ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Nutrient Dilution and Glutamine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Small Intestine Morphology and Immune Response of Broilers
Introduction Glutamine (Gln), a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, is an abundant amino acid in plasma and skeletal muscle. It is the main energy substrate for cells that undergo intense replication, such as enterocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and kidney cells and plays an important role in their function and homeostasis. Apart from providing nitrogen for protein synthesis, Gln is a precursor for nucleic acids, nucleotides, hexose amines, the nitric oxide precursor arginine (Arg), and the major antioxidant-glutathione. It plays a central role in nitrogen transport between tissues, specifically from muscle to gut, kidney, and liver. In addition to its role as a gluconeogenic substrate in the liver, kidney, and intestine, Gln is involved in the renal handling of ammonia, serving as a regulator of acid base homeostasis. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient dilution and L- glutamine (Gln) supplementation on growth performance, intestine morphology and immune response of broilers during starter (0 to 10 days), growth (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 42 days) periods.
Materials and methods A total of 320 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to eight treatments with 4 replicates and 10 chicks per each. In this study two levels of nutrient dilution (Ross 308 broiler nutrition recommendation and 5% diluted) and 4 levels of Gln supplementation (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) were used in a completely randomized design as factorial arrangement 2×4. Growth performance was measured periodically. In order to investigate jejenual histomorphology such as villus height, depth of crypt, villus height to depth of crypt ratio, villus width, muscle layer thickness and epithelium thickness, on day 42 after 4 h fasting, one bird per each replicate was randomly selected, slaughtered and 1 cm of middle section of jejenum was cut. Cellular immune response was assessed in 40-d-old chick using the in vivo cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response lectin phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P) and humoral immune response was evaluated by injection of 1 ml of 10 % suspension of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on day 18. Primary immune response was measured after 6 (24 –day-old chick) and 12 (30 –day-old chick) days of the injection and secondary immune response was assessed on day 36 and 42 experiment.
Results and Discussion The results indicated that nutrient dilution and Gln supplementation significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in grower and finisher periods. Gln supplementation increased relative weights of jejunum, small intestine, thymus and bursa of fabricius. The nutrient dilution and Gln significantly affected villi height and crypt depth of jejunum. Gln is an important oxidative fuel for rapidly proliferating cells such as those of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system, reticulocytes, fibroblast. To study humoral immunity, the highest primary and secondary antibody response against Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was seen in diets containing 1.5% Gln and the lowest was seen in control (without Gln supplementation). In cellular immunity determination, 24 h after subcutaneous injection of Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) revealed that Gln supplementation increased toe web thickness. Gln is known to modulate immune function. Glutamine is utilized at a high rate by cells of the immune system in culture and is required to support optimal lymphocyte proliferation and production of cytokines by lymphocytes and macrophages. More recently, Gln has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, modulating cytokine production, both in vitro and in vivo, possibly through decreasing a major transcription factor regulating immune and inflammatory responses. In addition, it has been demonstrated that glutamine can modulate immune response by T cell activation. Therefore the increased toe web thickness after PHA-P injection can be explained by increasing T cell proliferation.
Conclusion The results of present study revealed that formulation of diets with Ross 308 nutrient recommendation and 0.5% Gln supplementation improved growth performance and enhancement of immune system function was observed in chicks fed diet with 1% Gln supplementation and Ross 308 nutrient recommendation.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35343_e4f4761475f0d99f63e37bfcf536321f.pdf
2016-06-21
284
297
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.27742
Broiler performance
Cellular immunity
Glutamine
Humoral Immunity
Nutrient dilution
Majid
Gheshlagh olyayee
majidolyayee@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Haghparast
haghparast@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Bassami
mrbassami@gmail.com
4
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Alireza
Heravi Moussavi
bbheravi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Triticale and Enzyme Cocktail (Xylanase & β-Glucanase) Replacement in Grower Diet on Performance, Digestive Organ Relative Weight, Gut Viscosity and Gut Morphology of Broiler Chickens
Introduction Corn and wheat are the grains most routinely used in commercial poultry diets. For consumption of these cereals, there are a competition between humans and mono-gastric animals. Due to corn crop limitation in Iran, approximately 50% of the corn required for poultry nutrition is supplied through imports. Since triticale is more resistant to various diseases, dry weather and in similar culture and weather conditions can produce higher yield than wheat, triticale considered as a crop suitable for cultivation in inefficient lands and its culture in the world has being increased. The use of triticale in broiler feed has been limited because of the presence of soluble non-starch polysaccharides components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different replacement levels of corn by triticale in grower diets with and without exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, relative weight of digestive organs, jejunal morphology, and intestinal viscosity of broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods Five hundred 11 d old male broiler chicks (Ross 308), were assigned to a factorial arrangement (5×2) with a completely randomized design with 5 replicates of 10 chicks each. The factors included 5 levels of triticale replacement levels for corn (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) and 2 levels (zero and 0.5 g /kg of diet) of enzyme cocktail “Xylanase & β-Glucanase” in the broiler grower diets. The experimental diets were isocalric and isonitrogenous and fed ad-libitum from 11 to 24 d of age. The growth performance as mean body weight at 24 d of age, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were calculated. At 24d of age, one bird from each pen, close to the average pen weight was selected, weighed, and euthanized by cervical dislocation. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract organs were emptied and weighed. Approximately 1.5 g of wet weight of the fresh digesta was immediately placed in a micro centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 12.700 × g for 5 min. The supernatant viscosity was determined using a Brookfield digital viscometer (Model DV-п). About 0.5 cm in length of the jejunum midpoint was taken, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. The tissue samples were treated in tissue processor apparatus, embedded in paraffin wax, transverse sections were cut (5μm thickness) by using a rotary microtome and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) to prepare intestinal slide. Morphological measurements of intestinal slide were performed by light Microscope on 9 vertically oriented villus. The investigated morphological traits contained villus height, villus width, crypt depth, muscular thickness, and the villus surface area.
Results and Discussion The weight in 24 d and daily weight gain and feed intake significantly decreased and feed conversion rate significantly increased with increasing dietary level of triticale to 40%. The dietary enzyme supplementation (xylanase and β-glucanase), significantly improved broiler growth performance, and reduced adverse effects of high levels (40%) of triticale in grower diet. The poor growth performance of birds fed grower diet with high (40%) level of triticale may be related to lower nutrient digestibility, or higher anti- nutrient factors in triticale as compared to corn. The relative weights of whole gastrointestinal tract, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine, and pancreas numerically increased with increased triticale level, the highest relative weight of digestive organs was observed in the birds fed diet with 40% triticale level and the lowest one was observed in the birds fed corn-soy based diet. The ileum chyme viscosity significantly increased with increase in the dietary triticale level to 30 and 40%. Enzyme supplementation to grower diet caused a reduction in the pancreas relative weights and ileum chyme viscosity. The significant increase in relative weight of digestive organs of the birds with high level of triticale in their diet may be due to the enhanced function of these parts, because of an increase in water soluble NSP and subsequent increase in chyme viscosity, which implying a feedback mechanism in gut motility and thus size of this organ. The higher NSPs in triticale compared to corn can increase digestive chyme viscosity and reduce endogenous enzyme-nutrient actions and their subsequent substrates, leading to significant modifications of the structure and function of intestine. Therefore; to adapt to these changes, the activities of the intestinal secretary mechanisms may be enhanced. Thus, this may lead to an increase in the size of the gastro intestinal tract and pancreas weight. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) significantly decreased and muscular thickens significantly increased with increased levels of triticale to 40% in diet. The birds fed 40% triticale showed shorter of the villi compared with the longer villi from birds fed the corn-soy diet. Villus hight and VH/CD significantly increased and CD significantly decreased in birds fed diet with enzyme supplementation compared to those fed diet without enzyme supplementation. Histological observations on the small intestine epithelium of birds fed corn-triticale-soy diet showed morphological changes in the jejunum (shortening, thickening, and atrophy of the villi). The birds examined in our study showed short, thick, and damaged villi, especially with the higher level (40%) of triticale in diet compared to those fed a corn-soy diet. The addition of enzymes supplementation to diet improved these histological alterations.
