ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Rosa Canina Extract on Microscopic, Biochemical Parameters and Seminal Plasma Enzymes after Freeze-Thawing Process
Introduction Semen cryopreservation has detrimental effects on sperm cell organelles, including cell membranes, mitochondria, and DNA due to the increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the sperm cell membranes is caused by high levels of ROS produced during the freezing-thawing process. This problematic condition causes decreased sperm motility, membrane integrity, increased metabolic changes and, ultimately, decreased fertility of the sperm. The addition of antioxidant compounds to the semen extender before semen cryopreservation can decrease ROS levels and their deleterious effects on spermatozoa. This study was conducted to assess the antioxidant effect of different levels of Rosa canina extract on microscopic and biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities of Ghezel ram semen after freezing-thawing process.
Materials and Methods Semen samples were collected from five Ghezel rams. Ejaculates were collected twice a week. To eliminate individual effects, ejaculates containing sperm with >80% progressive motility, volume of 0.75-2 mL, sperm concentrations greater than 3×109 sperm/mL and sperm abnormalities of less than 10% were pooled. Different concentrations of Rosa canina extract (0, 100, 150, 200 μL/mL) were added into the tris-egg yolk based diluent. After processing and freezing, the samples were stored in liquid nitrogen until the time of evaluation. Sperm motility characteristics were analyzed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Sperm motility parameters including total motility, progressive motility, average path velocity, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, linearity, straightness, amplitude of lateral head displacements and beat/cross frequency of sperm, viability, membrane integrity, sperm abnormalities, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated after thawing. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure. Tukey–Kramer test were used to determine the significance differences between the experimental treatments. Significant differences were reported at the level of 5 percent.
Results and Discussion The results of lipid peroxidation (LPO) measurements show that adding 100 μl / ml Rosa canina extract to the diluent medium reduced the amount of malondialdehyde, which was not significant in comparison to the control group. This could be indicative of the beneficial effect of Rosa canina extract to reduce the process of lipid peroxidation of the sperm membrane. The results showed no significant difference in malondialdehyde and morphology of sperm in treatments containing Rosa canina extract compared to the control group. The addition of Rosa canina extract was not significantly effect in morphology and structure of sperms compared to the control group. However, the percentage of abnormal sperms decreased at levels of 100 and 150 μL/mL compared to the control group. The addition of 150 μL/mL of Rosa canina extract significantly improved the viability and plasma membrane integrity of sperms after freezing-thawing compared to the control and other treatment groups (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35926_260cd58f9ca6d8419ffaa88ac953d0b6.pdf
2017-09-23
387
399
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.57054
Antioxidant
Diluent
Freeze-thawing
Ram sperm
Rosa canina extract
Samira
Razavian
semrazavian@gmail.com
1
University of Tabriz
AUTHOR
Hossein
Daghigh Kia
daghighkia@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Ira
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abozar
Najafi
abozar.najafi@yahoo.com
3
University of Tabriz
AUTHOR
Hossein
Vaseghi Dodran
h.vaseghi28@yahoo.com
4
Tabriz
AUTHOR
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Glucogenic and Lipogenic Diets on Blood Serum Concentration of Energy Biomarkers in Female Baloochi Lambs
Introduction Recently, dietary balance of glucogenic and lipogenic nutrients is known as an important factor on severity of the NEB and metabolic disorders in transition dairy ruminants. Insulin plays a central role in metabolism by stimulating utilization of glucose in peripheral tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue and by promoting accumulation of glycogen and lipid reserves. In this study the main hypothesis was that plasma insulin concentration would be influenced by dietary quantity and quality of starch and fat. In different studies in dairy cows, insulin was increased by diets with high starch content and was decreased by diets with high fat content, although increased insulin concentrations were found when supplementary fat increased energy intake. Blood concentrations of NEFA, BHBA, Glucose, insulin, cholesterol, AST and the quantity of RQUICKI were assigned to detect the insulin sensitivity in dairy cows. This experiment was aimed to study the dietary fat concentration and starch degradability effects on insulin resistance in ruminants in equal energy diet, using Baluchi sheep.
Materials and methods Twenty and eight female Baluchi lamb with 14.9 ± 2.3 wk of age and 26.3 ± 4.6 kg of BW were assigned to 4 treatments in completely randomized design with 2×2 factorial arrangement and fed 4 rations; 1) without tallow-corn (glucogenic-corn), 2) without tallow-barley (glucogenic-barley), 3) tallow-corn (lipogenic-corn) and 4) tallow-barley (lipogenic-barley), for 9 weeks. Experimental TMR rations were formulated with 60% concentrate and 40% alfalfa according to the AFRC, 1993. Lambs had free access to clean water and feed through individual boxes. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and fasting blood sampling were detected weekly. Blood sampling were sampled by the 6ml tubes (Gel/Clot activator, GD060SGC, Zhejiang Gongdong Medical Technology Co., Ltd), then Serums were reserved in the -800C until blood metabolites detection. Statistical analysis was performed by SAS (9.1) software.
Results and discussion Experimental diets was not affected on average feed intake of lambs, but body weight gain and feed efficiency in week 4 to 8, affected by fat × cereal interaction and they were highest in lipogenic-corn treatment and feed efficiency was correlated with serum glucose concentration (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35936_2905d96c90e69afb32ed5f54eca8ff3f.pdf
2017-09-23
269
283
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.36610
barley
corn
Feed efficiency
Insulin sensitivity
Tallow
Abbas Ali
Naserian
naserian@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Valizadeh
valizadeh@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Nassiry
nassiryr@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Green Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Pods Phenolic Components and Their Effects on in Vitro Ruminal Digestibility and in Vitro Gas Production
Introduction Agricultural by-products are the main feed sources for feeding livestock under conditions of feed restriction. However, phenolic compounds and tannins may limit use of some of them. Optimum utilization of agricultural by-products, needs adequate information about the animals needs, and access to nutritious feed used by livestockin order to determine the nutritional value and palatability, as well as limiting factors in feed such as phenolic compounds. Byproduct after harvesting peas (green peas) that have been manually extracted and separated parts of the stems, leaves and seed pods devoid of green. The green beans for the purposes of human nutrition and food preparation and consumption of the fresh green can be separated. In this study, the empty pods of green pea plants were considered. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effects of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) pods tannins and phenolic compounds on in vitro ruminal, post-ruminal digestibility using laboratory methods.
