly. Also, with increasing level of household food waste in the diet, the apparent digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.0020), organic matter (P = 0.0006), and ether extract (P = 0.0001) decreased significantly compared to the control group. In contrast, increasing the dietary level of household food waste significantly increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.0001) and acid detergent fiber (P = 0.0030) compared with the control group. Concentrations of glucose, blood urea nitrogen, total protein and triglycerides were not affected by the treatments. Higher levels of food waste increased serum cholesterol concentration (P = 0.0020). Dietary inclusion levels of 40 and 60 % household food waste significantly decreased ruminal pH (P = 0.0470) and increased total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.0249) and total protozoa populations (P = 0.0070). Also, the 60% dietary inclusion level of household waste caused a significant increase in isovaleric acid in the rumen fluid (P = 0.0024).Conclusion: The results showed that with increasing household food waste inclusion level, WG and FCR up to a level of 20% were like the control, but higher levels were associated with a significant decrease in WG (with significant linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.05) and an increase in feed intake. These results indicate that excessive amounts of household waste in the diet can lead to negative consequences, while moderate levels may have benefits. Among the evaluated blood parameters, only cholesterol showed significant linear and quadratic increases, while the other parameters were not affected, indicating the metabolic safety of the animals at the recommended inclusion levels. Economic analysis showed that partially replacing conventional feed ingredients with household food waste reduced feed costs per lamb. Therefore, the use of household food waste up to 20% of the diet, as a cheap and sustainable source, can be considered safe and economical, while maintaining the performance and health of fattening lambs, but higher levels require caution in dietary formulation. با توجه به ارزش تغذیه­ای پسماند­های غذایی خانگی و نیز تنوع آن در هر منطقه، بررسی اثرات مصرف این منابع خوراکی در تغذیه دام ضروری به نظر می­رسد. این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی اثرات تغذیه­ای پسماندهای خانگی در شمال ایران بر عملکرد پروار، قابلیت هضم، فراسنجه­های خونی و شکمبه­ای بره­های آمیخته زل با استفاده از 20 رأس بره نر به مدت 70 روز در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تیمار و پنج تکرار انجام شد. جیره­های آزمایشی با نسبت علوفه به کنسانتره 30 به 70 تنظیم گردید و سطوح مختلف پسماند غذایی خانگی (صفر، 20، 40 و 60 درصد جیره) جایگزین اقلام خوراکی در بخش کنسانتره شد. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش درصد پسماند غذایی جیره (40 و 60 درصد)، وزن بدن به­طور معنی­داری کاهش، مصرف خوراک و ضریب تبدیل خوراک به­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت. همچنین با افزایش درصد پسماند در جیره، قابلیت هضم ظاهری ماده خشک، ماده آلی و عصاره اتری به‌طور معنی­داری کاهش و قابلیت هضم الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی افزایش یافت. سطوح بالاتر پسماند غذایی بدون تأثیر معنی­دار بر سایر فراسنجه­های خونی سبب افزایش کلسترول خون شد. همچنین سطوح بالاتر پسماندهای خانگی با کاهش pH و افزایش معنی­دار اسیدهای چرب فرار کل و اسید ایزووالریک در محیط در شکمبه همراه بود. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، گنجاندن پسماند غذایی خانگی تا 20 درصد جیره بدون تأثیر منفی بر عملکرد دام، فراسنجه­های خونی و شکمبه­ای برای تغذیه بره­های پرواری توصیه می­شود. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_47601_8843fd390986d3bb3917f6f2916053f3.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 Evaluation of the Effect of Integrated Biochar and Fertilizer Management on Forage Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield and Quality ارزیابی تأثیر مدیریت تلفیقی بیوچار و منابع کودی مختلف بر عملکرد و شاخص‌های کیفی ذرت (Zea mays L.) علوفه‌ای 185 203 47758 10.22067/ijasr.2026.96295.1277 FA سیدجلیل داورپناه گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران پرویز رضوانی مقدم گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-3827-3878 سرور خرم دل گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران مهدی نصیری محلاتی گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران جعفر نباتی گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 01 Introduction: Corn (Zea mays L.) ranks alongside wheat and rice as a major staple crop, essential for its nutritional role and as a primary feed source for livestock. In Iran, forage corn production is pivotal to the livestock sector, with annual silage demand reaching approximately 15 million tons (Bazri et al., 2021). Domestic production covers this requirement, but the system faces persistent sustainability challenges. Nitrogen use efficiency is low, around 29%, compared w ith a global mean of 33%, and this inefficiency drives both economic loss and environmental damage through nitrate leaching and water contamination (Kazemi et al., 2018). Heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers, particularly urea, exacerbates these issues by endangering groundwater and raising health concerns, including methemoglobinemia and certain cancers (World Health Organization, 2017; Sidana et al., 2023). Consequently, a transition toward sustainable practices has been proposed, involving the partial replacement of chemical inputs with organic amendments such as biochar and manure. These materials have been shown to enhance soil properties and reduce ecological risks (Gliessman, 2014; Kizilkaya, 2008). Biochar, produced by pyrolyzing plant residues under oxygen-limited conditions, is highly stable in soil, enhances fertility, and contributes to carbon sequestration (Darby et al., 2024; Feng et al., 2012). The present study examined forage yield and quality responses when biochar was combined with fertilizers and amendments, including cattle manure, slurry, and their mixtures.Materials and Methods: The field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The study site is located in a semi-arid zone, with a mean annual temperature of 15.7°C and a mean yearly rainfall of 256 mm. A split-plot layout based on a randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Main plots were biochar (applied or not), and subplots included seven fertilizer treatments: control (C), urea fertilizer (U), cattle manure (M), slurry (S), and three mixtures (UM, US, MS). Biochar was applied only in the first season at 20 t/ha, following earlier recommendations (Kabir et al., 2023; Qiu et al., 2024). Fertilizer rates were adjusted to nitrogen equivalence: 340 kg/ha urea fertilizer, 50 ton/ha cattle manure, 60.15 m³/ha slurry. Slurry was prepared from cattle waste, fermented aerobically with Bacillus, and then sterilized with ozone. Before sowing, soil, biochar, and slurry samples were analyzed for their physicochemical properties. Corn was planted with pneumatic seeders at 143,000 plants/ha. Irrigation was applied via a drip tape to maintain a 60% depletion of field capacity. Urea treatments were split into equal applications at the 4-leaf, 6-leaf, and tasseling stages. Weeds were removed manually, and no pest or disease incidence was recorded. The indicators studied included corn forage yield and quality characteristics, such as neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent insoluble fiber (ADF), which measure the amount of cell wall and hemicellulose-free cell wall in the forage. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS v9.1 software, and MS Excel 2019 was used for mathematical calculations and preparing figures. Mean comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test at . An initial examination of the homogeneity of the error variances between the two years' data was performed using the Bartlett test. It was found that many traits did not exhibit homogeneity, so the data for each year were analyzed separately for variance.Results and Discussion: Biochar combined with fertilizers significantly affected forage yield and quality. Biochar-amended plots showed improved soil structure and nutrient retention, consistent with earlier findings of enhanced water-holding capacity and microbial activity (Zhang et al., 2009; Yuniwati, 2018; Liu et al., 2024). Mixtures of manure and chemical fertilizers, particularly UM and MS, produced higher yields and improved forage quality traits: acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), dry matter intake (DMI), and net energy for lactation (NEL), all critical for livestock feeding efficiency (Pedersen et al., 2017). Evidence also indicates that manure–slurry combinations support microbial diversity and nutrient cycling (Zhang et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024). Biochar’s role in carbon stabilization and nitrogen retention is highly relevant in Iranian soils with low organic matter. Slurry provided readily available nitrogen, complementing the slower release from manure, ensuring a steady nutrient supply. Results indicated that biochar mitigated excess nitrogen, reducing the risk of nitrate contamination and related health issues (World Health Organization, 2017; Sidana et al., 2023). Some reports (Darby et al., 2024) noted limited yield effects from biochar alone, but in this experiment, its integration with amendments clearly enhanced both yield and forage quality. Mixing biochar with fertilizers thus improves forage corn output, decreases dependence on