Conclusion This study revealed that 1) triticale can be used as an alternative source of grain in grower broiler chickens’ diets. 2) Using up to 30% triticale in grower diet did not have any adverse effect on broiler chicken performance. 3) The exogenous enzyme supplementation (xylanase and β-glucanase), significantly affectsbroiler growth performance, and reduces anti-nutrient effects of high levels (40%) of triticale in broiler chickens’ grower diet.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35370_a6b6378f656474f12e78565928b0ba4c.pdf
2016-06-21
298
312
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.29486
Broiler
Enzyme
morphology
Performance
Triticale
Viscosity
Heydar
Zarghi
h.zarghi@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hasan
Kermanshahi
hassbird@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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54
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of the effects of organic antioxidants and fat sources on performance, carcass and bone characteristics of broilers under heat stress
Introduction Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressors that negatively influence feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient digestion, absorption, and retention in the poultry production. In the two last decades, several researches were done to find approaches for decreasing the undesirable effects of high ambient temperatures. Supplementation of powder, extract and essence of some medicinal plants were proposed that could be used in poultry production to improve the performance, immune system and antioxidant status in heat stress condition. Turmeric powder is known as a natural antioxidant, because it has several antioxidant component specially curcumin that prevent the oxidative reaction and the free radicals production in the live body. On the other hand, some of by-products in food industry may also be used in heat stressed birds. Tomato pomace is a reachable source of vit E, C and A and several carotenoids specially lycopene that has antimutagenic, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Therefore the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of organic antioxidants including turmeric powder and tomato pomace and fat sources including soybean oil, canola oil and tallow on performance, carcass and bone characteristics of broilers under heat stress.
Materials and Methods An experiment with factorial arrangement 3× 2× 2 (3 oils involved: canola, soybean, tallow, 2 turmeric powder (TRP) levels involved 0.4, 0.8% and 2 tomato pomace (TP) levels 3, 5 of TP%) in a completely randomized design in heat stressed birds was done. Five hundred four one-d-old male Ross broilers were randomly allocated to 36 experimental units with 12 dietary treatments (3 replicates with 12 birds in each). The feed and water were supplied ad libitum. All diets were balanced to meet the nutrient requirement proposed by the Ross committee. A daily heat stressed (HS) schedule (33oC for 5 h) was applied from 29 to 42d of experiment. The photoperiod schedule, vaccination, ventilation and humidity were applied according to the recommendation of Ross management catalog. At 28 d. (before heat stress PHS) and 42 d. (after heat stress AHS) of age, two chicks per replicate were bled and slaughtered. The relative weight of carcass, intestine, thigh, liver, spleen, intestine, pancreases, gall bladder and abdominal fat were determined. The bone characteristics including dry matter, ash, calcium, phosphorous, bone length, diaphysis diameter were studied. The data were analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS software and the differences among mean were investigated by tukey test.
Results and discussions The results indicated that body weight gain enhanced when chicks fed diets containing canola oil or 5% TP. Canola oil including diet decreased the FCR at 28d (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35379_097b13326f6a879f091188993caaae89.pdf
2016-06-21
313
328
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.29812
bone parameters
Broiler
Fat
Heat stress
Performance
Turmeric powder
Tomato pomace
seyyed javad
Hosseini-vashan
jhosseiniv@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Akbar
Yaghobfar
yaghobfar@yahoo.com
2
Professor, Animal Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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38- Shahyar, H. A., R. Salamatdoust-nobar., A. Lakand., and A. R. Lotfi, 2011. Effect of dietary supplanted canola oil and poultry fat on the performance and carcasscharacterozes of broiler chickens. Current Research Journal of Biological Science, 3: 388-392.
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46- Zainali, A., A. Riasi., H. Kermanshahi., H. Farhangfar., and H. Ziaie. 2009. Effect of sodium selenite and turmeric powder on growth performance, carcass quality and blood antioxidant metabolites of heat stressed broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science Researchers, 19.1 (2): 69-75.
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47- Zanini, S. F., G. L. Colnago., B. M. S. Pessotti., M. R. Bastos., F. P. Casagrande., and V. R. Lima. 2006. Body fat of broiler chickens fed diets with two fat sources and conjugated linoleic acid. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 241-246.
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48- Zhao, J. P., J. L. Chen., G. P. Zhao., M. Q. Zheng., R. R. Jiang., and J. Wen. 2009. Live performance, carcass composition, and blood metabolite responses to dietary nutrient density in two distinct broiler breeds of male chickens. Poultry Science, 88: 2575–2584.
48
49- Zulkifli, I., N. N. Htin., A. R. Alimon., T. C. Loh., and M. Hair-Bejo. 2007. Dietary Selection of Fat by Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 20: 245-251.
49
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Atenolol on Growth Performance, Mortality Due to Ascites, Antioxidant Status and Some Blood Parameters in Broilers under Induced Ascites
Introduction Broiler chickens are intensively selected for productive traits. The management of these highly productive animals must be optimal to allow their full genetic potential to be expressed. If this is not done, inefficient production and several metabolic diseases such as ascites become apparent. Investigations in mammals indicated that the b- adrenoreceptor characteristics are differentially regulated by chronic hypoxia and play an important role in the cardiovascular system. The density of b-adrenergic receptors was higher in cardiac cells of ascites sensitive birds compared with ascites-resistant ones. Moreover, the characteristics of b-adreno receptors are different in cardiac cells of birds with right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure compared with healthy birds. Treatment with the selective b1-adrenoceptor blocker, atenolol, abolished right ventricular hypertrophy in response to hypoxia compared with normoxic condition in rats.
Materials and Methods This study investigated the comparative effects of different levels of atenolol Growth performance, Mortality due to ascites, antioxidant status and blood parameters in broilers under induced ascites. Six hundred one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (Positive control, negative control, and two levels of 30 and 60 ppm atenolol) with five replicates of thirty birds were applied. Birds in positive control were reared in natural temperature without atenolol, the other bird groups were reared in cold temperature with 0, 30 and 60 ppm atenolol. The average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for each group of birds were calculated and mortality was daily weighed, recorded and used to correct the FCR. Observations were made daily to record the incidence of ascites and mortality. Diagnosis of ascites generally depends on observation of the following symptoms: (1) right ventricle hypertrophy, cardiac muscle laxation; (2) swollen and stiff liver; (3) clear, yellowish, colloidal fluid in the abdominal cavity. Hematological, biochemical and pathological tests were done at day 49; total red blood cell (RBC), Wight blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) total antioxidant status (TAS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content of plasma were determined. At the end of experiment (wk 7), 2 chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. Then ascetic Index, RV/TV, (ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight) were calculated.
Results and Discussion The results showed that, the atenolol-treated birds had lower right ventricle to total ventricle ratio and mortality due to ascites compared with the control birds. Moreover, atenolol, significantly, reduced feed conversion ratio & average daily feed intake and reduced feed conversion ratio. It is also, atenolol, significantly lowered the lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma. Alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activity in plasma were not significantly affected by atenolol supplementation. Other blood parameters and antioxidant incidences were not affected by atenolol. It has been proved that exposure to high altitude results in increases in Plasma and urinary catecholamine, hormones that are known to increase hypertrophic actions of heart tissue and consequently changes in the function of myocardial cells such as contractile activity and cardiac output that could lead to ventricular hypertrophy. It has also been reported that the b1-adrenoceptor blocker numerically reduces the ascites incidence in broiler chickens and may have been used as a prophylactic agent. It is known that that the hypertrophic effect of catecholamine in rats such as cardiac contractility, cardiac output and, finally, right ventricular hypertrophy could be reduced by a b1-adrenoceptor blocker. This might explain, at least partially, the mechanism by which atenolol reduces cardiac output, and hence might reduce pulmonary hypertension and, finally, ascites incidence in broiler chickens. Although this study shows the involvement of b-adrenergic receptors in heart failure syndrome in birds, more studies should be carried out for better understanding of the exact mechanisms that could contribute to change in cardiac function and, consequently, pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens.
Conclusion This study showed that inclusion of atenolol in broiler diets had remarkable effects on Performance. Moreover, According to the results of this research, atenolol could reduce mortality due to ascites in broilers. We suggested that the optimal level atenolol in diet is 60 ppm.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35392_9b60afc1c7636db168eb201438ef5420.pdf
2016-06-21
329
339
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.47188
Antioxidant status
Ascites
Atenolol
Blood parameters
Broiler Chickens
Performance
mokhtar
fathi
fathi_mokhtar@yahoo.com
1
payam noor university
LEAD_AUTHOR
mohamad
haydari
mhaydari24@yahoo.com
2
paym noor university
AUTHOR
1- Arab, H.A., R. Jamshidi., A. Rassouli., G. Shams., and M. H. Hassanadeh. 2006. Generation of hydroxyl radicals during ascites experimentally. British Poultry Science, 47 (2): 216-222.
1
2- Campos, V. F., R. Miranda-Ferreira., N. S. A. Taha., G. D. Teixeira., W. T. I. Souza., C. E. F. Carmo., L. A. Silva-Neto., I. T. Gomes., H. P. Monteiro., E. F. S. Montero., D. J. Fagundes., A. Caricati-Neto., and M. O. Taha. 2012. Atenolol to treat intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Trans Proce, 44:2313–2316.