Materials and Methods In order to to determine the chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradability of green pea pod cell wall, nylon bag and test gas technique were applied. After preparation of green peas and isolating pods and drying, chemical composition analysis for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were done as AOAC. The total phenolic content was estimated by Folin Ciocalteu method. Feed tested due to tannins substance and study its effect on the fermentation and gas production were processed and stained with levels 200 (one the weight of a sample), 400 (twice the weight of the sample) and 600 (three times the weight of sample) mg polyethylene powder glycol (Merck, MW = 6000). Effect of polyethylene glycol on the pH, methane (ml per 200 mg feed), and the number of protozoa in the rumen fluid per milliliter at 24 h of incubation green pea pods were studied. The obtained data were analyzed in a completely randomized design.
Results and Discussion The results of chemical composition analysis for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were 87.53, 10.03, 2.5, 79.49, 8.04, 40.31 and 23.69 percent, respectively. Determination of rumen digestibility done by Holden method in digestion bottle and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, dry organic matter digestibility (DOMD) and metabolizable energy were 81.06, 80.46,73,98 and 11.61, respectively. Amount of gas production recorded for 2,4,8.12,24,48,72 and 96 times after incubation and fermentation parameters with gas production (ml/200mgDM), in vitro organic matter digestibility(%DM), metabolizable energy (MJ/kg DM), NEL(MJ/kg DM) and short chain fatty acids (mmol/200mgDM) calculated. By treating and supplementation of this feed by PEG significant difference was not observed for gas amount of soluble fraction, insoluble fraction, and the total gas production from soluble and insoluble fractions of green pea pods. In this study after 24 h of incubation pH differences among different treatments was not significant. Total protozoa counted in significant differences between treatments (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35951_07c2b6223e04706ba8e28d15623b7939.pdf
2017-09-23
284
299
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.59008
chemical composition
digestibility
Gas production
Green pea pod
Tannin
Non-forage fiber
Jamal
Seifdavati
jseifdavati@uma.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
zahra
Islami
islami.z155@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hossein
Abdi Benamar
abdibenemar@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
AUTHOR
Farzad
Mirzaei Aghjeh gheshlagh
f_mirzaei@uma.ac.ir
4
Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
AUTHOR
Reza
Seyedsharifi
reza_seyedsharifi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of the Accuracy of Estimated QTL Effect on Marker Assisted Selection Response Considering the Dominance Deviation
Introduction During years genetic improvement of economically important traits, which are amongst polygenic traits, has been based on the estimation of breeding values i.e. the total heritable effects of genes, based on pedigree and phenotypic records. This approach had limitations such as being time consuming and demanding massive phenotypic information. Nowadays, high throughput genomic technologies are available that provide genotypes of dense markers across genome towards estimating breeding values more accurately. Accurate estimation of allelic and genotypic effects of markers in linkage with QTLs needs a lot of phenotypic observations which is not always available in practice. Therefore, the amount of error of estimated QTL effect could be high. Further, the distribution of the effects of genes controlling traits might be non-non-normal. In case of overlooking these facts, the predicted genetic progress can be erroneous. The objective of this study was to find the influence of the accuracy of QTL effect estimation, considering the dominance deviation, on marker assisted selection response.
Materials and Methods A base population of 1000 unrelated, non-inbred individuals was simulated according to a trait with heritability of 0.1 and 0.3. The trait was affected by residual polygenic and QTL with additive effect associated with 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 standard errors and complete or incomplete dominance effect. The genotypic effects of the three QTL genotypes were a, d and –a, respectively for dominant homozygotes, heterozygotes and recessive homozygotes. The QTL had two alleles and the dominance deviation was considered either equal to or half of the genotypic effect a. The population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The polygenic variance was calculated as the difference between total additive genetic variance and QTL variance. Residual variance was equal to the difference between phenotypic variance and total additive genetic variance. Two selection was employed; one with polygenes and marker information, and the other one with polygenic variance without marker information. The difference between mean of selected group and the population mean was considered as response to selection. The selection response calculated by truncation selection based on the performance of top 20% with and without using QTL information over 500 repetitions.
Results and Discussion The results showed higher response for marker assisted selection compared to conventional selection without marker information, but it also showed the presence of dominance effect for QTL effect associated with estimation errors leads to decrease in marker assisted selection response. The superiority of genetic progress with marker assisted selection is proportional to the QTL variance contributing to the total genetic variance. Increasing standard error of QTL effect to 10 and 20 percent, led to lower genetic response to selection. When the contribution of QTL variance in total genetic variance is higher, with high levels of standard error of QTL effect, the response to selection was even lower than response to selection without marker information. Complete dominance further decreased the genetic response compared to incomplete dominance. This is because the genetic variance is more influenced by the dominance variance in case of complete dominance.