chemical inputs, and strengthens soil condition.Conclusion: Integrating biochar with manure and chemical fertilizers improved forage yield and quality parameters, including ADF, NDF, TDN, DMI, and NEL. Biochar combined with manure and slurry mixtures reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers while enhancing soil properties. Therefore, integrated biochar and fertilizer management can be recommended as a sustainable strategy for forage corn production in semi-arid regions. چالش‌های اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی و اجتماعی، پایداری تولید ذرت (Zea mays L.) علوفه‌ای به‌عنوان نهاده مهم تولیدات دامی را تهدید می‌کند. این تحقیق به‌منظور بررسی امکان تولید پایدار ذرت علوفه‌ای با جایگزینی یا کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژنه اجرا گردید. آزمایش در طی دو سال متوالی در قالب کرت‌های خرد‌شده براساس طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد به‌طوری‌که کرت‌های اصلی شامل استفاده و عدم استفاده از بیوچار و کرت‌های فرعی شامل هفت سطح کودی شامل شاهد، کود اوره، کود گاوی، شیرابه دامی، ترکیب دوگانه کود شیمیایی و گاوی، ترکیب دوگانه کود شیمیایی و شیرابه دامی و همچنین ترکیب دوگانه کود گاوی و شیرابه دامی بودند. شاخص‌های مورد بررسی شامل عملکرد کمّی و کیفی علوفه ذرت بود. نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معنی‌داری بین تیمارهای آزمایش از لحاظ عملکرد علوفه و کاهش درصد فیبر خام وجود داشت. همچنین ترکیب‌های مختلف کودهای گاوی و شیمیایی تأثیر مطلوبی بر شاخص‌های کیفی شامل درصد فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و خنثی، کل مواد مغذی قابل هضم، ماده خشک مصرفی و انرژی ویژه شیردهی داشت. براساس یافته‌های آزمایش می‌توان ترکیب بیوچار با کودهای مختلف را بسته به شرایط محیطی و مدیریتی برای دستیابی به حداکثر کمیت و کیفیت علوفه مورد استفاده قرار داد. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_47758_4f0f33bd9633ddeca0990e10cf6bf79f.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 The Effect of Non-Forage Fiber Sources in the Starter Diet of Holstein Heifer Calves on Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Blood Parameters اثر منابع فیبر غیرعلوفه‌ای در جیره استارتر بر عملکرد، تخمیر شکمبه‌ای و فراسنجه‌های خونی گوساله‌های ماده هلشتاین 205 216 47960 10.22067/ijasr.2026.96569.1280 FA تیام رادین گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-3536-6737 مسلم باشتنی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران عبدالرسول ملانوروزی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران عباسعلی ناصریان گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد،، ایران 0000-0003-3253-128X سید همایون فرهنگ فر گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-9813-6023 Journal Article 2025 11 26 Introduction: The long-term sustainability and profitability of dairy farms largely depend on the success of calf and heifer rearing programs. Nutrition is one of the most important pillars of animal husbandry and a key economic tool for optimizing production systems. Forage consumption by calves promotes rumen muscular development, stimulates rumination, and increases saliva secretion. Non-forage fiber sources, which are rich in cell wall components, can be considered alternatives to forages depending on their cost and availability. Utilizing non-forage fiber sources can help meet the nutritional needs of livestock while also reducing feed costs and maintaining rumen health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of non-forage fiber sources, including wheat bran and sugar beet pulp, in a starter diet on the performance, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters of Holstein heifer calves. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the role of non-forage fiber sources in improving calf health and performance and provide practical insights for optimizing nutritional strategies in dairy production systems.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted using 24 Holstein heifer calves with an initial body weight of 37 ± 2 kg in a completely randomized design for a period of 90 days. The experimental diets included: (1) a barley-based starter, (2) a starter containing 15% wheat bran (DM basis) replacing barley, and (3) a starter containing 13.5% sugar beet pulp (DM basis) as a partial replacement for barley.The diets were identical in terms of energy content and crude protein content. Daily feed intake was measured and changes in calf weight were examined. Calves were weighed regularly every 15 days until the end of the experimental period. Blood samples were taken three hours after feed consumption from the jugular vein at ages 30, 60, and 90 days. Rumen fluid samples were collected three hours post-feeding using an esophageal tube at the end of the study (90 days), and urine and fecal pH were measured at the end of the study. Fecal consistency was evaluated daily throughout the experiment using a scoring scale from 1 to 5. Weaning age was recorded as an indicator of treatment performance and was defined as the age at which starter intake reached 900 g per day. Rumination was visually assessed, and the onset of rumination was defined as the age at which each calf was observed ruminating for three consecutive days; this age was recorded at the end of the third day.Results and Discussion: The results indicated that calves fed wheat bran had higher average daily feed intake and daily weight gain compared with those fed sugar beet pulp. Incorporating non-forage fiber sources with highly digestible fiber in the diet leads to improvements in intake, health, and productivity. Previous studies on sugar beet pulp have reported both positive and negative effects on dry matter intake and performance in cattle and sheep. The rumen pH was influenced by the experimental treatments, with calves fed wheat bran exhibiting a higher rumen pH compared to the other treatments. Fiber consumption stimulated rumination and increased saliva secretion, which helped maintain a higher rumen pH.The treatments did not significantly affect the ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen fluid. The concentrations of triglycerides and VLDL were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in calves fed the wheat bran diet compared with the other treatments. were lower in calves fed the wheat bran diet compared with the other treatments.An increased level of fiber in the diet reduces fat digestion, as these fibers form complexes with bile salts, disrupting the VLDL reabsorption cycle, which consequently lowers VLDL levels in the blood. The lower triglyceride concentration in calves fed wheat bran during the post-weaning period compared to those fed sugar beet pulp may be attributed to higher starter intake during this period. The differences in final weight among the experimental treatments were significant (P < 0.05), with calves fed the barley-based starter showing the highest final weight.The differences in final weight among the experimental treatments were significant. Although there was no significant difference in total feed intake and feed efficiency among the treatments, the experimental diet containing sugar beet pulp resulted in a significant reduction in final weight compared to the starter diet containing barley.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the inclusion of wheat bran as a non forage fiber source in the starter diet has beneficial effects on the health parameters of Holstein heifer calves compared with sugar beet pulp. These effects include higher feed intake, greater average daily gain compared with calves fed the sugar beet pulp diet, and improvements in ruminal pH as well as blood metabolites such as triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر منابع مختلف فیبر غیرعلوفه‌ای در جیره استارتر بر عملکرد رشد، تخمیر شکمبه‌ای و فراسنجه‌های خونی گوساله‌های ماده نژاد هلشتاین انجام شد. تعداد ۲۴ رأس گوساله ماده هلشتاین با میانگین وزن اولیه 2 ± ۳۷ کیلوگرم، در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تیمار و هشت تکرار به مدت ۹۰ روز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: ۱- استارتر برپایه دانه جو (Hordeum vulgare L) (شاهد)، ۲- جیره حاوی ۱۵ درصد سبوس گندم (Triticum aestivum L) به‌عنوان جایگزین دانه جو و ۳- جیره حاوی 5/13 درصد تفاله خشک چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L) به‌عنوان جایگزین دانه جو بودند. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از سبوس گندم در مقایسه با تفاله چغندرقند موجب افزایش معنی‌دار مصرف خوراک پس از شیرگیری (به‌ترتیب 89/2 در برابر 42/2 کیلوگرم در روز)، افزایش وزن روزانه پس از شیرگیری (به‌ترتیب 10/1 در برابر 88/0 کیلوگرم در روز) و افزایش وزن کل دوره آزمایش (به‌ترتیب 72/0 در برابر 63/0 کیلوگرم در روز) گردید (05/0>P). تفاله چغندرقند سبب کاهش معنی‌دار وزن نهایی (37/94 کیلوگرم) در مقایسه با جیره استارتر حاوی جو (شاهد با میانگین 59/105 کیلوگرم) گردید (05/0>P). گوساله‌های دریافت‌کننده سبوس گندم دارای pH شکمبه‌ای بالاتر (95/6 در برابر شاهد 43/6) و غلظت تری‌گلیسیرید پلاسما پایین­تر (25/24 در برابر شاهد 33/29 میلی‌گرم در دسی‌لیتر) بودند. این تیمار همچنین منجر به سطوح پایین‌تری از لیپوپروتئین با چگالی بسیار پایین نسبت به شاهد شد (05/0>P). در مجموع، جایگزینی جو با سبوس گندم در جیره استارتر، نه‌تنها باعث بهبود عملکرد در دوره پس از شیرگیری گردید، بلکه اثرات مثبتی بر پروفایل متابولیکی (افزایش pH شکمبه و کاهش تری‌گلیسیرید و لیپوپروتئین با چگالی بسیار پایین (VLDL) داشت، لذا این منبع فیبر غیرعلوفه‌ای برای این گروه از دام‌ها توصیه می‌گردد. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_47960_4a907eba6a8d0223e39ee7d45672e26b.