2
3- Daneshyar, M., H. Kermanshahi., and A. G. Golian. 2009. Changes of biochemical parameters and enzyme activities in broiler chickens with cold-induced ascites. Poultry Science, 88:106–110.
3
4- Devinder, S., C. Vikas., and C. Kanwaljit. 2003. Carvedilol, an antihypertensive drug with antioxidant properties, protects against glycerol-induced acute renal failure. American Journal of Nephrology, 23:415–421.
4
5- Druyan, S., A. Ben-David., and A. Cahane. 2007. Development of ascites-resistant and ascites susceptible broiler lines. Poultry Science, 86:811–822.
5
6- Fathi, M., T. Tanhaand., and M. Daneshyar. 2014. Effects of glutamine supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant status in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS). Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 4(3): 579-585.
6
7- Forman, M. F., and R. F. Wideman. 2000. Measurements of pulmonary arterial pressure in anesthetized male broilers at two seven weeks of age. Poultry Science, 79(11): 1645-1649.
7
8- Geng. A. L., Y. M. Guo., and Y. Yang. 2004. Reduction of ascites mortality in broilers by coenzyme Q10. Poultry Science, 83:1587–1593.
8
9- Hassanzadeh, M., J. Buyse., and E. Decuypere. 2002. Further evidence for the involvement of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors in right ventricle hypertrophy and ascites in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 31(2):177-181.
9
10- Iqbal, M., D. Cawthon., K. Beers., R. F. Wideman., and W. G. Bottje. 2002. Antioxidant enzyme activities and mitochondrial fatty acids in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers. Poultry Scince, 81: 252–260.
10
11- Karen, S., E. Cabe, M.a. Lin, and J. Peter. 1997. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on rat tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels. Biological. Pharmaacology, 54: 133-141.
11
12- Lorenzo, G., M. Armando., V. Daniele., K. Isabella., H. Yale., H. Stefano., and T. Antonio. 2003. Different effect of antihypertensive drugs on conduit artery endothelial function. Hypertension, 41:1281-1286.
12
13- Luger, D., D. Shinder., V. Rzepakovsky., M. Rusal., and S. Yahav. 2001. Association between weight gain, blood parameters, and thyroid hormones and the development of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 80:965- 971.
13
14- Panda, S., K. Anand., B. Tushar., and S. Neha. 2012. Combined effects of quercetin and atenolol in reducing isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Possible mediation through scavenging free radicals. Cardio toxicity, 12(3): 235-242.
14
15- Ruiz-Feria, C. A. 2009. Concurrent supplementation of arginine, vitamin E, and vitamin C improve cardiopulmonary performance in broilers chickens. Poultry Science, 88:526–535.
15
16- Ruiz-Feria, C. A., M. T. Kidd., and R. F. Wideman. 2001. Plasma levels of arginine, ornithine, and urea and growth performance of broilers fed supplemental L-arginine during cool temperature exposure. Poultry Science, 80:358–369.
16
17- Saki, A. A., and M. Haghighat. 2014. The effects of blood pressure medications on performance, some carcass characteristics and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity on ascite incidence in broiler chickens. Animal Science journal, 27(103): 93-102. (In Persian with English abstract)
17
18- Schifrin, E. L., and L. Y. Deng. 1996. Structure and function of resistance arteries of hypertensive patients treated with a beta-blocker or a calcium channel antagonist. Journal of Hypertension, 14(10): 1247-1255.
18
19- Shinder, D., M. Rusal., M. Giloh., and S. Yahav. 2009. Effect of repetitive acute cold exposure during the last phase of broiler embryogenesis on cold resistance through the life span. Poultry Science, 88(3): 636-646.
19
20- Straue, R B. E. 1978. The hypertensive heart. VII. Effect of atenolol on the function, coronary haemodynamics and oxygen uptake of the left ventricle. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 103(45): 1785-1789.
20
21- Taha, M. O., R. Miranda-Ferreira., and R. S. Simoes. 2010. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion is attenuated by treatment with atenolol in rabbits. Transplant Proc, 42:451.
21
22- Yersin, A. G., W. E. Huff., L. F. Kubena., M. H. Elissalde., R. B. Harvey., D. A. Witzel., and L. E. Giroir. 1992. Changes in hematological, blood gas and serum biochemical variables in broilers during exposure to simulated high altitude. Avian Disease, 36:89 - 196.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of Blood Metabolites Changes of Purebred Ghezel and Crossbred Arkhar Merinos × Ghezel Ewes during Late Pregnancy
Introduction As pregnancy progresses, nutrient requirements of fetus and thereby ewe increases and some changes in the levels of blood metabolites including glucose, cholesterol and total protein may occur. During gestation, maternal tissues contribute to supplying energy that required for fetus resulting in changes of ewe blood metabolites; however other factors such as breed, age, feeding type of ewes during gestation and season may influence them. The study of blood metabolic changes in different phases of reproductive cycle can be helpful in detecting abnormal situations of ewes and preventing of metabolic disorders such as pregnancy toxemia and fatty liver syndrome. There is little information about the effect of different genotypes on blood metabolites and the occurrence of metabolic disorders in late pregnancy. Therefore the aim of the present study was to determine changes in blood metabolites of purebred Ghezel and ArkharMerino× Ghezel crossbred ewes during late pregnancy and effect of crossbreeding of Iranian purebred sheep with Merino sheep on metabolite level changes in these two groups of sheep and study of susceptibility to metabolic disease in late pregnancy.
Materials and Methods In the present study, fifty five pregnant Ghezel ewes (36 singles and 15 twins) and 34 pregnant crossbred ewes (20 singles and 14 twins) were used. Estrus synchronization of all ewes was done using CIDR. CIDR were removed 14 days later and all ewes were injected PMSG intramuscularly and then mated with rams. All of the ewes were grazing in the pasture during pregnancy, but in the last two months of pregnancy, feeding of ewes was manually. Blood samples were collected by vacuum tubes during four hours after feeding from the jugular vein of ewes on 15 days prior to mating period and on days 90, 120 and 140 of the pregnancy. Blood samples were centrifuged with 4000 rpm for 12 minutes to extract blood serum and then sera were frozen in -20oC until further analysis of metabolites. Measurement of blood metabolites, including total protein, calcium, glucose, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen and albumin was done by spectrophotometer set. SAS software (2003) was used for statistical analysis. Mixed procedure of SAS software was used for statistical analysis and Tukey- Kramer test was applied for comparison of means. T-test was used for comparison of blood metabolites between ewes with single and twin lambs.
Results and Discussion The results showed that the blood glucose, total protein, albumin and calcium on days 90, 120 and 140 of pregnancy were less than 15 days prior to mating but blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol levels were increased. These variations could originate from fetus metabolism since fetus requirements for tissue growth, muscles and bones increases during pregnancy, which should be supplied from maternal body reserves. The comparison of blood metabolites on the both crossbred and purebred pregnant ewes showed that in the late pregnancy, twin pregnant ewes had less glucose, total protein and calcium and more blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol compared with single pregnant ewes because there is a higher fetus requirement for twin fetuses during gestation. Our results also showed that glucose, total protein, albumin and blood urea nitrogen levels of crossbred ewes were higher than purebred Ghezel ewes on 15 days prior to mating period. This may be due to different genetic potential of these breeds. During the gestation period, levels of mentioned metabolites except for blood urea nitrogen were higher in both single and twin crossbred pregnant ewes than purebred Ghezel ewes significantly. It is seemed that these differences may be related to variation in the genetic potential of studying animals.
Conclusion The results of present study showed that there were no signs of pregnancy toxemia in the two experimental groups; however some differences among blood metabolites of purebred and hybrid ewes were found, which may originate from genetic potential of these two groups. These differences revealed that hybrid ewes are more resistant against blood metabolite changes during late pregnancy. Study of fluctuations in the blood metabolites during several stages of pregnancy can help us to determine abnormal metabolic cases and prediction of metabolic disorders such as pregnancy toxemia or ketosis, fatty liver syndrome and disease relating to fetus and ewe metabolism.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35358_9657f828a57361d899f61fd4368d5e0c.pdf
2016-06-21
392
402
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.45117
Arkhar-Merino×Ghezel Ewes
Blood metabolites
Pregnancy Toxemia
Purebred Ghezel Ewes
Leila
Ahmadzadeh
leilaahmadzadeh68@gmail.com
1
University of Tabriz
AUTHOR
Ali
Hossein khani
a.hosseinkhani@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saman
Saedi
sam.saedi1988@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Ira
AUTHOR
Hossein
Daghigh Kia
daghighkia@tabrizu.ac.ir
4
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Ira
AUTHOR
Malihe
Dadashi
maliheh.dadashi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Ira
AUTHOR
Jaber
Jafarzadeh
jafarzadeh2014jaber@gmail.com
6
University Of Tabriz
AUTHOR
1- Alimohammadi, R., and H. Aliarabi. 2013. Effect of different levels of Selenium additive on performance, blood metabolites and digestibility of nutrients in Mehrban male lambs. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 5(1):48-55. (In Persian).