Conclusion This study showed that QTL information may be used in practical selection programs when estimated parameters are of high accuracy to be used in practical selection programs. Estimating QTL effects with error causes that selection response would be even lower than polygenic selection if the associated error rate is high. Estimated effects of genes controlling quantitative traits should have less error rate in order to be used in breeding programs.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35943_c70542d29a867fb1be1fe40db5866850.pdf
2017-09-23
357
362
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.36829
Dominance deviation
Marker assisted selection
QTL
Mojtaba
Tahmoorespur
m_tahmoorespur@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
nasiredin
moghadar
moghadar@yahoo.com
2
University of New England, Armidale, Australia
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism(s) in Part of LEP Gene and Investigation of their Effects on Carcass Traits in Afshari and Afshari×Booroola Merino Sheep
Abstract
Introduction Leptin is a 16 kDa protein produced by adipocytes. This protein controls appetite, energy balance, efficiency of production and distribution of fat storage in the body and therefore plays an important role in regulating body weight and growth in mammals. LEP gene in sheep (NC_019461) located on 4th chromosomes and has 16275 bp in length and contains 3 exons and 2 introns. The resulting protein contains 193 amino acids (the length of coding region is 579 bp). So far in this gene, 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region were reported that seven of them are synonyms and the rest are missense. The entire exon 3 is containing 357 bp in length that starts from nucleotide 13544 till nucleotide 13903. This exon comprise 119 (or 118) codons, seven missense and a synonymous SNPs from this area of the gene is reported till now. Different alleles of this gene may lead to different phenotypic effects.
Material and Methods The aim of this study was to identify alleles of the gene in exon 3. For this purpose, 133 lambs from a flock at almost the same age in three groups of Afshari pure breed and B1 and B4 of Afshari × Booroola Merino male lambs were used. Afshari sheep is one of the heavy weight sheep in Iran, which is important breed in terms of meat production. It has notable twinning rate and birth weight, growth rate and weaning weight is remarkable compared with other breeds of sheep in this country. Given the potential of this breed suitable for the production of meat, it can play an important role in production of red meat in the area. To increase productivity of this breed, FecB gene from Booroola Merino sheep was introgressed to this breed of sheep in University of Zanjan in 2007. Following the introgression of the gene (FecB) to Afshari breed Afshari- Booroola Merino crosses as a new genetic combinations was developed. This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in exon 3 of Leptin gene and its association with carcass treats in male Afshari and cross lambs. First, blood samples of all the animals were taken and phenotypic measurements on live animals were done and then 85 lambs were slaughtered. After slaughter, carcass weight was measured and after 24 hours maintaining in cold, weight of carcass, thigh, shoulder, lion muscle, back fat and waste (tail, back and visceral fat) were measured. Estimation of the carcass traits in non-slaughtered lambs, were accomplished using regression coefficients achieved before. DNA was extracted using phenol-chloroform procedure from all the samples. Then, using designed primers, the target DNA was amplified and PCR products of a number of samples were directly sequenced to identify potential SNP(s). The sequencing data were analyzed and two SNPs were detected in samples. Thereafter, all the samples were genotyped by RFLP using two restriction enzymes Hpa II and AIwNI. The association of genotypes with phenotypic and carcass traits were studied.
Result and Discussion According to this study results, one of the polymorphism was identified in nucleotide position 13713. All three genotypes of this; GG, GA and AA were observed in studied samples. This missense polymorphism led to amino acid arginine/glutamine change at codon 142 and had a significant effect on the back fat thickness and withers height. The second polymorphism observed in the nucleotide (G> A13875) and two GG and GA genotypes were found in the samples. This polymorphism also had the same amino acid changes at codon 196 and associated with body length (with probability close to significant level). The frequency of GG genotype in both SNP was higher than other genotypes. This genotype is the genotype of the reference sequence in biological data bases. The alleles locating in 13713 bp in the studied population were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. But alleles of the 13875 location were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequency of each SNP was significantly different in genetic groups. In location of 13713, the most frequent mutation allele (A) and the lowest frequency of this allele was observed in genetic group B4 and Afshari group respectively. In location 13875, Afshari group had the highest frequency of the mutant allele and B1 had the lowest frequency.
Conclusion In general, in this study polymorphisms were found out in exon 3 of the leptin gene which has been found in previous studies and sheep SNP projects and have been reported previously in biological databases. Based on the results obtained and the variations observed in some previous studies, if the changes associated with these traits be confirmed in next studies, these polymorphisms could be used in marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35958_97ab5f83d70d21aa711cfb299a059cbf.pdf
2017-09-23
363
375
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.57781
Afshari sheep
Carcass quality
Leptin
Multiple births
SNP
Rahimeh
Sepehri
sepehri_r@znu.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Sadegh
Alijani
sad-ali@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Jalil
Shoja Ghias
shojae_dj@hotmail.com
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Taher
Harkinezhad
taher.harkinezhad@znu.ac.ir
4
Department of Animal Science, Zanjan Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saied Abbas
Rafat
5
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Barzehkar, R., A. Salehi, and F. Mahjoubi. 2009. Polymorphisms of the Ovine Leptin Gene and its Association with Growth and Carcass Traits in Three Iranian Sheep Breeds. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 241-6. (In Persian).
1
2- Boucher, D., M. Palin., F. Castonguay., C. Gariepy, and F. Pothier. 2006. Detection of polymorphisms in the ovine leptin (LEP) gene: Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism with muscle growth and meat quality traits. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 86: 31-5.
2
3- Buchanan, F. C., C. J. Fitzsimmons., A. G. Van Kessel., T. D. Thue., D. C. Winkelman-Sim, and S. M. Schmutz. 2002. Association of a missense mutation in the bovine leptin gene with carcass fat content and leptin mRNA levels. Genetics Selection Evolution, 34: 105-16.
3
4- Cauveri, D., S. Sivaselvam., S. Karthickeyan., K. Tirumurugaan, and K. Kumanan. 2014. Allelic polymorphysm of exon3 of leptin gene in nilagiri sheep identified by sequencing and PCR-RFLP. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 3: 951- 5.
4
5- De, S., M. MacNeil., X. Wu., J. Michal., Q. Xiao., M. Garcia., K. Griffin., C. Gaskins., J. Reeves, and J. Busboom. 2004. Detection of quantitative trait loci for marbling and backfat in Wagyu x Limousin B1 crosses using a candidate gene approach. Journal of Animal Science Supplement, 82(2): 111-114.
5
6- Fitzsimmons, C.J., S. M. Schmutz., R. D. Bergen, and J. J. McKinnon. 1998. A potential association between the BM 1500 microsatellite and fat deposition in beef cattle. Mammalian Genome, 9: 432-434.