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 Improvement of Growth Performance, Microbial Balance, and Gastrointestinal Health in Broiler Chickens through Supplementation with CytoGard بهبود عملکرد رشد، تعادل میکروبی و سلامت دستگاه گوارش جوجه‌های گوشتی با مصرف مکمل سایتوگارد 217 235 47341 10.22067/ijasr.2025.94422.1258 FA ساره حجی آبادی شرکت دانش بنیان نیکا زیست آفرین، مشهد، ایران مهرداد موحد نصب گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران جواد کاظم الجورانی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران بهمن اونق شرکت دانش بنیان نیکا زیست آفرین، مشهد، ایران امیر اصغری باغخیراتی شرکت دانش بنیان نیکا زیست آفرین، مشهد، ایران گروه بیماریهای طیور، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران تهران، ایران مهدی الهی ترشیزی گروه کشاورزی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران عبدالله جمشیدی گروه بهداشت غذائی و آبزیان، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران جمشید رزمیار شرکت دانش بنیان نیکا زیست آفرین، مشهد، ایران گروه بیماریهای طیور، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران محمد هادی سخاوتی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران شرکت دانش بنیان نیکا زیست آفرین، مشهد، ایران 0000-0001-8091-3798 Journal Article 2025 07 15 Introduction: The health and integrity of the poultry digestive tract play a vital role in improving performance, growth rate, and reducing mortality in broiler and layer flocks. A healthy digestive system improves nutrient digestion and absorption, thereby enhancing overall feed efficiency. The gut immune system serves as the first line of defense against pathogens. Any impairment of gut function can lead to weight loss, reduced egg production, and increased susceptibility to disease. Additionally, unfavorable farm conditions, such as high stocking density or inadequate ventilation, cause stress that weakens the gut immune response. Intestinal health is widely recognized as a key determinant of overall flock performance. Therefore, prioritizing digestive tract health is essential not only for maintaining bird welfare but also as an economic strategy to improve production efficiency.Materials and Methods: In this study, the effects of a drinking water supplement containing an avian-derived cytokine (commercially known as CytoGard) were evaluated in broiler chickens for the first time. There were six treatments: three concentrations of CytoGard including 10, 20, and 80 nanograms of the active ingredient per liter of drinking water and three control groups were included: non-supplemented drinking water (Control group), CytoGard without the active cytokine (Cyto0), and a commercial probiotic PrimaLAC at the recommended dose. The trial was conducted over a 42-day rearing period using 360 Ross broiler chicks in a completely randomized design consisting of six replicates in each group and 10 chickens per replicate. Body weight and feed intake were recorded on days 10, 24, and 42. On day 30, blood samples were collected from the experimental groups for hematological analysis and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays against influenza and Newcastle disease. For sampling, two birds were randomly selected from four cages per group (a total of 8 birds per group) and humanely euthanized on day 42. Ileal and cecal digesta were collected for microbial population analysis, and tissue samples from the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum were obtained for intestinal histopathology.Results and Discussion: Our results showed that 20 ng/L of the cytokine acted as the optimal dose, reducing the feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 0.10 during the starter and grower phases and by up to 0.14 during the finisher phase. During the rearing period, the difference in FCR between this group and the control reached 0.19. Daily weight gain in this group in the starter phase increased by 0.57 g per bird. The weight gain differences during the grower and finisher phases were 2.94 g and 2.44 g, respectively. Across the entire trial period, this group exhibited a significant weight increase (4.13 g) compared to the control. Moreover, this group showed a 2% reduction in mortality during the rearing period compared to the control group. The concentration of 10 ng/L also resulted in improved FCR, and weight gain relative to the control. However, the 80 ng/L concentration showed no significant difference from the control in any measured parameter. Microbiological analysis of ileal and cecal digesta revealed that supplementation with CytoGard at 20 ng/L significantly reduced the population of the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli compared to other CytoGard-treated and control groups. Furthermore, the count of beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria significantly increased compared to both the control and the Cyto0 groups. CytoGard treatment did not cause any significant changes in hematological parameters or hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers for Newcastle and influenza viruses compared to the control group. Histopathological evaluations indicated that 20 ng/L of the cytokine positively affected the intestinal microvilli and increased muscular thickness in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Villus length and muscular layer thickness in the 20 ng/L group were significantly increased in the jejunum section compared to the control and Cyto0 groups.Conclusion: In conclusion, regular administration of CytoGard as a drinking water supplement at the optimal concentration during the rearing period led to increased body weight and reduced FCR in broiler chickens. This supplement also had a significant impact on modulating gut microbial balance and enhancing villus height and muscular layer thickness. Therefore, CytoGard may serve as a promising approach for improving gastrointestinal health and reducing production costs in the poultry industry. سلامت و ایمنی دستگاه گوارش طیور نقش حیاتی در بهبود عملکرد، رشد مناسب و کاهش تلفات در گله مرغ‌های گوشتی و تخم‌گذار دارد. در این پژوهش، اثرات مصرف مکمل آشامیدنی با نام تجاری سایتوگارد (حاوی ماده مؤثره سایتوکاین اینترلوکین-10 مرغی) در سه غلظت 10، 20 و 80 نانوگرم در هر لیتر آب آشامیدنی همراه با سه گروه شاهد (آب معمولی، پروبیوتیک پریمالاک و سایتوگارد بدون ماده مؤثره) بر روی 360 قطعه جوجه گوشتی سویه راس 308 در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با شش تیمار و شش تکرار 10 قطعه­ای در یک دوره پرورش 42 روزه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. وزن جوجه‌ها و میزان غذای باقی‌مانده در روزهای 10، 24 و 42 ثبت شد. در روز 42 ،نمونه‌برداری از محتویات هضمی ایلئوم و روده کور برای بررسی جمعیت میکروبی و بافت‌ روده برای بررسی ریخت‌شناسی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت 20 نانوگرم بر لیتر از سایتوکاین به‌­عنوان غلظت بهینه باعث کاهش معنی‌دار ضریب تبدیل غذایی و افزایش معنی‌دار وزن روزانه در کل دوره نسبت به شاهد شد. این غلظت منجر به کاهش جمعیت باکتری‌ بیمارگر Escherichia coli و افزایش معنی‌دار باکتری‌های سودمند Lactobacillus در محتویات هضمی ایلئوم و سکوم روده گردید. نتایج ریخت‌شناسی روده نشان داد که غلظت 20 نانوگرم بر لیتر آب آشامیدنی اثرات مثبتی بر افزایش طول پرزها و افزایش ضخامت عضله روده داشت. بنابراین استفاده منظم از سایتوگارد در طول دوره پرورش می‌تواند به­‌عنوان یک راهکار نوین و مؤثر در ارتقاء سلامت گوارشی در صنعت پرورش طیور مطرح شود. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_47341_a7c3b47f1061cf98533627d7e7091a7d.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 Investigating the Effect of Different Fermentation Methods of Wheat Bran and Rice Bran on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chickens بررسی تأثیر روش‌های مختلف تخمیر سبوس گندم و سبوس برنج بر عملکرد و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی جوجه‌های گوشتی 237 253 48310 10.22067/ijasr.2025.93922.1249 FA فاطمه ایمانی نژاد گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم دامی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران. 0009-0001-8410-7205 سمیه سالاری گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم دامی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران. 0000-0003-2202-2633 حسین معتمدی گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم و مرکز تحقیقات پالایشگاه زیستی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران 0000-0003-0310-7017 Journal Article 2025 06 10 Introduction: Wheat bran contains crude fiber, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and minerals (Souci and Kirchhoff, 2000). The direct inclusion of wheat bran in monogastric diets is limited due to its high fiber content and anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid and hemicelluloses (e.g., xylan) (Zhang et al., 2022). Similarly, the high fiber content and low digestibility of rice bran have restricted its inclusion in poultry diets (Kras et al., 2013). Microbial fermentation leads to an increase in lactic acid bacteria, a decrease in pH, and an increase in the organic acid concentration (Canibe and Jensen, 2012). Additionally, these brans contain anti-nutritional factors such as beta-glucans, trypsin inhibitors, and anti-thiamine factors, which, when consumed by poultry, reduce nutrient availability and consequently decrease production performance (Haryati et al., 2015). These anti-nutritional compounds increase digesta viscosity, interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and inhibit digestive enzymes such as trypsin, leading to reduced growth, immunity, and reproductive performance in poultry. Trypsin inhibitors particularly reduce protein digestion, while beta-glucans increase the viscosity of intestinal contents, impairing nutrient absorption. Therefore, the presence of these anti-nutritional factors in bran can negatively affect poultry production performance. It was hypothesized that subjecting wheat bran and rice bran to different fermentation methods would improve performance, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tract characteristics of broiler chickens. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to compare the effects of different fermentation methods of wheat bran and rice bran on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different fermentation methods (Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, and rumen fluid) on wheat and rice brans and their subsequent impact on performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. Fermentation with B. subtilis and A. niger was conducted for 6 days at room temperature, while fermentation with rumen fluid was carried out for 6 hours under anaerobic conditions. A completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement was used, consisting of 8 treatments (unfermented and fermented rice and wheat bran by the three methods), 5 replicates, and 10 birds per replicate for 42 days. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and weights of carcass components and different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were measured on day 42. To determine apparent ileal nutrient digestibility, the birds were fed a diet containing 3 g/kg chromium oxide (Cr2O3) as an indigestible marker from days 21 to 26. On day 26, the ileal digesta from 2 birds per replicate were collected and stored at -20°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Subsequently, the dry matter (DM), crude fat, and crude protein (CP) of the feed sample and ileal were measured (AOAC, 2000). The digestibility of dry matter, crude fat, and crude protein was calculated (Hafeez et al., 2016). Data were analyzed using SAS software and the GLM procedure. Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% significance was used for mean comparisons.Results and Discussion: Fermentation of brans significantly increased feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) in broilers compared to those fed raw bran. Specifically, Wheat bran fermented with Aspergillus Niger showed the most pronounced improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR). Dietary inclusion of fermented brans increased apparent ileal crude protein digestibility compared to that of the unfermented treatments. Fermentation with rumen fluid or Bacillus subtilis also exerted positive effects although A. niger proved to be more effective. Furthermore, fermentation with Aspergillus Niger or rumen fluid improved fat digestibility. Broilers fed diets containing bran fermented with fungus had the highest relative weights of carcass, breast, thigh, and digestive tract. Fermentation can increase villus height and thus broiler weight by reducing anti-nutritional factors (Jazi et al., 2017). Our findings regarding protein digestibility align with those of Widodo et al. (2013), who reported that the dietary inclusion of fermented bran could improve crude protein digestibility. This enhancement is likely due to microbial enzymatic activity, which improves feed quality and liberates bound protein fractions. Fermented feeds have been shown to promote growth in broilers by increasing intestinal length indices, maintaining a normal gut microbial ecosystem, and improving gut morphology such as villus height. In addition, bran fermentation typically increases crude protein content and reduces fiber content (Sugiharto & Ranjitkar, 2019). Previous studies have shown that fermented feed contains proteases, amylases, and lipases. These proteases break down proteins to produce short peptides (Sun et al., 2022), thereby increasing the digestion and absorption by the host. Additionally, supplementing fermented feed can significantly improve nutrient metabolism and enhance digestion due to the microorganisms involved in fermentation (Gungor et al., 2021).Conclusion: According to the results, fermentation of wheat bran and rice bran, especially with Aspergillus niger, is an effective method for improving their nutritional value and enhancing broiler performance and can be used as a practical strategy in the poultry industry for optimal use of agricultural by-products. این تحقیق به‌منظور بررسی روش‌های مختلف تخمیر سبوس گندم و سبوس برنج بر عملکرد و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی با استفاده از 400 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک روزه به مدت 42 روز انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل روش‌های مختلف فرآوری (بدون فرآوری، تخمیر با باکتری Bacillus subtilis ، تخمیر با قارچ Aspergillus Niger و تخمیر با مایع شکمبه) و نوع سبوس ( گندم و برنج در سطح 10 درصد جیره) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با آرایش فاکتوریل 4×2 با هشت تیمار و پنج تکرار بودند. شاخص‌های عملکردی به‌صورت دوره‌ای و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی با استفاده از جیره‌های حاوی اکسیدکروم از 21 تا 26 روزگی، ارزیابی شدند. تخمیر سبوس‌ها باعث افزایش معنی‌دار مصرف خوراک و افزایش وزن جوجه‌ها نسبت به سبوس خام شد. سبوس گندم تخمیر‌شده با Aspergillus Niger بهترین بهبود را در ضریب تبدیل خوراک نشان داد. تغذیه با سبوس­های تخمیرشده موجب افزایش قابلیت هضم پروتئین نسبت به تیمار تخمیر نشده گردید. همچنین تخمیر با قارچ و مایع شکمبه موجب بهبود قابلیت هضم چربی شد. تخمیر با مایع شکمبه و قارچ Aspergillus Niger نسبت به سبوس خام موجب افزایش معنی­دار قابلیت هضم چربی شدند. پرندگان در تیمارهای حاوی سبوس تخمیرشده با قارچ، بیشترین وزن نسبی لاشه، سینه، ران و دستگاه گوارش را داشتند. با توجه به نتایج حاصل، تخمیر سبوس گندم و برنج، به‌ویژه با قارچ Aspergillus Niger ، روشی مؤثر برای بهبود ارزش غذایی و افزایش عملکرد جوجه‌های گوشتی است و می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهبرد عملی در صنعت طیور برای استفاده بهینه از محصولات جانبی کشاورزی به کار رود. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_48310_61e1ec2ab7f435948789816fa06d7037.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 Effects of Different Levels of Ethanolic Propolis Extract and Multi-Strain Probiotic on Performance, Immune Response, Gut Microflora, and Antioxidant Status in Broiler Chickens اثرات سطوح مختلف عصاره اتانولی بره‌موم و پروبیوتیک بر عملکرد، پاسخ ایمنی، میکروفلور روده و وضعیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی جوجه‌های گوشتی 255 267 47578 10.22067/ijasr.2025.94890.1266 FA احسان صالحی فر گروه مهندسی کشاورزی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-9343-2739 علی اصغر نیکوکار گروه مهندسی کشاورزی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران سعید سبحانی راد گروه مهندسی کشاورزی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-5475-441X Journal Article 2025 08 17 Introduction: The increasing global demand for antibiotic-free poultry products has accelerated research into natural alternatives that can enhance growth performance, health, and welfare of broiler chickens. Among these alternatives, propolis a resinous substance produced by honeybees is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and aromatic esters, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Probiotics are also widely used for their beneficial effects on gut microbiota modulation, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of ethanolic propolis extract (300, 600, and 900 mg/kg), compared with a commercial probiotic, on growth performance, humoral immune response, cecal microbial populations, and antioxidant status in broiler chickens under standard rearing conditions.Materials and Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were allocated to five dietary treatments, with four replicates per treatment and 15 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of: (1) a control diet without additives; (2) the control diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg ethanolic propolis extract; (3) the control diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg ethanolic propolis extract; (4) the control diet supplemented with 900 mg/kg ethanolic propolis extract; and (5) the control diet supplemented with a commercial probiotic.Birds were reared for 42 days with ad libitum access to feed and water. The experimental diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements according to the Ross 500 guidelines. Growth performance parameters, including daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were recorded during starter, grower, finisher, and overall periods. At the end of the experiment, cecal contents were aseptically collected to enumerate Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli using selective culture media. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein to determine serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and total immunoglobulin (Total Ig) concentrations using a hemagglutination assay. Antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring serum activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and treatment means were compared using the appropriate post hoc test when significant differences were detected. Statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05.Results and Discussion: Dietary supplementation improved overall daily weight gain compared with the control group, with the highest DWG observed in birds receiving 900 mg/kg propolis (P < 0.05). Across production phases, the 900 mg/kg dose increased FI during the grower and finisher periods (P≤0.005), consistent with enhanced appetite and/or palatability. Despite higher feed intake at the highest inclusion level, the overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased in the supplemented groups (P=0.002), indicating improved feed efficiency at the flock level. These findings suggest that propolis and the probiotic can support growth by enhancing digestive and absorptive functions, although dose–response patterns may diverge between growth stimulation (pronounced at 900 mg/kg) and feed efficiency (often optimized at moderate inclusion). Both propolis and probiotic treatments increased Lactobacillus counts and decreased Escherichia coli (P<0.05). The dual pattern expansion of beneficial lactic acid bacteria alongside suppression of E. coli supports the concept that these additives can stabilize gut ecology in favor of commensal populations. Such modulation is mechanistically compatible with the observed performance benefits, given the recognized roles of Lactobacillus in competitive exclusion, pH reduction via organic acid production, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Propolis supplementation decreased MDA (P<0.05; reported P=0.02), consistent with lower lipid peroxidation. In parallel, activities of GPx and SOD increased in the supplemented groups (P<0.05; GPx P=0.04; SOD P=0.002), pointing to strengthened endogenous antioxidant defenses. This biochemical profile plausibly contributes to improved nutrient utilization and growth by mitigating oxidative stress in rapidly growing broilers. No significant differences were detected among treatments for IgG or total immunoglobulins (P>0.05). While null effects on these humoral markers were observed under the present conditions, the performance and antioxidant advantages indicate that propolis and probiotics may act primarily through gut and metabolic pathways rather than by amplifying systemic antibody titers in non-challenged birds. Collectively, the integrated outcomes (performance, microbiota, and antioxidant indices) point to complementary mechanisms microbiota modulation and redox homeostasis as proximate drivers of the observed benefits.Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with ethanolic propolis extract and a multi-strain probiotic improved several key outcomes in broiler chickens. Overall, daily weight gain increased with supplementation, with the 900 mg/kg propolis level yielding the highest growth, while the feed conversion ratio over the entire experimental period decreased in the supplemented groups. Cecal Lactobacillus counts increased, whereas Escherichia coli populations decreased (P < 0.05), indicating a healthier intestinal microbial balance. Antioxidant capacity improved, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concenterations and increased activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Humoral immune indices (including serum IgG and total immunoglobulin levels, were not significantly affected. These findings position propolis and probiotics as practical, natural additives to support growth performance, gut health, and oxidative resilience. Further work should delineate dose optimization and the molecular pathways underlying redox and microbiome shifts, and assess long-term impacts under diverse rearing conditions or pathogenic challenges. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف عصاره اتانولی بره‌موم (300، 600 و 900 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم جیره) و پروبیوتیک بر عملکرد رشد، پاسخ ایمنی همورال، میکروفلور سکوم و وضعیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی جوجه‌های گوشتی بود. این مطالعه در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با پنج گروه تیمار شامل گروه شاهد، سه تیمار با سطوح مختلف عصاره بره‌موم و یک تیمار پروبیوتیک در چهار تکرار و در هر تکرار 15 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نژاد راس 308 اجرا گردید. یافته‌ها نشان داد که افزایش وزن روزانه کل در تیمارهای مکمل نسبت به شاهد بهبود یافت و در دُز 900 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم بیشترین مقدار مشاهده شد (P<0.05). ضریب تبدیل غذایی خوراک کل نیز در گروه‌‌های مکمل کاهش یافت (P=0.002). درحالی‌که تفاوت مصرف خوراک کل بین تیمارها معنی‌دار نبود (P=0.325)، امّا در دوره‌‌های رشد و پایانی، مصرف خوراک در تیمارهای حاوی عصاره بره‌موم )به‌ویژه در سطح ۹۰۰ میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم( نسبت به گروه شاهد افزایش یافت (P<0.005). همچنین تیمارهای بره‌موم و پروبیوتیک تأثیر معنی‌داری بر افزایش جمعیت باکتری‌های مفید Lactobacillus و کاهش جمعیت باکتری‌های E. coli در سکوم داشتند (P<0.05). ارزیابی وضعیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی نشان داد که فعالیت آنزیم‌های گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز و سوپراکسیددیسموتاز در گروه‌های تیمار افزایش و سطح مالون دی‌آلدهید به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافته است (P<0.05). بااین‌حال، تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطوح ایمونوگلوبولین G و ایمونوگلوبولین کل (IgM+IgG) مشاهده نگردید (P>0.05). نتایج حاصل حاکی از آن است که عصاره اتانولی بره‌موم و پروبیوتیک می‌توانند به‌عنوان مکمل‌های طبیعی مؤثر در بهبود سلامت میکروبی روده، تقویت وضعیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و افزایش عملکرد تولیدی جوجه‌های گوشتی مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_47578_6860ab49acd7a5f3fcaee171cd6b7dc5.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 The Effect of Whey Powder and Corn Gluten on Growth Performance and Blood Parameters of Arian Strain Broiler Chickens Raised under Different Flock Density Conditions اثر پودر آب‌پنیر و گلوتن ذرت، بر عملکرد و فراسنجه‌های خونی جوجه‌های گوشتی سویه آرین پرورش‌یافته، در تراکم متفاوت گله 269 287 47518 10.22067/ijasr.2025.95111.1270 FA حسن عزیزآبادی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0009-0000-5350-8658 سیدمحمد حسینی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-4118-7938 محمدحسن فتحی نسری گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-0296-7499 زهرا تهامی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی خراسان رضوی، کاشمر، ایران 0009-0006-4070-9120 محمدباقر منتظر تربتی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-6614-7844 Journal Article 2025 08 26 Introduction: By-products from the dairy industry, particularly whey (the liquid residue remaining after cheese production), are often considered waste despite their high nutritional value. However, its dried powder form can be used in poultry nutrition. Whey powder improves protein and fat digestibility in monogastric animals, thereby enhancing feed efficiency. Therefore, due to its high biological value, balanced protein quality, bioactive components, and prebiotic properties, whey powder may help mitigate the negative effects of stocking density stress. As a result, it can contribute to improved bird performance. Additionally, corn gluten, due to its affordability, favorable nutritional value, and easy accessibility, can reduce feeding costs while supplying part of the energy and protein requirements of poultry. Increasing stocking density is considered a management strategy to enhance production and efficiency in poultry farming. However, despite its advantages, high stocking density may lead to reduced performance, increased mortality rates, leg disorders, and decreased bird welfare. Based on previous research and reviews, there is currently no information regarding optimal levels of whey powder and corn gluten under varying stocking densities for the Arian strain, specifically concerning growth performance and blood metabolites. Considering the critical role of gastrointestinal health in broiler growth and efficiency, evaluating the combined effects of these two feed sources (whey powder and corn gluten) in broiler diets under both standard and high stocking densities represents a scientifically and economically grounded nutritional and management decision. The goal is to optimize growth performance, essential amino acid profile of the diet, biological value of consumed protein (improved absorption), and blood metabolites by reducing stocking density-induced stress. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effects of different levels of whey powder and corn gluten under varying flock stocking densities on the growth performance and blood metabolites of Arian broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: A total of 600 one-day-old male Arian broiler chicks were used in this study. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design with a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement, involving 8 treatments, 5 replicates per treatment, and 13 chicks per replicate under standard stocking density conditions, and 17 chicks per replicate under high stocking density conditions, starting from one day of age. A total of 40 experimental units (pens), each measuring 100 × 100 cm with a height of 80 cm (1 m² floor area), were used. The experimental treatments included: 1. Zero percent whey powder and zero percent corn gluten at 13 chicks per replicate (control group) 2. Zero percent whey powder and zero percent corn gluten at 17 chicks per replicate 3. 6% whey powder at 13 chicks per replicate 4. 6% whey powder at 17 chicks per replicate 5. 3% corn gluten at 13 chicks per replicate 6. 3% corn gluten at 17 chicks per replicate 7. 6% whey powder combined with 3% corn gluten at 13 chicks per replicate 8. 6% whey powder combined with 3% corn gluten at 17 chicks per replicate. The diets for the starter, grower, and finisher phases were formulated based on corn and soybean meal according to the nutritional requirements of the Arian strain. Feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly, and feed conversion ratio was calculated using the data on feed intake and weight gain. To evaluate blood metabolites, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at slaughter and analyzed using a centrifuge and an autoanalyzer device. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS software.Results and Discussion: The interaction effects of whey powder, corn gluten, and stocking density over the entire period significantly increased feed intake in broiler chickens compared to the control, with the highest feed intake observed in the treatment containing 6% whey powder, 3% corn gluten, and 17 chicks per square meter (P < 0.05). Other performance indicators, including feed conversion ratio, average weight gain, and final body weight, were not affected by the interaction effects of the experimental treatments. The main effects of whey powder and corn gluten did not have a significant impact on the blood metabolites of broiler chickens (P > 0.05). Blood metabolites were not affected by the interaction effects of whey powder, corn gluten, and stocking density (P > 0.05). The simultaneous use of whey powder and corn gluten, particularly under varying stocking densities, may contribute to improved growth performance in broiler chickens. Managing stocking density along with the use of nutritional additives can help improve the lipid profile of broiler chickens, but the direct effects of whey powder and corn gluten on blood metabolites require further investigation.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the inclusion of whey powder and corn gluten in the diet, combined with appropriate stocking density management, can positively affect growth performance and certain metabolic indices in Arian broiler chickens. Specifically, whey powder and stocking density significantly improved feed intake and growth parameters, while the combination of corn gluten with stocking density reduced blood LDL levels, which may indicate improved metabolic health. Although some blood metabolites were not affected by the treatments, the overall results suggest that simultaneous adjustment of dietary composition and environmental conditions can enhance productivity and health in broiler chickens. These findings may provide valuable insights for optimizing feeding and rearing strategies in the poultry industry. Overall, the results indicate that incorporating 6% whey powder and 3% corn gluten into the diet at a stocking density of 17 birds per square meter can improve the performance of Arian broiler chickens. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد رشد و فراسنجه‌های خونی در جوجه­های گوشتی سویه آرین تغذیه‌شده با پودر آب‌پنیر و گلوتن ذرت در شرایط تراکم متفاوت گله انجام شد. در این آزمایش از 600 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر یک‌روزه سویه آرین، در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی، با آرایش فاکتوریل 2×2×2 با استفاده از هشت تیمار، پنج تکرار و 13 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار در حالت استاندارد و 17 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار در حالت تراکم بالا، از یک‌روزگی استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1- سطح صفر درصد پودر آب‌پنیر و صفر درصد گلوتن ذرت با تراکم 13 قطعه (شاهد) 2- سطح صفر پودر آب‌پنیر و صفر گلوتن ذرت با تراکم 17 قطعه 3- سطح 6 پودر آب‌پنیر با تراکم 13 قطعه 4- سطح 6 پودر آب‌پنیر با تراکم 17 قطعه 5- سطح 3 گلوتن ذرت با تراکم 13 قطعه 6- سطح 3 گلوتن ذرت با تراکم 17 قطعه 7- سطوح 6 پودر آب‌پنیر و 3 گلوتن ذرت با تراکم 13 قطعه 8- سطوح 6 پودر آب‌پنیر و 3 گلوتن ذرت با تراکم 17 قطعه بود. ضریب تبدیل، مصرف خوراک و افزایش وزن، به‌صورت هفتگی و فراسنجه‌های خونی در 45 روزگی اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از پودر آب‌پنیر، گلوتن ذرت و شرایط تراکم تأثیر معنی‌داری بر افزایش وزن و ضریب‌تبدیل خوراکی نداشت، امّا مصرف خوراک و وزن بدن به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت. فراسنجه‌های خونی شامل گلوکز، پروتئین کل، کلسترول، تری‌گلیسرید، HDL و LDL تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. به‌طورکلی یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که استفاده از سطوح 6 درصد پودر آب‌پنیر و 3 درصد گلوتن ذرت، در شرایط تراکم 17 قطعه در مترمربع می‌تواند باعث بهبود عملکرد جوجه‌های گوشتی سویه آرین شود. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_47518_28d2bbe9f3b5f24c367f59843e6c716f.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 The Effect of Different Levels of Rosa canina Aqueous and Alcoholic Extract on Performance, Antioxidant Status, Serum Biochemical Characteristics and Immune Response of Broiler Chicks اثر سطوح مختلف عصاره آبی و الکلی نسترن (Rosa canina) بر عملکرد، فرآسنجه‌های بیوشیمیایی سرم، وضعیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی 289 303 48352 10.22067/ijasr.2026.96864.1283 FA اردشیر بخشی مرکز آموزش تحقیقات کشاورزی محمدیه، بیرجند، ایران نظر افضلی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0003-1030-625X سیدمحمد حسینی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-4118-7938 حسین نعیمی پور گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0003-4109-9142 فاطمه گنجی اداره بهسازی امور تولید، اداره کل امور عشایر، خراسان جنوبی، ایران Journal Article 2025 12 11 Introduction: The search for effective alternatives to in-feed growth-promoting antibiotics in broiler production has increasingly focused on natural bioactive compounds, including probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, essential oils, and plant-derived extracts. Rosa canina (rose hip), a perennial shrub of the Rosaceae family, is widely distributed in wild habitats such as forest margins, water sources, rocky dry areas, and scrublands. Its fruits are rich in flavonoids, essential oils, pectin, carotenoids, polyphenols, and vanillin. Recognized as a valuable medicinal plant, R. canina has been traditionally used in many countries for the treatment of various ailments, including kidney and urinary tract disorders, arthritis, gout, fever, colds, and vitamin C deficiency. The fruit, both with and without seeds, has been documented for its therapeutic properties. In European traditional medicine, its extracts are employed as diuretics and laxatives. Pharmacologically, R. canina exhibits multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Its vitamin C content ranges from 0.3% to 1.5%, depending on geographical and climatic conditions. Polyphenols, as major bioactive constituents, contribute to organoleptic properties and exert potent antioxidant effects, which are associated with the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. The total phenolic content of R. canina fruit has been reported at up to 98 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram, a remarkably high level compared to many commonly consumed fruits. Given these properties, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Rosa canina fruit (RCF) on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and immune function in broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: A total of 280 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 45 ± 5 g were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with 10 chicks per replicate, ensuring uniform average pen body weights with no significant initial differences among groups. The experimental diets included a control (basal diet without supplementation) and basal diets supplemented with 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg of aqueous RCF extract, or 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg of alcoholic RCF extract. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were recorded throughout the rearing period (0–42 days). At the end of the experiment, two birds per replicate with body weights closest to the replicate mean were selected, weighed, and euthanized by cervical dislocation. After evisceration, the relative weights of carcass, breast, thighs, and wings were determined. Humoral immune response was assessed by measuring total anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody titers. Blood samples were collected at day 42 via jugular vein cutting for biochemical and antioxidant analyses.Results and Discussion: At 42 days of age, birds fed the diet containing 450 mg/kg aqueous RCF extract exhibited the highest final body weight (2735 g), which was significantly greater than that of the control group (P < 0.05). During the grower phase, both aqueous and alcoholic extract supplementation significantly increased feed intake compared to the control (P < 0.05). Most experimental treatments showed a significantly lower feed conversion ratio relative to the control group (P < 0.05). The highest serum cholesterol concentration was observed in the control group, while the lowest levels were recorded in the 300 mg/kg aqueous and 300 mg/kg alcoholic extract treatments (P < 0.05). Serum uric acid levels were highest in the control group and lowest in the 450 mg/kg alcoholic extract group (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of both extracts generally reduced plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to the control, with significant effects observed for all treatments except the 150 and 300 mg/kg aqueous extract groups (P < 0.05). The total anti-SRBC antibody response was significantly enhanced in birds receiving the 450 mg/kg alcoholic extract compared to the control (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were detected in immunoglobulin M (IgM) or immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels among treatments.Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that dietary supplementation with 300 and 450 mg/kg aqueous extract, as well as 450 mg/kg alcoholic extract of Rosa canina fruit, can effectively improve growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical profiles, and immune responses in broiler chickens. These results support the potential application of R. canina extracts as natural feed additives in poultry production. این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی اثر سطوح عصاره آبی و الکلی میوه نسترن (Rosa canina) بر عملکرد، شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی خون و سامانه ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی سویه راس 308 انجام شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با هفت تیمار، چهار تکرار و 10 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار به مدت 42 روز اجرا گردید. جیره‏های آزمایشی شامل شاهد، سطوح 150، 300 و 450 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره آبی و الکلی میوه نسترن بود. افزودن عصاره‌های آبی و الکلی به جیره، به‌ویژه در سطح 300 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره آبی موجب بهبود معنی‌دار وزن بدن، افزایش وزن و ضریب تبدیل خوراک جوجه‌های گوشتی در مقایسه با جیره شاهد شد. تیمارهای 300 و 450 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره آبی سبب کاهش معنی‌دار سطح کلسترول و تری‌گلیسرید سرم نسبت به گروه شاهد گردید. فعالیت آنزیم کبدی آلانین آمینوترانسفراز (ALT ) و سطح اسید اوریک سرم در تیمار 450 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره آبی به‌طور معنی‌داری کمتر از شاهد بود. علاوه‌بر این، غلظت آلبومین سرم در تیمار 450 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره الکلی کاهش معنی‌دار نشان داد. تیمارهای آزمایشی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر کاهش سطح مالون‌دی‌آلدئید (MDA) پلاسما در جوجه‌های گوشتی داشتند. میزان پادتن تام در گروه شاهد به‌طور معنی‌داری کمتر از تمام تیمارهای دریافت‌کننده عصاره بود. در مقابل، سطوح ایمنوگلوبولین M و ایمنوگلوبولین G تحت تأثیر معنی‌دار تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. در مجموع، سطوح 300 و 450 عصاره آبی و همچنین سطح 450 عصاره الکلی میوه نسترن موجب بهبود عملکرد، کیفیت لاشه، صفات بیوشیمیایی خون و پاسخ ایمنی در جوجه‌های گوشتی ‌شد. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_48352_b3e5dff7ef6f48accf0bf22aaa52b94b.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 Effect of Different Levels of B Complex Vitamins Injection Before Mating on Reproductive Performance of Afshari Ewes اثر تزریق سطوح مختلف ویتامین B کمپلکس پیش از جفت‌گیری بر عملکرد تولیدمثلی میش‌های افشاری 305 315 48353 10.22067/ijasr.2026.92188.1237 FA شهلا خدایاری گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران محمد شمس الهی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. 0009-0005-5615-6113 فرشید فتاح نیا گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. جبار جمالی گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران 0009-0003-6394-4367 شهناز یوسفی زاده گروه علوم آزمایشگاهی و درمانگاهی، دانشکده پیرادامپزشکی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران 0000-0002-7237-6459 Journal Article 2025 02 15 Introduction: Nutritional manipulation of reproduction is a practical management strategy to increase lambing rates in extensive sheep production systems, especially in semi-arid regions such as Iran. Nutrition influences reproductive performance by providing essential nutrients required for oocyte development, ovulation, fertilization, and embryo survival. Follicular development in ewes is highly sensitive to nutritional status, and folliculogenesis and ovulation rate can be enhanced through nutritional manipulation. Improved nutrient supply can affect the pituitary-hypothalamic axis and consequently alter the secretion of gonadotropins, progesterone, estrogen, insulin and growth hormone secretion leading to increased ovulation rate and oocyte quality. The most important nutritional factors affecting reproduction in ruminants include energy, protein, minerals and vitamins. Deficiencies of minerals and vitamins in the diet impair health status and reduce ovulation rate. B‑complex vitamins are water‑soluble compounds that include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12). B vitamins, as biochemical cofactors, are essential for various biological processes including maintaining cellular homeostasis, e.g., genomic stability, mitochondrial function, energy metabolism (e.g., in the Krebs cycle in mitochondria and the folate, glutathione, and methionine cycles in the cytosol), and redox homeostasis. All B vitamins required for growth are also required for reproduction and fetal development. Deficiencies of folic acid, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, choline, and cobalamin (vitamin B12) can impair reproductive performance. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of injecting different levels of B‑complex vitamins (BCV) before mating on body condition score (BCS), plasma metabolite concentrations, and reproductive performance in Afshari ewes.Materials and Methods: A total of 75 mature Afshari ewes were divided into three equal groups based on age (2-3 years) and body condition score (BCS; average = 3.25) and randomly allocated to experimental treatments (n = 25 ewes per group). Experimental treatments consisted of (1) control group (C; no BCV injection), (2) ewes received subcutaneous 5 mL injection of BCV (BCV-5) and (3) ewes received subcutaneous 10 mL injection of BCV (BCV-10). The BCV solution was injected subcutaneously at the beginning of estrous synchronization, 7 days later and at the day of sponge removal. Estrous of all ewes were synchronized by 12-day intravaginal sponge and intramuscular injection of 2.5 mL of vetaroline at the day of sponge removal. Animals also received an intramuscular injection of 5 mL of a solution contained vitamin A (50000 IU/mL), vitamin D3 (10000 IU/mL) and vitamin E (20 mg/mL; 3VitADE, Nasr Fariman Co, Fariman, Iran) and 5 mL of a solution contained vitamin E (50 mg/mL) and Se (0.5 mg/mL; SelojectE, Razak Co, Tehran, Iran) at the day of sponge insertion and removal, respectively. All ewes were mated with Afshari rams for 3 consecutive days (1 ram per 5 ewes). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed for 30 days post-mating using plasma progesterone assay by an ELISA reader (STAT-FAX 3200, USA) and a commercial kit (Monobind Inc. USA, ELISA kit). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of experiment, on the day of sponge withdrawal and at the day of estrous.Results and Discussion: Results showed that plasma glucose concentration on the day of sponge removal tended to be higher in BCV-10 group than other groups (P=0.09). However, plasma glucose concentration of glucose on the day of estrous did not influence by level of BCV injection before mating. Injection of different levels of BCV before mating had no effect on plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and total protein at the day of sponge removal and at the day of estrous (P>0.05). Ewes received BCV solution had lower plasma urea nitrogen concentrations at the day of sponge removal (P<0.05). However, experimental treatments had no effect on plasma concentration of urea nitrogen at the day of estrus (P>0.05). The body condition score (BCS) of ewes was similar among all groups (P>0.05). The highest plasma vitamin B12 concentration at the day of estrous and at the day of sponge removal was observed in BCV-10 group compared to other groups (P<0.05). Higher lambing rate and fertility rate were observed in BCV-10 group than other groups (P<0.05. Whereas twining rate was not influenced by experimental treatments (P>0.05).Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that injection of a solution containing BCV (especially 10 ml) before mating by increasing plasma glucose and vitamin B12 concentrations and decreasing urea nitrogen concentration improved fertility and lambing rates in Afshari ewes. Therefore, it can be used as a strategy to improve the reproductive performance of ewes. However, this effect should be confirmed in future studies. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تزریق سطوح مختلف محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس (10 میلی‌گرم تیامین، 4 میلی‌گرم ریبوفلاوین، 4 میلی‌گرم پیریدوکسین، 10 میلی‌گرم کوبالامین، 50 میلی‌گرم نیاسین‌آمید و 5 میلی‌گرم دکسپانتنول) در پیش از جفت‌گیری بر نمره وضعیت بدنی، غلظت ویتامین B12، فراسنجه‌های پلاسما (گلوکز، کلسترول‌ کل، نیتروژن اورهای، پروتئین کل و ویتامین B12) و عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری انجام شد. یک ماه قبل از شروع فعالیت‌های تولید‌مثلی، تعداد 75 رأس میش بالغ افشاری براساس سن (دو تا سه سال) و نمره وضعیت بدنی (میانگین 25/3) به سه گروه 25 رأسی تقسیم و به‌طور تصادفی به تیمارهای آزمایشی اختصاص داده شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1- میش‌های گروه شاهد (بدون تزریق ویتامین B کمپلکس)، 2- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده پنج میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس 3- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس بودند. محلول حاوی ویتامین B کمپلکس در زمان شروع آزمایش، هفت روز بعد و روز خروج اسفنج به‌صورت زیرجلدی به میش‌ها تزریق شد. هم‌زمان‌سازی فحلی میش‌ها با کارگزاری اسفنج‌های حاوی پروژسترون درون واژن به مدت 12 روز و سپس 5/2 میلی‌لیتر وتارولین، با نام ژنریک آلارلین (لولیبرین- آ) در روز خروج اسفنج صورت گرفت. نمونه‌های خون در شروع آزمایش و در روزهای خروج اسفنج و فحلی از سیاهرگ وداج میش‌ها جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت ویتامین B12 در روز فحلی در گروه 10 میلی‌لیتری به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود (P<0.05). میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس دارای نرخ باروری و نرخ بره‌زایی بیشتری در مقایسه با دیگر گروه‌ها بودند. به‌طورکلی، تزریق 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس در پیش از جفت‌گیری باعث بهبود عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری شد.مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تزریق سطوح مختلف محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس (10 میلی‌گرم تیامین، 4 میلی‌گرم ریبوفلاوین، 4 میلی‌گرم پیریدوکسین، 10 میلی‌گرم کوبالامین، 50 میلی‌گرم نیاسین‌آمید و 5 میلی‌گرم دکسپانتنول) در پیش از جفت‌گیری بر نمره وضعیت بدنی، غلظت ویتامین B12، فراسنجه‌های پلاسما (گلوکز، کلسترول‌ کل، نیتروژن اورهای، پروتئین کل و ویتامین B12) و عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری انجام شد. یک ماه قبل از شروع فعالیت‌های تولید‌مثلی، تعداد 75 رأس میش بالغ افشاری براساس سن (دو تا سه سال) و نمره وضعیت بدنی (میانگین 25/3) به سه گروه 25 رأسی تقسیم و به‌طور تصادفی به تیمارهای آزمایشی اختصاص داده شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1- میش‌های گروه شاهد (بدون تزریق ویتامین B کمپلکس)، 2- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده پنج میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس 3- میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول ویتامین B کمپلکس بودند. محلول حاوی ویتامین B کمپلکس در زمان شروع آزمایش، هفت روز بعد و روز خروج اسفنج به‌صورت زیرجلدی به میش‌ها تزریق شد. هم‌زمان‌سازی فحلی میش‌ها با کارگزاری اسفنج‌های حاوی پروژسترون درون واژن به مدت 12 روز و سپس 5/2 میلی‌لیتر وتارولین، با نام ژنریک آلارلین (لولیبرین- آ) در روز خروج اسفنج صورت گرفت. نمونه‌های خون در شروع آزمایش و در روزهای خروج اسفنج و فحلی از سیاهرگ وداج میش‌ها جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت ویتامین B12 در روز فحلی در گروه 10 میلی‌لیتری به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود (P<0.05). میش‌های دریافت‌کننده 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس دارای نرخ باروری و نرخ بره‌زایی بیشتری در مقایسه با دیگر گروه‌ها بودند. به‌طورکلی، تزریق 10 میلی‌لیتر محلول حاوی ویتامین‌های B کمپلکس در پیش از جفت‌گیری باعث بهبود عملکرد تولید‌مثلی میش‌های افشاری شد. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_48353_6a6a871795ca84ff50ee4a3212b227e4.pdf

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران 2008-3106 18 2 2026 06 22 Effect of Fish Meal Replacement by Fermented Sesame Meal in the Diet on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical and Immunity Indices of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) اثر جایگزینی پودر ماهی با کنجاله تخمیری کنجد در جیره بر عملکرد رشد و شاخصهای بیوشیمیایی و ایمنی خون ماهی قزل‌آلای رنگین کمان (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 317 333 48666 10.22067/ijasr.2024.87330.1195 FA علی عبود گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران رضا ولی زاده گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-5912-4898 امید صفری گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0001-8378-8291 Journal Article 2024 03 18 Introduction: Aquaculture is currently considered as one of the fastest-growing global fish industry. However, this sector is facing with fishmeal shortage as the main source of protein in their diets. Therefore, considerable studies have been carried out to find other protein sources instead fishmeal for aquaculture feeding. Protein sources such as vegetable by-products (oil seed meals), animal by-products, biodegradable organic wastes, fermented organic wastes (Ayan, 2018), and insect meal (Gasco et al., 2021; Zarantoniello et al., 2021) have been used in aquatic nutrition. Oilseed by-products such as fermented sesame meal are considered as the best alternative protein sources instead fishmeal. In the sesame oil industry, oil extraction is done either using organic solvents or by mechanical pressing and the by-products is known as sesame meal. Oil extraction leads to an increase of protein content of sesame seed meal (Onsaard et al., 2010) which can be used as a protein source in nutrition of fish culture industry (Onsaard, 2012). Sesame seed meal has been represented as a protein source in aqua feeds replacing soybean meal for reducing the feed costs (Tacon, 1993). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fishmeal substitution levels with fermented sesame seed meal on growth performance, blood biochemical indices, and digestive enzymes activities of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).Materials and Methods: This study was run at one of the rainbow trout production farms in Ortekand, Kalat of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Three hundred sixty rainbow trout fingerlings (≈ 2.30g) were stocked in the 18 tanks for 63 days. Water physicochemical parameters of rearing unit were measured weekly. Diets were formulated according to NRC standards by the using of UFFDA software. Sesame seed meal was fermented (FSM) by the Neurospora intermedia fungus with inoculation level of 106 CFU g-1. For sampling and analysis, three fish were chosen randomly from each tank and their plasma samples were preserved at -80°C for next steps. Data analysis was performed using of SPSS version 22, using ANOVA test and mean comparisons was conducted by Duncan’s multiple range. The Broken line regression was done for further analysis. Blood biochemistry was measured by the usage of common kits (Zist Azma Chemical Co.) via ELISA method. Immune responses were measured according to methods described by Neissi et al. (2013). Chemical analysis was done according to protocols described in AOAC and glucosamine by methods described by Zheng and Shetty, 1998. Growth performance and nutritional efficiency indices calculated according to models were used in order to determine the optimum inclusion level of dietary FSM.Results and Discussion: After 63 days of feeding trial, the highest values of final weight (54.26 g), specific growth rate (SGR; 4.95 % body weight day-1), protein efficiency ratio (PER; 2.86), and protein productive value (PPV; 49.23%) and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.11) were observed in the rainbow trout fed the diet containing 50% fishmeal substituted level with FSM (p<0.05). With an increment in the fishmeal substitution with FSM from 10 to 100%, the activities of total immunoglobulin, complement, and lysozyme showed increasing trends (p<0.05). The lowest contents of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride were measured in the plasma of fish fed the diet containing 100 % fishmeal substituted with FSM (p<0.05). Based on the broken line regression model, the dietary fishmeal substitution level (%) with FSM for maximum growth (SGR) and weight gain values and the best FCR value of rainbow trout were estimated to be 66.64%, 72.78%, and 71.84%, respectively. These results may be due to the effects of fermentation process on sesame meal and improvement in its palatability, increase of bioactive peptides contents, enhancing apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, and reduction of anti-nutritional factors contents. The fermentation process enhanced nutritional and functional properties of original product. Also, the presence of sesamin, one of sesame lignan may has played a role in reducing plasma cholesterol and LDL levels. Furthermore, increase in bioactive peptides after fermentation could act as antimicrobial agents by stimulating or suppressing some immune responses or by interacting with microbial host invaders.Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study indicated that replacing 50% of fermented sesame meal instead of fishmeal in the diet of rainbow trout fingerlings (≈ 2.30 g) lead to further improvement of growth performance indices and feeding efficiency such as final weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, and protein production value, etc. In the investigation of plamsa biochemical and immunity indices, in most cases the replacement level in the range of 50-100% has shown favorable results compared to that of fed the control diet. Finally, based on the obtained results, it is recommended to replace 50% of fishmeal with fermented sesame meal in the diet of this fish. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر جایگزینی مقادیر مختلف کنجاله تخمیری کنجد با پودر ماهی در جیره غذایی به نسبت 10، 20، 30، 50 و 100 درصد بر عملکرد رشد، شاخص­های بیوشیمی خون و ایمنی ماهی قزل‌آلای رنگین کمان با میانگین وزن اولیه 06/0 ± 30/2 گرم انجام شد. ماهیان پس از 63 روز تغذیه با جیره حاوی 50 درصد پودر ماهی جایگزین شده با کنجاله تخمیری کنجد، بالاترین وزن نهایی (26/54 گرم)، نرخ رشد ویژه (95/4 درصد وزن بدن در روز)، نسبت کارآیی پروتئین (86/2)، ارزش تولیدی پروتئین (23/49) و بهترین ضریب تبدیل غذایی (11/1) را از خود نشان دادند. با افزایش جایگزینی کنجاله تخمیری کنجد از 10 به 100 درصد، فعالیت ایمونوگلوبولین تام و آنزیم لیزوزیم در ماهیان روند افزایشی نشان داد. کمترین غلظت کلسترول تام و لیپوپروتئین با چگالی کم و تری گلیسیرید در پلاسمای ماهیان تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی 100 درصد پودر ماهی جایگزین شده با کنجاله تخمیری کنجد به‌دست آمد. براساس مدل رگرسیون خط شکسته، سطح بهینه جایگزینی پودر ماهی جیره (درصد) با کنجاله تخمیری کنجد برای رسیدن به حداکثر رشد، وزن نهایی و بهترین ضریب تبدیل غذایی در ماهی قزل‌آلای رنگین کمان به‌ترتیب 64/66 ، 78/72 و 84/71 درصد برآورد شد. به‌طور کلی، براساس نتایج، این آزمایش می‌توان از کنجاله تخمیری کنجد در سطح 50 درصد به‌عنوان جایگزین پودر ماهی در جیره غذایی قزل‌آلای رنگین کمان بدون اثرات منفی بر عملکرد رشد، شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی خون و فعالیت آنزیم­های گوارشی استفاده کرد. https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_48666_811cf46d61c9ae564bf7fa4b5abc639b.pdf