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2- Al-Qudah, K. M. 2011.Oxidant and antioxidant profile of Hyperketonemia ewes affected by pregnancy toxaemia. Veterinary and Clinical Pathology, 40(1): 60–65.
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3- Antunovic, Z., D. Sencic., M. Sperada., and B. Liker. 2002. Influence of the season and the reproductive status of ewes on blood parameters. Small Ruminants Research, 45(1): 39-44.
3
4- Azab, M. E., and H. A. Abdel-Maksoud. 1999. Changes in some hematological and biochemical parameters during prepartum and postpartum periods in female Baladi goats. Small Ruminant Research, 34(1):77-85.
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5- Balıkc, A., E. Yıldız., and F. Gurdogan. 2005. Blood metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum in Akkaraman ewes. Small Ruminants Research. 67 (2): 247–251.
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6- Bani Ismail, Z. A., A. M. Al-Majali., F. Amireh., and O. F. Al-Rawashdeh. 2008. Metabolic profiles in goat do in late pregnancy with and without subclinical pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary and Clinical Pathology, 37(4):434-437.
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7- Beskow, A. P, C. G. Fernandes., and G. Leipnitz. 2008. Influence of ketone bodies on oxidative stress parameters in brain of developing rats in vitro. Metabolic Brain Disease. 23(4):411-425.
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8- Blum, J. W., C. F. Romberg., K. G. Johnson., and D. S. Kronfeld. 1972. Calcium (ionized and total), magnesium, phosphorus and glucose in plasma from parturient cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 33(1): 51-56.
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9- El-Sherif, M. M. A., and F. Assad. 2001. Changes in some blood constituents of Barki ewes during pregnancy and lactation under semiarid conditions. Small Ruminant Research. 40(3): 269–277.
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10- Firat, A., and A. O¨zpinar. 1996. The study of changes in some blood parameters (glucose, urea, bilirubin, AST) during and after pregnancy in association with nutritional conditions and litter size in ewes. Turkey Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 20(2):387–393.
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11- Gojnic, M., S. Petkovic., M. Papic., T. Mostic., K. Jeremic., Z. Vilendecic., and S. Djordjevic. 2004. Plasma albumin level as an indicator of severity of preeclampsia. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, 31(3): 209–210.
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12- Hamadeh, M. E., H. Bostedt., and K. Failing. 1996. Concentration of metabolic parameters in the blood of heavily pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift Journal, 109(3):81–86.
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13- Jainudee, M. R., and E. S. E. Hafez. 1994.Gestation, prenatal physiology and parturition. In: Hafez, E.S.E. (Ed.), Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pp: 247–283.
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14- Kaneko, J. J., J. W. Harvey., and M.L. Bruss. 2008. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th edn. Academic Press, USA, chapter’s 3, 4 and appendices no.VIII.
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15- Moghaddam, G., and A. Hassanpour. 2008. Comparison of blood serum glucose, beta hydroxybutyric acid, blood urea nitrogen and calcium concentrations in pregnant and lambed ewes. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(3):308-311.
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16- Nazifi, S., M. Saeb., and S. M. Ghavami. 2002. Serum lipid profile in Iranian fat-tailed sheep in late pregnancy, at parturition and during the post-parturition period. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series, 49(1):9–12.
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17- Piccione, G., G. Caola., C. Giannetto., F. Grasso., S. Calanni Runzo., A. Zumbo., and P. Pennisi. 2009. Selected biochemical serum parameters in ewes during pregnancy, post-parturition, lactation and dry period.Animal Science Papers and Reports, 27(4): 321-330.
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18- Ramin, A. G., S. Asri., and R. M Ajdani. 2005. Correlations among serum glucose, betahydroxybutyrate and urea concentration in non–pregnant ewes. Small Ruminant Research Journal, 57(2):265-269.
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19- Rook, J. S. 2000. Pregnancy toxemia of ewes does and beef cow. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 16(2):293–317.
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20- Robinson, J. J., J. A. Rooke., and T. G. McEvoy. 2002. Nutrition for Conception and Pregnancy In: Sheep nutrition by M. Freer and H. Dove, CAB international, chapter 9: 198-211.
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21- Schlumbohm, C., and J. Harmeyer. 2004. Hyperketonemia impairs glucose metabolism in pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(2):350-358.
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22- Schlumbohm, C., H. P. Sporleder., H. Gurtler., and J. Harmeyer. 1997. The influence of insulin on metabolism of glucose, free fatty acids and glycerolin normo- and hypocalcaemic ewes during different reproductive states. Deutsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 104(3):359–365.
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23- Silanikove, N. 2000. Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. A review. Livestock Production Science, 67(1): 1-18.
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24- Swanson, K. S., K. N. Kuzmuk., L. B. Schook., and G. C. Fahey. 2004. Diet affects nutrient digestibility, haematology, and serum chemistry of senior and weanling dogs. Journal of Animal Science, 82(2):1713-1724.
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25- Tainturier, D., A. G. Braun Rico., and J. P. Thouvenot. 1984. Variation in blood composition in dairy cows during pregnancy and after calving. Research in Veterinary Science,37(2): 129-131.
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26- Wang, X., and C. X. Hai. 2011. ROS acts as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: is Nrf2 a potential target for the treatment? Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 11(12):1082–1092.
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27- Yarim, G. F., and G. Ciftci. 2009. Serum protein pattern in ewe with pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(5):431-438.
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28- Yokus, B., D. U. Cakir., Z. Kanay., T. Gulten., and E. Uysal. 2006. Effects of seasonal and physiological variations on the serum chemistry, vitamins and thyroid hormone concentrations in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 53(6):271-276.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Nutritive Value, Phenolic Compounds and in vitro Digestion Charactristics of Barberry (Berberis Vulgaris) Foliage
Introduction This study was intended to evaluate the nutritional value, phenolic compounds and digestibility coefficients of barberry leaves. Berberis vulgaris is one of the major crops in the province. The province has more than 70 percent and 95 percent of the total area under cultivation of barberry. Waste and foliage of barberry harvest traditionally used to feed livestock Tannin concentration greater than 3 to 4 percent in food, can have negative effects on digestibility in ruminants and in particular to reduce the absorption of dietary protein. So it can be expected that high amounts of tannins within waste foliage of barberry reduce its efficiency in ruminants to be fed. Several studies have shown that the addition of certain compounds such as urea, polyethylene Due to the high volume of barberry foliage that remains after harvesting and the possibility of its use in animal nutrition, this study tried to determine some nutrient compounds, phenolic compounds and degradation parameters were barberry leaves. In addition, in this study to determine the best additives are effective in reducing the concentration of tannins and phenolic compounds, urea, polyethylene glycol, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide were compared.
Materials and method As the samples were dried by the sun for 6 days. The amount of 5% by weight (dry matter basis) urea, polyethylene glycol, sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide that was prepared with distilled water, was sprayed on 5 kg of the sample and thoroughly mixed. Each of the treatments were prepared in triplicate. Treatments include: 1) control (foliage without additives), 2) foliage with 5% solution of urea, 3) foliage with 5% polyethylene glycol, 4) foliage with 5% sodium hydroxide, 5) with 5% calcium hydroxide was foliage. The sample were kept in anaerobic plastic containers for 3 days and then opened and dried at room temperature. Samples were analyzed for crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ether extract, total phenolic compounds, total tannins, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins and some mineral content (Na, Cl, Ca, K and P). The in vitro gas production method was used for estimation the DM fermentation parameters.
Results and Discussion The chemical composition of foliage barberry is almost the same with the few studies conducted in this regard. Minor differences between the results of this study and the other results showed that the colleagues can be due to differences in climate and environmental conditions and physiological characteristics of the plant's genetics. The results showed that addition of urea, Sodium hydroxide and Calcium hydroxide led to a significant reduction of total phenolic compounds, total tannins and hydrolysable tannins compared with the control sample. The in vitro gas production and fermentative parameters were improved flowing urea, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide treatment. The results showed that treatment with urea was more effective in reduction of tannins and improvement the fermentative parameters of branches and leaves of Barberry compared to other treatments.