6
7- Houseknecht, K .L., C. A. Baile., R. L. Matteri, and M. E. Spurlock. 1998. The biology of leptin: a review. Journal of Animal Science, 76: 1405-1420.
7
8- Huang, D. l., R. J. Chen., Z. P. Yang., Y. J. Mao., Y. L. Li., D. J. Tian., L. Chen, an X. Y. Zhao. 2008. Analysis on associations of SNPs of leptin gene with growth traits in four sheep breeds. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 12: 002 (Abstract).
8
9- Jonas, E., G. Martin., P. Celi., L. Li., M. Soattin., P. Thomson, and H. Raadsma. 2016. Association of polymorphisms in leptin and leptin receptor genes with circulating leptin concentrations, production and efficiency traits in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 136: 78-86.
9
10- Khaldari, M. 2014. The basic of sheep and goat farming (Osoole parvaresh goosfand va boaz). Tehran Jihaad daneshgahi, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
10
11- Khorramtaie, R., M. Nezamabadi., T. Harkinezhad., M. P. Eskandari nasab., M. H. Shahir, and D. Salimi. 2012. Evaluation of directly and ultrasound measurements of muscle and back fat for prediction of Carcass traits of live animals in Afshari sheep. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research. 22(2): 161-171. (In Persian).
11
12- Mahmoud, A., A. Saleh., F. Abou-Tarboush., T. Shafey, and M. Abouheif. 2014c. Nucleotide sequence polymorphism within exon 3 region of leptin and prolactin genes in Herri sheep. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 9: 69-72.
12
13- Mahmoud, A., A. Saleh., N. Almealamah., F. Abou-tarboush., R. Aljumaah., T. Shafey, and M. Abouheif. 2014. Molecular Characterization of Leptin Exon 3 gene in sheep of Saudi Arabia. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 9: 32-35.
13
14- Roh, S. G., D. Hishikawa., Y. H. Hong, and S. Sasaki. 2006. Control of adipogenesis in ruminants. Animal Science Journal, 77: 472-477.
14
15- Smithz, M., H. Dolezal., R. Gill, and B. Behrens. 1992. Evaluation of Ultrasound for Prediction of Carcass Fat Thickness and Longissimus Muscle Area in Feedlot Steers1. Journal of Animal Science, 70(1): 29-37.
15
16- Stone, R., S. Kappes, and C. Beattie. 1996. The bovine homolog of the obese gene maps to chromosome 4. Mammalian Genome, 7: 399-400.
16
17- Zhou, H., J. G. Hickford, and H. Gong. 2009. Identification of allelic polymorphism in the ovine leptin gene. Molecular Biotechnology, 41: 22-25.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Replacement of Mung bean (Vigna radiate) Straw with Wheat Straw or Corn Silage on Performance, Rumen fermentation and Blood Parameters of Finishing Male Lambs
Introduction Animal nutrition, accounted as significant portion of the animal husbandry costs. Dry and semi-arid climate and lack of rainfall in Iran has caused difficulty in preparation of inexpensive feed for ruminant animals. Therefore, one way to overcome limitation of forage resources and the high cost of livestock feeds is use of agricultural by products such as mung bean straw or other unconventional sources of the feed. Irrigated cultivation of mung bean in Iran distributed in Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Isfahan, Fars, Khuzestan and northern provinces, and rainfed cultivation in the foothills of Gorgan. Most nutritional studies, conducted with the mung bean, but just few studies have been done on its straw. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to finding the effects of mung bean straw on digestion and sheep fattening performance when it was replaced by wheat straw or low grain-corn silage in diet of Arabic lambs.
Materials and Methods After determining the appropriate level of replacing mung bean straw with wheat straw and corn silage using the in vitro two steps digestion method, in the second step of study the lambs, fed selected diets from first step, included: diet without mung bean straw (control ration), 100% replacing of mung bean straw with wheat straw (diet 1), 25% and 50% replacing of mung bean straw by corn silage (diets 2 and 3, respectively) as a completely randomized design. For determination of nutrients digestibility, the amount of feed intake, ort and fecal excretion was recorded. In order to estimate blood and rumen fermentation parameters, and rumen protozoa population count at the end of the experiment, rumen fluid and blood was taken from the lambs after the morning feeding. The weight of lambs was recorded at initial, final of experiment, also every fifteen days. Feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency was calculated.
Results and Discussion The result of first step, determining the appropriate level of digestibility, was showed that there is no difference between the experimental diets for nutrients digestibility. According to the in vitro results, amount of feed intake was different between rations and in diets containing mung bean straw (diets 1 and 3 exception 2) was more than the control, diet 1 had the highest nutrients digestibility. The experimental diets had no effect on blood and rumen parameters. There was no significant difference between the diets for the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in whole period of study. About 30-40% of rumen microbial digestion of fiber, done by protozoa population, also 34% from cellulolytic activity of the rumen is belonging to the protozoa. The fiber degradability significantly decreases by defaunation of rumen, so it is possible that more digestibilities of NDF and ADF in the diet containing 100% replacement of mung bean straw by wheat straw (diet 1) was related to more rumen protozoa population of this diet. Also, lower amount of pH, even non significant, in control diet, no. 2 and 3, may be caused to decrease their digestibility, because proper growth of cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa take place in pH 6.7 and when pH falls under 6.2, the significant decreases in digestibility of fiber will be happened and fiber decreasing continued by falling of pH. In the other hand, rumen protozoa have the ability for stabilizing the rumen pH, which is probably due to the rapid digestion of starch and stored by ciliated protozoan. So, perhaps the more population of fiber digester strains such as Entodinium in diet 1 improves its digestibility.
Conclusion Therefore, according to the results of present study, there were no difference in the finishing performance and nutrients digestibility of lambs, also these traits were even better in some cases such as feed intake (0-45 day), gain (0-15 and 0-30 day) and feed conversion ratio (0-15 day), so the use of mung bean straw because of its abundance and relatively cheapness at the particular season of the year, the replacement of it by wheat straw or low grain-corn silage in the feeding of lambs is recommended.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35972_4f0a8f18fc92d847af89238751ce8f87.pdf
2017-09-23
300
313
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.52536
ammonia nitrogen
Daily gain
digestibility
Feed Conversion Ratio
Rumen protozoa
Iman
Mehramiri
iman.mehramiri@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Morteza
Chaji
mortezachaji@yahoo.com
2
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saleh
Tabatabaei Vakili
s_tabatabaei58@yahoo.com
3
Faculty of Animal Sciences, Ramin Khuzestan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Malasani, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Tahereh
Mohammadabadi
t.mohammadabadi.t@gmail.com
4
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Sari
mohsensari@gmail.com
5
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
1- AOAC. Intenational. 2012. Official Method of Analysis. 19th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
1
2- Bannink, A., and A. Tamming. 2005. Rumen Function. Pages 263-270 in Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism. J. Dijkstra., J. M. Forbes and J. France. CABI Publishing, UK.
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3- Bonhomme, A. 1990. Rumen ciliate: their metabolism and relationship with bacteria and their hosts. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 30: 203-266.
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4- Broderick, G. A., and J. H. Kang. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64–75.
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5- Chaji, M. 2014. Applied animal nutrition, feed and feeding. Norbakhsh. Tehran. (In Persian)
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6- Chen, Z, and H. Sayfert. 2004. An energy rich diet Causes rumen papilla proliferation associated with more IGF type1 receptors and increased plasma IGF-1 concentration in young goat. Journal of Nutrition, 134: 11-17
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7- Dahmardeh, M., and Kh. Rigi. 2013. Evaluate the performance and quality of forage intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and green mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Iranian crop science, 44(1): 159-168. (In Persian)
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8- Davidson, S., B. A. Hopkins., D. E. Diaz., S. M. Bolt., C. Brownie., V. Fellner, and L. W. Whitlow. 2003. Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 1681–1689.
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9- Dehority, B. A. 2003. Rumen Microbiology. Academic Press, London.
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10- Du, L. 2008. Hull, frolic acid, para-coumaric acid content and particle size characteristics of various barely variation in relation to nutrient availability ruminants. MSc Thesis. University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada.
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11- Dukes, H. H. 1996. Physiology of Domestic Animals. 11th ed. Ithaca and London.
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12- El Shaer, H. M. 2010. Halophytes and salt-tolerant plants as potential forage for ruminants in the Near East region. A Review. Small Ruminant Research, 91: 3–12.
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13- FAO, 2009. How to Feed the World in 2050. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
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14- Galindo, J., A. Elias., R. Piedra, and O. Lezcano. 1990. The effect of some zeolite components on the rumen microbial activity of silage diets. Cuban Journal Agriculture Science, 24: 187-195.
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15- Hristov, A. N., M. Ivan., L. M. Rode, and T. A. McAllister. 2001. Fermentation characteristics and rumen ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed medium or high barley based diets. Journal of Animal Science, 79: 515-524
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16- Kammes, K. L., and M. S. Allen. 2012. Nutrient demand interacts with forage family to affect digestion responses in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95: 3269–3287.
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17- Lotfi-noghabi, R., Y. Rozbehan. 2012. The in vitro organic matter digestibility of pistachio hull using rumen fluid in Taleshi sheep. 2012. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 42: 231-237. (In Persian).
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18- Majnoun-Hosseini, N. 1996. Grain legume in Iran. Tehran Jihad Daneshgahi press, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
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19- Makkar, H. P. S. 2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49: 241–256.
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20- McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards., J. F. D. Greenhalgh., C. A. Morgan., L. A. Sinclair, and R. G. Wilkinson. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th ed. Pearson press, Canada.
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21- NRC, 2007. Nutritional Requirements of Small Ruminants. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
21
22- Ogimoto, K., and S. Imai. 1981. Atlas of Rumen Microbiology. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
22
23- Parsa, M, and A. Bagheri. 2008. Legumes. Mashhad Jihad daneshgahi press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).
23
24- Pond, W. G., D. C. Church., K. R. Pond, and P. A. Schoknecht. 2005. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. 5th ed. John Wiley and Son, Inc. USA.
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25- Radostits, O. M, and D. C. Blood, and C. C. Gay. 2005. Veterinary Medicine. 9th. Bailliere Tindall, London.
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26- Rahimi, A., A. A. Naserian., R. Valizadeh., A. M. Tahmasbi, and A. R. Shahdadi. 2013. Effects of replacing different levels of alfalfa hay with pistachio hull on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentative parameters, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in Balochi male lambs. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 5(3): 190-200. (In Persian).
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27- Ramin, A. G., A. Aghazadeh, and T. Karamian. 2007. Evaluate the relationship between dietary protein and energy with milk urea and lactose, and blood glucose and urea in lactating ewes. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 4(3): 24-32. (In Persian).
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28- Sallam, S. M. A., M. E. A. Nasser., A. M. EI-Waziry., I. C. S. Bueno, and A. L. Abdalla. 2007. Use of an in vitro rumen gas production technique to evaluate some ruminant feedstuffs. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3: 34-42.
28
29- MJA, 2014. Annual Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. Available at http:\\www.maj.ir. (In Persian).
29
30- Tilley, J. M. A, and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two stage technique for the in digestion of forage crops. British Grassland Society, 18: 104-111.
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31- VanSoest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583– 3597.