Conclusion Based on our results and high levels of phenolic compounds in the waste foliage barberry sprayed with a solution of 5% (based on dry matter) of urea, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide significantly reduced the amount of total phenolic compounds, tannins and hydrolysable tannin in the leaves of Berber is vulgaris lesions, but polyethylene glycol had no significant effect. On the contrary condensed tannin conditions and the maximum reduction in the concentration of condensed tannins were observed in the group had been sprayed with polyethylene glycol. The amount of gas produced in laboratory conditions, parameters of rumen fermentation and feed efficiency in experimental treatments with urea, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide recovered.
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2016-06-21
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.24971
Tannins
In vitro gas production
Branches and leaves of Barberry
Fermentative parameter
Jalal
Modaresi
jalalmodaresi@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Valizadeh
valizadeh@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Danesh Mesgaran
danesh@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Fathi Nasri
hfathi@birjand.ac.ir
4
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Heravi Mosavi
bbheravi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Khosravi
fkhosravi1389@gmail.com
6
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
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26- Martinez, C. J., H. H. Sanchez, G. A. Manilla, N. R. Quintos, J. M. Herrera, G. D. Ortiz. 2001. Effect of aqueous and alkaline thermal treatments on chemical composition and oligosaccharide, alkaloid and tannin contents of Lupinuscampestris seeds. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 81: 421–428.
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29- Menke, K. H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz, W. Shneider. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. Journal of Agriculture Science, Cambridge. 97: 217-222.
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33- Porter, L.J., L.N. Hrstich, B.G. Chan. 1986. The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry, 25: 223–230.
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34- Rao, U. P., and B. Belavady. 1978. Oligosaccharides in pulses: variety differences and effects of cooking and germination. J. Agri.Food Chem. 26: 316–319.
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35- Reed, J. 1995. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 1516-1528.
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36- Rubanza, C. D. K., M. N. Shem, R. Otsyina, S. S. Bakengesa, T. Ichinohe, T. Fujihara. 2005. Polyphenolics and tannins effect on in vitro digestibility of selected Acacia species leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119: 129–142.
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37- Salehpor, S., B. Rasouli, and A. A. Ghotbi. 2012. Influence of calcium hydroxide chemical, multi-enzyme and lactobacillus biologic processing on nutritional value and digestibility of rice straw by using nylon-bags. Current Research Journal Biological Science, 4: 477-481.
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39- Valizadeh, R., A. A. Naserian, and P.Vahmani. 2009. Influence of drying and ensiling pistachio by-products with urea and molasses on their chemical composition, tannin content and rumen degradability parameters. Journal Animal Veterinary Advances, 8: 2363-2368.
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40- Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3583-3597.
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41- Wina, E., B. Tangendjaja, I. W. R. Susana. 2005. Effects of chopping, and soaking in water, hydrochloric acidic and calcium hydroxide solutions on the nutritional value of Acacia villosa for goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 122: 79–92.
41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Chemical Composition, in vitro Digestibility and Fermentative Gas Production of Kochia scoparia Irrigated by Water Containing Different Level of Salinity
Introduction Shortage of feedstuff is one of the important problems of animal nutrition in Iran. Salinity is a global problem worldwide in particular in arid and semi-arid zones such as Iran. Salinity is an important factor in the growth of plants. Its initial effect to plants is through its effect in the availability of water to plants. Halophytes have good ability to draw water from soils of low water potential due to their ability to maintain a salt balance comparable to the salt in the soil they are growing. Lands in high irrigation districts are susceptible to soil salinization. Soil salinization is the primary cause of productivity decline in highly developed and irrigated land schemes While the increase in soil and water salinity in many agricultural areas of the world has created major challenges in the production of food crops, it has also presented some new prospects for livestock agriculture. There are plants that grow under saline conditions, and historically, they have been opportunistically used as fodder for grazing livestock or as components of mixed rations to replace roughage. Using of seawater for irrigation of this plant because of shortage of sweet water and for higher production of these plants was necessary for feedstuff. The aim of this study was evaluation of Chemical composition, In vitro digestibility and gas production of Kochia scoparia under six level of salinity including 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 ds/m.
Materials and Methods The Kochia scoparia was irrigated by normal tap water (the control) and water containing 6 levels of salinity including 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 deci Siemens per meter (ds/m). The salinity was applied gradually in accordance with the plant growth advancement (2 ds/m increment per each irrigation period. Oven dried (65◦C for 48 h) chopped samples were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen. The samples were analyzed according to the standard procedures for chemical composition (AOAC 2000, Van-Soest et al. 1991). Procedure of in vitro gas production was performed according to Menke and Steingass (1988). Rumen fluid was obtained from three fistulated Baluchi male lamb before morning feeding. The DM degradation data were fitted to the exponential equation p = a + b (1 - e-ct). The in vitro dry matter, NDF and organic matter digestibility were determined according to the Arroquy et al (2005) procedure. Test samples were incubated for different hrs and then filtered through the nylon cloth with the pore size of 44microns. The remaining materials were dried at 60 °C for 72 hrs and utilized for the subsequent analysis according to the procedure. In vitro gas production was completed according to the procedure described by Menke and Steingass (1988). Each sample, both original forages and insoluble residues, weighing about 200mg, were put into 100ml calibrated glass syringes (FORTUNA®, Häberle Labortechnik, Germany) together with 30ml rumen liquid media solution on a 1:2 ratio. Syringes were incubated in a water bath at 39°C, where a transparent plastic lid with holes held the syringes upright. Two blanks and a standard hay sample of known gas production were included in each run.
Results and Discussion NDF content of Kochia scoparia without salinity (irrigate with tap water) was higher than that for Kochia samples irrigated with various levels of salinity. Crude protein (CP) content of the control Kochia sample (11%) was significantly (p
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2016-06-21
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.27715
chemical composition
digestibility
Gas production
Kochia scoparia
salinity
Reza
Valizadeh
valizadeh@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
mahdi
mahmoodi abyane
mahmoodiabyane@gmail.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Boali Sina University, Hamedan, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
reza
ganjavi
3
Department of Animal Science, Birjand Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Abdel Aziz, D. M. 1982. A study of the nutritive value of some range plants in the North Western Coastal Desert. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Aino Shams University, Egypt.
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23- Mowat, D. N., R. S. Fulkerson, W. E. Tossell and J. E .Winch. 1965. The in vitro digestibility and protein content of leaf and stem portions of foragers. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 45:321-331.
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24- Ørskov, E. R. and McDonald, I. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agriculture Science, 92: 499-503.
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25- Pedraza O M R 1998 Use of in vitro gas production to assess the contribution of both soluble and insoluble fractions on the nutritive value of forages. Ph.D. Thesis University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
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26- Poljakoff-Mayber, A. 1975. Morphological and anatomical changes in plants as a response to salinity stress. In A. Poljakoff-Mayber and J. Gale (eds.), Plants in Saline Environment, Ecological Series 15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp. 97-117.
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27- Riasi, A., M. DaneshMesgaran, M.D. Stern, and M.J. Ruiz Moreno. 2008. Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthusgamacarpus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141: 209-219.
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28- Russel, J. B., J. D. O Connor, D. G. Fox, P. J. Van Soet and C. J. Sniffer. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3551-3561.
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29- Salehi, M., M. Kafi, and A. Kiani. 2009. Growth analysis of kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) schrad) irrigated with saline water in summer cropping. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41: 1861-1870.
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30- SAS. 2001. SAS user’s guide. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North, Carolina, USA.
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31- Shannon, M. C., C. M. Grieve and L. E. Francois. 1994. Whole-plant response to salinity. In: R.E. Wilkinson, Editor, Plant–Environment Interactions, Mercel Dekker, New York. 199–244.
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32- Sherrod, L. B. 1971. Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia. I. Yield and chemical composition at three stages of maturity. Agronomy Journal, 63: 343-344.
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33- Sherrod, L.B. 1973. Nutritive value of kochia hay compared with alfalfa hay. J. Dairy Sci. 56: 923-926.
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34- Singleton, V. L., and J. A. Rossi. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16:144–153.
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35- Soleimani, M. R., M. Kafi, M. Ziaee and J. Shabahang. 2008. Effect of limited irrigation with saline water on forage of two local populations of Kochia scoparia L. Schrad. Journal of water & soil, 22: 148-156.
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36- Travis, A. J., S. D. Murison, P. Perry and A. Chesson. 1997. Measurement of cell wall volume using confocal microscopy and its application to studies of forage degradation. Annals of Botany, 80: 1-11.
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37- Van Soest PJ, Roberson JB and Lewis BA, 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3597.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of apple pulp and probiotic on performance, egg quality traits and blood parameters of laying hens
Introduction Apple is one of the most important fruits that is produced in the large amount in Iran. It is a good source of vitamins and minerals and active fiber. Most of the apples that product in Iran are use in food industry for producing different kinds of apple juices. After Juicing, more than 20% of apple, remain as waste. The remained matter contain considerable amount of vitamins and minerals that usually found in fresh apple, moreover it is rich source of pectin and crude fiber. Generally this byproduct discharge to environment and cause some serious environmental problems. It is thought that use of apple pulp as a part of apple waste in laying hens diets not only prevent some environmental problems, but also can improve their performance, egg quality traits, and blood biochemical parameters and reduce the production cost. The current study has been designed to investigate these traits.
Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out on 192 Hi-line (W36) laying hens in a completely randomized design as (2*2) factorial arrangement with two levels of apple pulp (0 and 4%) and two levels of probiotic (protexin) (0 and 0.005%) in 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 birds per replicate for 12 weeks (65-76 weeks).
Results and Discussion Using apple pulp and probiotic in diets improved the egg production performance, egg quality traits and blood parameters of laying hens (P0.05). Probiotic improved egg weight, egg production percentage, egg mass, feed conversion ratio and Haugh unit. In interaction effects, using apple pulp and probiotic improved the performance and egg quality traits of laying hens. The highest egg weight, egg production, egg mass and the best feed conversion were obtained with diet containing 4% apple pulp and 0.005% probiotic. Also the highest amount of albumin, eggshell thickness and Haugh unit were observed with 4% apple pulp and 0.05% probiotic. Apple pulp decreased the blood levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and albumin and increased HDL (P>0.05). In interaction effect, using apple pulp with probiotic reduced the amount of triglyceride and albumin meanwhile the amount of blood cholesterol increased (P>0.05). Apple pulp contains considerable amount of essentials nutrients such as vitamins and minerals and secondary substances like antioxidants, crude fiber and pectin. Use of apple pulp in hens diets improved the digestive tract health and highly amount of these compositions transfer to birds body and improve their performance, egg quality and blood parameters. The high amount of dietary fiber in apple pulp may be the main reason of blood parameters improving. The fibrous diets not only caused the secretion of bile increase but also increased the amount of cholesterol excretion compared to normal condition. Probiotic created a good environment in digestive tract by decreasing the population of harmful microorganisms, increasing the number of gram positive microorganisms and reduced pH of digesta in gut which can have positive effects on performance of laying hens. In diets containing probiotic, only productive parameters improved, whereas egg quality and blood biochemical parameters were not affected, meanwhile incorporated probiotic in apple pulp treatments, effectively improved egg quality traits and blood biochemical parameters more than performance. Apple pulp contain some composition that their digestion have some difficulties for laying hens, so, incorporation of probiotics such as protexin in diets those containing highly amount of undesirable composition such as fiber and pectin, can have good effects on egg production, egg traits and can improve blood biochemical parameters and be useful for efficient use of apple pulp by hens
Conclusion It can be resulted that using 4% of apple pulp in laying hens not only had no adverse effects on performance, egg quality traits and blood biochemical parameters, but also could effectively improve most of them, in contrary with more fibrous feeds that increased the amount of feed intake in bird, using 4% apple pulp did not have significant effects on the amount of daily feed intake in laying hens. Using 0.005% of probiotic can improve the performance, egg traits and blood parameters in laying hens.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35413_455a360eaf7a7d91b27e19406183e00f.pdf
2016-06-21
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350
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.47865
Apple pulp
Blood metabolites
Egg quality traits
laying hens
Performance
Shabaz
Noranian
noranian@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch, Maragheh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Nobakht
anobakhat20@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch, Maragheh, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Afshar Mazandaran, N., and A. Rajab. 2001. Probiotics and there using in poultry nutrition. Norbakhish Publisher, pp: 88-95. (In Persian)
1
2- Ahmad, G. A. 2004. Simultaneous use of apple pomace and molasses as a source of energy for broiler. Indian. Journal of Poultry Science. 39 (2): 179-181.
2
3- Amer, N., E. J. Al-Hilfy., and M. Al- Taie. 2011. Effect of apple- lite contained of apple fibers and gel pectin on body weight, lipid profiles, kidney function and histological structure of kidney in male albino rats. Danish Journa of Physiology Science, 8 (2): 178-187.
3
4- AOAC. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of official analytical. Eds. Washington DC.
4
5- Bardos, L., and B. Bender. 2012. Effect of apple cider vinegar on plasma lipids (Model experiment in mice). Potravinarstvo, 6 (1): 1-4.
5
6- Carlm, P. 1984. Influence of caecectomy and source of dietary fiber of starch on excretion of endogenous amino acids by laying hens. British Journal of Nutrition, 51: 541-548.
6
7- Fanimo, A. O., O. O. Oduguwa., A. A. Alade., T. O. Ogunnaike., and A. K. Adesehinwa. 2003. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristic of growing rabbits fed cashew apple waste, Livestock Research and Rural Development, 15 (8): 15-23.
7
8- Farkhoy, M., F, Sigharody., and F. Niknafas. 1994. Poultry breeding. Second Edition. Coasar Publication, pp: 150-266. (In Persian)
8
9- Ghaemi, H., A. Nobakht., and S. Razzagzadeh. 2014. The effect of apple pulp and multi enzyme on performance and blood parameters in native laying hens, Journal of Farm Animal Nutrition and Physiology, 9/1: 10-21.
9
10- Haddadin, M.S.Y., S. M., Abdulrahim., E. A. R. Hashlamoun., and R. K. Robinson. 1996. The effects of lactobacillus acidophilus on production and chemical composition of hen eggs. Poultry Science, 75: 491-494.
10
11- Kabir, S., M. M., Rahman, M. B. Rahman, and S. U. Ahmad. 2004. The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broiler. . Poultry Science, 3: 61-64.
11
12- Kalavathy, R., N. Abdullah., and S. Jalaludin, S. 2003. Effects of lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. Br. . Poultry Science, 44: 139 -144.
12
13- Khayat Nouri, M., and A. Kargari Rezapour. 2011. Effect of apple (Malus domestica) supplementation on serum lipids and lipoproteins level in cholesterol –fed male rat. Middlest Journal Science Research, 9 (6): 744-748.
13
14- Matoo, F. A., G. A. Beat., M. T. Banday., and T. A. S. Ganaie. 2001. Performance of broilers fed on apple pomace diets supplemented with enzyme (S). Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 18 (4): 349-352.
14
15- National Research Council, NRC. 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th rev.ed. National Academy Press. Washington. DC.
15
16 Nazifi, S. 1997. Hematology and clinical biochemistry of birds. First Edition. Shiraz University Publicationو pp, 173-290. (In Persian)
16
17- Safamehr, A. R., and A. Nobakht. 2008. Effect of probiotic (Protexin) on performance, blood biochemical parameters and egg quality in laying hens. Journal of Argiculture Science, 4: 61-71. . (In Persian)
17
18- SAS Institute. 2005. SAS Users guide: Statistics. Version 9.12. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. pp: 126-178.
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19- Valizadeh, M. and M. Moghaddam. 1994. Experimental designs in agriculture (1). Pishtaz Ekem publication, pp: 75-100. (In Persian)
19
20- Yousefi, M., and K. Karkoodi. 2007. Effect of probiotic Thepax® and Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on performance and egg quality of laying hens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6: 28. 28.
20
21- Zafar, f., M. Idrees., and Z. Ahmad. 2005. Use of apple byproducts in poultry rations of broiler chicks in Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Physiology, 1: 13-17.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating behavior changes of laying hens molted by high dietary zinc
Introduction The commercial egg industry commonly uses induced molt procedures to rejuvenate flocks for a second or third laying cycle. Molting may be induced by feed withdrawal for up to 10 days (7), water withdrawal for 2 days (19), or both, along with a reduction of day length (14). Such programs cause concern about animal welfare because it is thought that they may be harmful to hens (28). Given the concerns for potential bird stress, various methods of nutrient restriction that would avoid long term feed withdrawal have been investigated (20, 24). One of the alternative methods for molt induction is high-dietary Zn (4).