31
32- Williams, A. G, and S. E. Withers. 1993. Changes in the rumen microbial populations and its activities during the refaunation period after the reintroduction of ciliate protozoa into the rumen of defaunated sheep. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 31: 61-69.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Urea-Molasses Block Enriched with Monensin on Performance and Some Blood and Rumen Parameters of Mehraban Male Lambs
Introduction Feed supplements can improve nutritional value of ruminant’s diet. According to many studies, urea molasses-mineral block (UMMB) is a good source of easily available nitrogen and fermentable energy and its usage causes nitrogen and energy available for rumen microorganisms simultaneously and improves feed efficiency especially in low quality feeds. Increased dry matter intake is reported when UMMB was included in the diet of buffalo. It was observed that increasing digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF in cows by using UMMB. Also better availability of fermentable energy for rumen microorganisms was seen. Monensin, as a feed additive through the manipulation of rumen fermentation, increases feed efficiency in ruminants. This substance selectively inhibits gram-positive bacteria, thereby impacting ruminant metabolism by increasing efficiency of energy metabolism, improving nitrogen metabolism, and reducing bloat and lactic acidosis risk. Monensin may provide an additional energetic benefit from enhanced forage digestibility. In order to evaluate the effect of UMMB enriched with monensin on performance, digestibility, and some blood and rumen parameters in male lambs, two experiments were conducted in a factorial arrangement as a completely randomized design.
Materials and Methods Ingredients used to manufacture UMMB were cotton seed meal (21%), wheat bran (19.7%), urea (2.5%), molasses (43.3%), calcite (3.4%), mineral supplement (4.2%) and common salt (5.9%). In the first experiment, 24 male lambs with 7-8 month age were randomly divided into 4 groups including 1) concentrate mixture and forage, 2) concentrate mixture and forage + 30 ppm monensin, 3) concentrate mixture and forage (85%) and UMMB without monensin (15%), and 4) concentrate mixture and forage (85%) and UMMB enriched with monensin (15%). During the experimental period (70 days), dry matter intake and body weight gain were measured daily and fourth nightly, respectively. Blood and rumen fluid samples were taken on days 68 and 69, respectively, 3 hours after the morning feeding. For the second experiment, 4 lambs from each treatment were randomly selected and transferred to metabolic cages to determine the effects of UMMB and monensin on nutrients digestibility and nitrogen retention. Data were analyzed as a 2×2 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design using the GLM procedure of SAS (1999).
Results and Discussion The results showed that UMMB increased dry matter intake, daily weight gain and decreased feed conversion ratio (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35996_243fe7edaf7b319eeeb9663ab2cb9500.pdf
2017-09-23
314
327
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.58194
digestibility
Mehraban lamb
Monensin
Nitrogen retention
Urea molasses block
Hassan
Aliarabi
h_aliarabi@yahoo.com
1
Bu-Ali Sina University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Mahdi
Tabatabai
m_tabatabai@basu.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Puya
Zamani
zamani.p@gmail.com
3
Bu-ali Sina University
AUTHOR
Sepideh
Afrouzi
kzaboli@yahoo.com
4
Bu-Ali Sina University
AUTHOR
Khalil
Zaboli
khzaboli@gmail.com
5
Bu-Ali Sina University
AUTHOR
1- AOAC. Intenational. 2012. Official Method of Analysis. 19th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
1
2- Badawy, S. A., M. Younis., M. R. Shalash., M. F. Nawito., A. S. Mansour, and M. A. Wasfey. 1996. Effect of monensin on metabolic profile testing in buffalo heifer. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science, 30: 27-41.
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5- Bheekhee, H., B. Holman., A. A. Boodoo., R. K. Ramnauth., R. L. H. Yuen., R. Fakim, and B. Dobee. 2002. Development and field evaluation of animals feed supplementation packages for improving meat and milk production in ruminant livestock using locally available feed resources. Page 111 in Proc. final review meeting of an IAEA technical cooperation regional AFRA project IAEA-Te CDOC-1294, Egypt.
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7- Cronje, P. B., J. V. Nolan, and R. A. Leng. 1991. Acetate clearance rate as a potential index of the availability of glycogenic precursor in ruminants fed on roughage based diet. British Journal of Nutrition, 66(2): 301-312.
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9- Dona, R. J., B. W. Piyatilak., D. J. Dinesh, and C. M. Deshani. 2013. Effects of supplementation of urea-molasses multi nutrient block (UMMB) on the performance of dairy cows fed good quality forage based diets with rice straw as a night feeding. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science, 40(2): 123-129.
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12- Hadjipanayiotou, M., L. Verhaeghe., M. Aleen., A. R. Kroufoleh., L. M. labban., A. Shurbaji., M. Al-Wadi., M. Dassonki., B. Shenkar, and M. Amin. 1993. Urea block 1. Methodology of block making of different formulae tested in Syria. Livestock Resources for Rural Development, 5(3): 6-15.
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13- Haimoud, D. A., C. Bayourth., R. Moncoulen, and M. Vernay. 1996. Avoparcin and monensin effects on digestive function in cows fed on high forage diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 70(2):181-189.
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14- Kamra, D. N., N. Agarwal., L. C. Chaudhary., A. Sahoo, and N. N. Pathak. 1997. Effect of feeding probiotic (Lactic acid producing bacteria) on the growth of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of crossbred calves. Page 130 in Proc. VIII Animal Nutrition Research Worker's Conference, Chennai, India.
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15- Mohini, M. 1991. Effect of urea molasses mineral block supplementation to straw based diet on fiber digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization and growth in buffalo calves. PhD Thesis, NDRI. Karnal.
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16- Michael, G. W., C. A. Don., D. W. Joe., M. L. Galyean, and D. V. Jerry. 1990. Supplementation and monensin effects on digesta kinetics II. Cattle grazing winter range. Journal of Range Management, 43(5): 378-382.
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17- Mubi, A. A., I. D. Mohammed, and A. Kibon. 2013. Effects of multi nutrient blocks supplementation on the performance of Yankasa sheep fed with basal diet of rice straw in the dry season of Guinea Savanna region of Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5(4): 172-178.
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19- Ramanzin, M., L. Bailoni., S. Sachiavon, and G. Bittante. 1997. Effect of monensin on milk production and efficiency of dairy cows fed two diets differing in forage to concentrate ration. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(6): 1136-1142.
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24- Starness, S. R., J. W. Spears., M. A. Froetschel, and W. J. J. Croom. 1984. Influence of monensin and lasalocid on mineral metabolism and ruminal urease activity in steers. Journal of Nutrition, 114(3): 518-525.
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25- Toppo, S., A. K. Verma., R. S. Dass, and U. R. Mehra. 1997. Nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern in crossbred cattle fed different planes of nutrition supplemented with urea molasses mineral block. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 64: 101-l 12.
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26- Unal, Y., I. Kaya, and A. Oncuer. 2005. Use of urea-molasses mineral blocks in lambs fed with straw. Review of Veterinary Medicine, 156(4): 217-220.
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27- Vagnoni, D. B., W. M. Crag., R. N. Gates., W. E. Wyatt, and L. L. Southern. 1995. Monensin and ammoniation or urea supplementation of Bermuda grass hay diets for steers. Journal of Animal Science, 73(6): 1793-1802.
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31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Lavandula Angustifolia Essential Oil on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Nutrient Digestibility in Broiler Chickens
Introduction The lavender essential oil is traditionally believed to be antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect. Lavender oil (primarily L. angustifolia) has also been found to be active against many species of bacteria and fungi. However, a few reports are available on the effect of lavender essential oil on poultry performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lavender essential oil on performance, blood metabolites and apparent nutrient digestibility in male broiler chicks.
Materials and Methods A 42-day trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil to diet on performance, blood parameters and ileal nutrient digestibility. The feeding program consisted of starter (1-10 d), grower (11-24 d) and finisher (25-42d) diets. There were 5 treatments group: control; virginiamycin 10% (50 ppm); and three levels of lavender essential oil (350, 525 and 700 ppm). Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of starter, grower and finisher periods. On d 28, blood samples were gathered from wing vein of 1 chick in each experimental unit. Blood samples were centrifuged (15 min, 3000 rpm) to separate sera, and then cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL were determined. Then one chick from each pen was killed by ketamine injection and ileal digesta was collected.
Results and Discussion At 42 days of age, Chickens receiving diet containing virginiamycin showed the highest feed intake. Birds fed diets containing 525 and 700 ppm lavender essential oil numerically had more feed intake than birds fed control diet, but this difference was not significant. Broilers fed diet containing virginiamycin showed the highest weight gain and the control diet showed lowest weight gain at the end of the experiment. The lowest level of serum cholesterol was observed in 350 ppm lavender essential oil treatment. Essential oil treatments also caused lower serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) than virginiamycin and control treatments. There were no significant differences among treatments for feed conversion ratio, blood triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and ileal digestibility of dry matter, ether extract, crud protein, ash and organic matter of diets. Positive effects of essential oils on feed intake have been reported previously. Improved growth performance could be attributed to the presence of essential oil in the diet, which encourages secretions of endogenous digestive enzymes, which then enhance nutrient digestion and gut passage rate in chickens. It seems that phytogenic feed additives improved apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients at 21, 35, and 42 d of age. In contrast, there are studies where the effects on animal performance were not significant. However, in our experiment lavender essential oil caused a numerical increase in digestibility and its effect was not significant, but the improved weight gain in this experiment may be due to lavender essential oil effect on villus surface area and gut microflora. Also dietary supplementation of a mix of essential oils at 300 g/t, significantly increased villus width and surface area, indicative of improved nutrient absorption and performance. The effects of lavender essential oil on the intestinal microflora were not evaluated in this study; however, others have shown that essential oil have the capacity, when fed to broilers, to reduce the growth of E. coli and C. perfringens and increase the numbers of Lactobacillus spp. Similarly, the inclusion of thyme, marjoram, and rosemary in broiler diets reduced the numbers of cecal C. perfringens by >1 log. The contributory factors causing these differences reported in other studies could be attributed to the differences in the inclusion levels of essential oil, sources of herbs used to form blend of essential oil, basal diet composition, or the microbial environment in which the birds were reared. It has been suggested that birds fed essential oil have reduced concentrations of serum cholesterol and that the hypocholesterolemic effect of essential oil is due to compounds in essential oil that have the ability to inhibit hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, a key regulatory enzyme in cholesterolsynthesis.
Conclusion According to the results of this experiment, lavender essential oil had lower effects on performance than antibiotic, but adding lavender to diets could have beneficial effects on weight gain and serum cholesterol levels in broiler chickens. However, more evidence is needed to clarify whether lavender essential oil can match the effects of antibiotics as feed additives in poultry diets.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35967_17a242cfe3d090bce064e0adbb4ad30a.pdf
2017-09-23
328
339
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.41088
Blood parameters
Broilers
digestibility
Lavender
Performance
Nasim
Bidar
nasim_bidar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Hassanabadi
hassanabadi@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hassan
Nasiri moghaddam
yasharna@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Varidi
m.varidi@um.ac.ir
4
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Mohsen zadeh
mohsenzadeh@um.ac.ir
5
Faculty of Veterinary, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
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67
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation the Efficacy of Using Saturated and Unsaturated Fats on Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Lipids of Broilers with Two Metabolizable Energy
Introduction The terms of fat and oil refer to triglycerides of several profiles of fatty acids. Fatty acids that are not bound to other organic components as glycerol are the so-called free fatty acids. Lipids constitute the main energetic source for animals and they have the highest caloric value among all the nutrients. Linoleic acid is the only fatty acid whose dietetic requirement has been demonstrated. Besides supplying energy, the addition of fat to animal diets improves the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, increases diet palatability, and the efficiency of utilization of the consumed energy. Furthermore, it reduces the rate of food passage through the gastrointestinal tract, which allows a better absorption of all nutrients present in the diet. The energetic value of oils and fats depend on the following: the length of the carbonic chain, the number of double bonds, the presence or absence of ester bonds (triglycerides or free fatty acids), the specific arrangements of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the glycerol backbone, the composition of the free fatty acid, the composition of the diet, the quantity and the type of the triglycerides supplemented in the diet, the intestinal flora, the sex and the age of the birds.