Materials and Methods In this study, a total of 30 Hy-line W-36 leghorn hens (at 50 wk old) (1400 ± 150 g), were randomly assigned to 5 replicate. Ten cages (3 hens in each cage) on both the upper and lower tiers were considered to observe behavior patterns. Data recording of predetermined behavioral patterns were carried out using five Camera Digital Video Recorder Multiplexer System. Behavior recording began at 9:00 h each day and ended at 11:00 h and a second observation starting at 16:00 p.m and ended at 18:00 p.m. Total of ten cages (containing 3 hens/ cage (30 hens total)) were used to collect 5 behaviors (feeding, drinking, nonnutritive pecking, preening and aggression pecking) and one posture (sitting). The following ethogram was adopted from Webster (27) feeding defined as pecking behavior directed toward the feed trough or toward a neighboring feed trough. Drinking was defined as the appearance of ingesting water from the nipple at the near of the cage. Nonnutritive pecking was defined as non aggressive pecking at anything other than feed, which included cage pecking, feather pecking, bill pecking and air pecking. Preening behavior involved the manipulation of the plumage with the beak. Aggressive was the sum of pecks that occurred within a cage or between neighboring cages. Sitting was defined as a crouched posture with shanks or breast in contact with the cage floor.
Results and Discussion Percentage of observation of all behaviors except for non-nutritive pecking was significantly affected by high dietary zinc (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35427_ede917238f6d21450664948f62a7b880.pdf
2016-06-21
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.53199
Cage
Camera
Laying hen
Molting
Pecking
Smayyeh
Salari
somayehsallary@yahoo.com
1
“Ramin Agriculture And Natural Resources University Of Khouzestan”
LEAD_AUTHOR
Somayyeh
Salari
zahrasoroush_md@yahoo.com
2
“Ramin Agriculture And Natural Resources University Of Khouzestan”
AUTHOR
1- Appleby, M. C., and I. J. H. Duncan. 1989. Development of perching in hens. Behavioral Biology, 14:157-168.
1
2- Appleby, M. C., J. A. Mench, and B. O. Hughes. 2004. Poultry Behavior and Welfare. Wallingford, U.K: CABI Publishing, p.46.
2
3- Baker, M., J. Brake., and G. R. McDaniel. 1983. The relationship between body weight loss during a forced molt and postmolt reproductive performance of caged layers. Poultry Science, 60: 1595 (Abst.).
3
4- Berry, W. D., and J. Brake. 1987. Postmolt Performance of laying hens molted by high dietary zinc, low dietary sodium and fasting: egg production and eggshell quality. Poultry Science, 66: 218-226.
4
5- Beuving, G., and G. M. A. Vonder. 1978. Effects of stressing factors of corticosterone levels in plasma of laying hens. Gernal and Comparative Endocrinology, 35:153-159.
5
6- Breeding, S. W., J. Brake., J. D. Garlich., and A. L. Johnson. 1992. Molt induced by dietary zinc in a low-calcium diet. Poultry Science, 71: 168–180.
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7- Christmas, R. B., R. H. Harms., and O. M. Junqueir. 1985. Performance of single comb white leghorn hens subjected to 4 or 10-day Feed withdrawal force rest procedures. Poultry Science, 64: 2321-2324.
7
8- Chu, Y., M. F. Mouat., H. B. S. Harris., J. A. Coffeld., and A. Grider. 2003. Water maze performance and changes in serum corticosterone levels in zinc-deprived and pair-fed rats. Physiology and Behavior, 78:567-578.
8
9- Cooper, J. J., and M. J. Albentosa. 2003. Behavioral priorities of laying hens. Avian Poultry Biology Reviews, 14:127-149.
9
10- Dickey, E. R., K. Bregendahl., K. Stalder., R. Fitzgerald., and A. K. Johnson. 2010. Effects of a premolt calcium and low-energy molt program on laying hen behavior and hetrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios. Poultry Science, 89:2317-2325.
10
11- Duncan, I. J. H. 1970. Frustration in the fowl, In: Aspects of Poultry Behavior (Eds. Freeman, B. M. and Gordon, R. F.), pp. 15-31. Edinburgh, British Poultry Science.
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12- Duncan, I. J., and D. G. M. Wood-Gush. 1971. An Analysis of displacement preening in the domestic fowl. Animal Behavior, 20: 68-71.
12
13- Dunkley, C. S., T. H. Friend., J. L. McReynolds., W. K. Kim., K. D. Dunkley., L. F. Kubena., D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008. Behavior of laying hens on alfalfa crumble molt diets. Poultry Science, 87: 815-822.
13
14- Hambree, D. J., A. W. Adams., and J. V. Craig. 1980. Effects of force molting by conventional and experimental light restriction method on performance and agonistic behavior of hens. Poultry Science, 71: 2027-2034.
14
15- Johnson, A. L., and J. Brake. 1992. Zinc-induced molt: evidence for a direct inhibitory effect on Granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Poultry Science, 71:161-167.
15
16- Lesson, S., and J. D. Summers. 2005. Commerical poultry production. (3rd edition), University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 153 pp.
16
17- McCowan, B., J. Schrader., A. M. Dilorenzo., C. Cardano., and D. Klinborg. 2006. Effects of induced molting on the well-being of egg-laying hens. Applied Animal Welfare Science. 9: 9-23.
17
18- Nicol, C. J. 1989. Social influences on the comfort behavior of laying hens. Applied Animal Behavior Science. 22:75-81.
18
19- North, M. O., and D. D. Bell. 1990. Commercial chicken production manual. 4th ed. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. 433-452 pp.
19
20- Park, S. Y., S. G. Birkhold., L. F. Kubena., D. J. Nisbet., and S. C. Ricke. 2004. Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on molt induction, organs, and postmolt egg production and quality in laying hens. Poultry Science, 83: 24–33.
20
21- Rick, S. C. 2003. The gastrointestinal tract ecology of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in molting hens. Poultry Science, 82: 1003-1007.
21
22- SAS, Institute Inc. 2004. The SAS System for Windows, NT Version 4.0.1381. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
22
23- Savory, C. J. 1978. The relationship between food and water intake and the effects of water restriction on laying Brown Leghorn hens. British Poultry Science, 19: 631-641.
23
24- Stein-Behrens, B. A., W. J. Lin., and R. M. Sapolsky. 1994. Physiological elevation of glucocorticoids potentials glutamate accumulation in the hippocampus. Journal of Neurochemistry, 63: 596-602.
24
25- Takeda, A., H. Itoh., K. Yamada., H. Tamano, and N. Oku. 2008. Enhancement of hippocampal mossy fiber activity in zinc deficiency and its influence on behavior. BioMetals, 21: 545-552.
25
26- Thaxton, J. P., and S. Puvadolpirod. 2000. Model of physiological stress in chickens. 50 Quantitative evalution. Poultry Science, 79: 391-395.
26
27- Webster, A. B. 2000. Behavior of white leghorn laying hens after withdrawal of feed. Poultry Science, 79:179-200.
27
28- Webster, A. B. 2003. Physiology and behavior of the hen during the induced molt. Poultry Science, 82: 992-1002.
28
29- Woodward, C. L., Y. M. Kwon., L. F. Kubena., J. A. Byrdr., W. Moored., J. Nisbet., and S. C. Ricke. 2005. Reduction of Solmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization and invasion by an alfalfa diet during molt in leghorn hens. Poultry Science, 84: 185-193.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Different Moisture Absorbents on Silage Fermentation Quality of Wet Potato Pulp
Introduction Using agricultural-industrial waste is one way to overcome the shortage of animal feed. Potato is one of the most important products in the world after rice, wheat and maize. Potato pulp is a by-product which remains after extraction of starch, and can be used as animal feed. Because of the high moisture content of the potato pulp, silage is the best way to maintain it. However, its high moisture content leads to inappropriate ensilage. Adding of moisture absorbents (MA) not only reduce the effluents, but also improve the silage quality. Materials with high content of cell wall are suitable candidates to be used as MA. Agro-industrial co-products including raisin wastes and pomegranate seed pulp have high cell wall and no report was found for their usage as MA. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of different absorbents on potato pulp silage fermentation quality.
Materials and Methods Fresh potato pulp was obtained from Alvand potato processing company (Hamedan, Iran). After transfer, the potato pulps were immediately ensiled with MAs including wheat bran, raisin pedicles, rejected raisins, pomegranate peel, wheat straw and raisin rachis. The treatments were: 100% potato pulp (control), 80% potato pulp and 20% wheat bran, 80% potato pulp and 20% raisin pedicles, 71% potato pulp and 29% rejected raisin, 80% potato pulp and 20% pomegranate peel, 80% potato pulp and 20% wheat straw and 80% potato pulp and 20% rachis. After 74 days, the silos were opened for investigation. Chemical composition (i.e., dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, Fleig point, pH and lactic acid concentration) were determined. In vitro gas production was used to assess fermentation parameters of treatments. Therefore, volume of gas production after 24 hours of incubation, rate of gas production, asymptotic gas production, lag phase, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, partitioning factor, microbial biomass and short chain fatty acid concentration were determined. All measurements were carried out with four replications. Statistical analysis was carried out in completely randomized design using SAS (version 9.2).