Dietary energy is one of the major effective nutrient, representing high percent of total cost of the diets for broilers. Diet energy has important effects on the regulation of the amount feed intake and performance in broilers. Fats are the main sources of energy in broiler diets. Different research showed that the advantages of fats especially in low energy diets.
Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted as a (2*2*2) factorial arrangement including 2 fat sources (tallow fat and canola oil), 2 levels of fat (3% and 6%), and two levels of diet metabolizable energy (2900 and 3100 Kcal.Kg) with 432 Ross-308 broilers in 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in two experiment period (grower from 11 to 24 days and finisher from 25 to 42 days) in a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed from 1 to 10 days with a common starter diet that recommended by Ross company. During experiment periods all birds had free access to water and feed. Measuring of weight gain and feed intake were done at the end of experimental periods and feed conversion ratio was calculating by dividing the amount of feed intake to the amount of weight gain. Carcass traits were measured at the end experiment period by killing 2 birds from each replicate. Blood sampling was done at the end of experimental period.
Results and Discussion At the end of experimental period, using canola oil in contrast to beef tallow reduced the amount of daily feed intake, whereas improved the feed conversion ratio, final weight and production index (P0.05). Diet with 3100 Kcal.Kg ME caused the amount of weight gain and production index increase and feed conversion improve (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35987_846f15294a6bdb683d53d77c7194074f.pdf
2017-09-23
340
356
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.58421
Broilers
Beef tallow
Canola oil
energy
Performance
Mohsen
Jalili
mohsen66jaliliiii@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch, Maragheh, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Nobakht
anobakhat20@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch, Maragheh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pedigree Analysis and Inbreeding Investigation in Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep
Introduction Control and management of genetic diversity of breeds is necessary for their sustainable use in the future because a limited number of breeding animals will unavoidably lead to increased inbreeding and thus to a reduction in additive genetic variance, and maybe to inbreeding depression. Managing inbreeding is usually one of the major goals in conservation and selection programs of breeds. Some of descriptive parameters of population structure are the inbreeding coefficient, effective population size, effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors, effective number of founder genomes, effective number of non-founder genomes and average generation interval, which are indicative of genetic diversity levels in a population. In a breeding program, the inbreeding coefficient and the rate of annual inbreeding should be monitored because of their influence on production and on the estimation of genetic parameters. The Lori-Bakhtiari sheep is one of the most important native breeds of Iran. With more than 1.7 million head population are mostly kept on village or semi-migratory system in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. This breed has the largest fat-tail size among all of sheep breeds in Iran. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic structure and genetic diversity of Lori–Bakhtiari sheep using pedigree analysis and the inbreeding depression of body weight traits was estimated.
Materials and methods The pedigree information of 7693 Lori–Bakhtiari lambs (2478 male and 5215 female) from 274 rams and 2006 ewes collected from 1990 to 2011, were used. The data were collected at Shooli sheep breeding station in Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Estimation of inbreeding coefficients was done by CFC software and Endog (v4.8) software was used to compute other pedigree analyses including mean coancestry, effective population size, probability of gene origin parameters and average generation interval. Parameters based on the probability of gene origin were used to describe genetic variability. To investigate the effect of inbreeding on body weight traits, the data of birth weights, weaning weights, weights at six months of age, weights at nine months of age and weights at 12 months of age were used. Inbreeding depression was estimated as the regression of these performance records on the individual inbreeding coefficients by fitting an animal model. WOMBAT software was used for estimating the inbreeding depression of body weight traits.
Results and Discussion Total number of founders, effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors, effective number of founder genomes and effective number of non-founder genomes were 506, 105, 90, 65, 181 heads, respectively. Average generation interval and effective population size were 4.23 years and 249 heads, respectively. The generation interval in the dam-progeny pathway was shorter than in sire-progeny pathway. Estimated average coancestry and inbreeding coefficient were 0.76 and 0.56, respectively. Animals with progeny were 29.7 % and those of without progeny 70.3 % of the total animals. Animals with both known parents and one unknown parent constituted 92 % of the population. Between all the registered animals, 28 % were inbred. The average inbreeding coefficient during the study period for inbred and all animals were 2 and 0.56 %, respectively. The most inbred animals, equivalent to 25% of the inbreeds, had inbreeding coefficients equal to or lower than 5 %. The regression coefficients for birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 6, 9 and 12 months of age on inbreeding were -11, -106.6, -259.7, -161.2 and -239.9 g, respectively.
Conclusion Considering the parameters obtained from the probability of gene origin analysis, the contribution rate of founders and major ancestors have been unbalanced due to the selection of animals that led to decrease of genetic diversity. Estimated inbreeding depression of body weight traits for this breed was higher than other sheep breeds of Iran and showed high degree of close mating in this herd. Due to the deleterious effect of inbreeding on body weight traits it is suggested that this breeding station should use a better breeding plan to avoid mating of close relative animals. At this study, the presence of inbreeding depression for body weight traits also confirmed reduction of genetic diversity in this population. The results of this study also indicate that genetic variability within this population has to be monitored constantly in order to prevent or minimize loss of founder alleles due to genetic drift or selection. The authors suggested that pedigree analysis should be done periodically in this breeding station. Doing this analysis would also prevent or control kinship in this breeding population.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35980_a63ae72e146af506a37173d62eb7f59a.pdf
2017-09-23
376
386
10.22067/ijasr.v9i3.58603
Inbreeding
Growth traits
Lori-Bakhtiari sheep
Pedigree structure
Mohammad
Keshavarzpour
mohammadkeshavarzpour@yahoo.com
1
Yasouj university
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Bahreini Behzadi
bahreini@yu.ac.ir
2
Yasouj university
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mostafa
Muhaghegh dolatabadi
mmuhaghegh@yu.ac.ir
3
Yasouj university
AUTHOR
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