Results and Discussion Results showed that the addition of absorbent to potato pulp silage significantly (P˂0.05) increased dry matter, content of the cell wall, organic matter and Fleig point in some treatments. Fleig point is an indicator of silage quality. The treatment including rejected raisin showed the highest value of Fleig point (139.8 vs. 55.53 for control). The lowest ammonia concentrations were detected in treatments containing rachis, pedicles and pomegranate peels which can be attributed to the presence of tannin in these absorbents. Tannins reduce the proteolysis that lowers the ammonia concentration. The concentrations of lactic acid were higher in rejected raisin (3.734 g lactic acid/ kg DM) and pomegranate seed pulp (3.612 g lactic acid/kg DM) and the minimum value was observed in control (0.471 g lactic acid/ kg DM). The higher concentration of lactic acid shows the better quality of silage and among other fatty acids has the greater effect on pH of silage. Addition of different absorbents reduced true organic matter digestibility. Apparent organic matter digestibly was not consistent with reported value for true organic matter digestibility. This could be due to the method of measuring of former. In this method the residue is contaminated with microbial debris which overestimates the organic matter digestibility. After 144 hours of incubation gas production was reduced in treatments with absorbents. Rate of gas production in silage with rejected raisin was significantly (P˂0.05) higher than other treatments. Lag time observed only in control and wheat bran treatments, whereas the lag time in other treatment was zero. Partitioning factor in raisin pedicles, pomegranate peel and raisin rachis was higher than other treatments (3.05, 3.35 and 3.01). The higher value of partitioning factor shows the better quality of feedstuff and reveals that more fermented organic matter directed towards microbial biomass rather than production of volatile fatty acids.
Conclusion Because of high moisture content of potato pulp, it is suggested to ensiling this by-product for using as ruminant feedstuff. In this study, rejected raisin was the best moisture absorbent. The results showed that treatments containing rejected raisin, pomegranate peel, pedicles and rachis were suitable absorbent in ensilage process because of lower pH, higher lactic acid production and better quality of silage, respectively.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35454_722b9a006e5d8502588c22988135bf3f.pdf
2016-06-21
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.47506
Absorbent
Quality
Potato pulp
Silage
Daryoush
Alipour
s.mohammadian68@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
daryush
alipour
alipourd@basu.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
mahdi
mahmoodi abyane
mahmoodiabyane@gmail.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Boali Sina University, Hamedan, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
1- AOAC International. 2012. Official Methods of Analysis. 19th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
1
2- Balabanli, C., Albayrak, S., Turk, M. and Yuksel, O. 2010. A research on determination of hay yields and silage qualities of some vetch + cereal mixtures. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 204-209.
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3- Blummel, M., A. Schroder, K. H. Sudekum, and K. Becker.1999. Estimating ruminal microbial efficiencies in silage‐fed cattle: comparison of an in vitro method with a combination of in situ and in vivo measurements. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 81(2): 57-67.
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4- Blummel, M., H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. 1997. In vitro gas production: A technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,77: 24-34.
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5- David, L., L. Fingenchou, and J. P. Marais. 1990. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of micro quantities of lactic acid in biological material. Analytical Biochemistry, 195: 308-312.
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7- Denek, N. and A. Can. Feeding value of wet tomato pomace ensiled with wheat straw and wheat grain for Awassi sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 2006, 65(3): 260-265.
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12- Getachew, G., H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker, 2000. Stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production in presence and absence of polyethylene glycol
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for tannin containing browses, EAAP Satelite Symposium, Gas production: Fermentation kinetics for feed evaluation and to assess microbial activity, 18-19.
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13- Groot, J.C.J., J.W. Cone., B.A. Williams and E.A. Lantinga, 1996. Multiphasic analysis of gas production kinetics for in vitro fermentation of in vitro fermentation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 64:77–89.
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16- Keskun, B and U.H. Yilmaz. 2005. Effects of urea or urea plus molasses supplementation to silages with different sorghum Varieties harvested at the quality and In vitro dry matter digestibility of silages. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal science, 29: 1143-1147.
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17- Khorvash, M., D. Colombatto, K.A. Beauchemin, G.R. Ghorbani and A. Samei, 2006. Use of absorbants and inoculants to enhance the quality of corn silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 86: 97- 107.
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18- Lisitra, G., T.M. Hernandes and P.J. Van soest. 1996. Standardization of procedure for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57: 347-358.
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19- Mayer, F. and J. O. Hilleberand. 1997. Potato pulp: microbiological characterization, physical modification and application of this agricultural waste product. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 48: 435- 440.
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21- Menke, K.H., and H. Steingass. 1979. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28: 7-55.
22
22- Okine, A., M. Hanada, Y. Aibibula and M. Okamoto, 2005. Ensiling of potato pulp with or without bacterial inoculants and its effect on fermentation quality, nutrient composition and nutritive value. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 121: 329-343.
23
23- Ozkul, H., Kilic, A., Polat, M. 2011. Evaluation of mixtures of certain market wastes as silage. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 24(9): 1243-1248.
24
24- Patra, A K., and J. Saxena. 2011. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(1): 14-37.
25
25- Pettersson, K. and S. Lindgren. 1989. The influence of the carbohydrate fraction and additives on silage quality. Grass Forage Science, 45:223.
26
26- Seglar, B. 2003. Fermentation Analysis and Silage Quality Testing. Global Agronomy and Nutritional Science.
27
27- Sugimoto, M., W. Saito, M. Ool, Y. Sato and T. Saito, 2009. The effects of inclusion levers urea-treated potato pulp silage in concentrate and roughage sources on finishing performance and carcass quality in cull beef cows beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 280- 285.
28
28- Thompson, M.D., H.J. Thompson, J.N. McGinley, E.S. Neil, D.K. Rush, D.G. Holm, and C. Stushnoff. 2009. Functional food characteristics of potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum): phytochemical composition and inhibition of meyyl-l-nirosourea induced breast cancer in rate. Journal of Food Composition an Analysis, 22: 571- 576.
29
29- Vercoe, P.E., H.P.S. Makkar, and A.C. Schlink. 2010. In vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-Nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Pp: 107–144.
30
30- Wischer, G., J. Boguhn, H. Steingaß, M. Schollenberger, K, Hartung and Rodehutscord. 2013. Effect of monensin on in vitro fermentation of silages and microbial protein synthesis. Archives of animal nutrition, 67(3): 219-234.
31
31- Yahaya, M.S., M. Kawai, J. Takashashi, S. Matsuoka, M. Goto, and S. Karita. 2003. Effect of prolonging the time prioer to filling into the silo on degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of orchard grass. Journal of Animal and veterinary Advances, 2(3): 133-137.
32
32- Zhang, W. W., Y. G. Zhang and Z. Liu, 2012. Effect of different absorbents on fermentation quality of wet potato pulp. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 22: 4230- 4235.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Monensin or Protexin on Gas Production Parameters of Alfalfa and Barley in the Ruminal Fungi Culture
Introduction Since the legislation of European Union has prohibited the use of growth-promoting antibiotics such as: monensin, there is an interest in alternatives to manipulate the rumen fermentation. The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feeds is banned in Europe due to having potential risks such as the spread of antibiotic resistance genes or the contamination of milk or meat with antibiotic residues. Recently, probiotics have been increasingly evaluated to replace or facilitate reductions in the use of antibiotics. Thus, the aim of this study was investigating the comparison of antibiotic (sodium monensin) and probiotic (protexin) on the gas production parameters and organic matter digestibility of feedstuffs (alfalfa hay, barley grain, and alfalfa+ barley mixture)
Materials and Methods Experimental treatments were included control (basal feeds without additive), basal feeds supplemented with sodium monensin or protexin probiotic at levels of 500 or 1000 mg per kg of DM in a rumen fungi culture. Ruminal fluid was collected from two fistulated sheep (49.5±2.5 kg) and all samples were withdrawn 2 h after the morning ration had been consumed. Collected ruminal contents were strained through four layers of cheesecloth and brought immediately to the laboratory. To have a pure ruminal fungi culture, whole ruminal fluid was centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 min and added 0.100 mg/ml antibacterial agent (streptomycin sulfate, penicillin G, and chloramphenicol (14, 35). Gas production technique was used to detect the fermentation parameters of the treatments (16).Three parallel syringes of each treatment were prepared in this experiment. To measure the total gas production (A) and the rate of gas production (c), cumulative gas production, organic digestibility and metabolizable energy of treatments until 120 h. Gas production was measured directly from the volume of the syringes at 0, 3, 6, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Statistical analysis of data were statistically analyzed in a completely randomized design was performed by SAS (9.1 version) and the least square of means.
Results and Discussion Results showed the higher level of sodium monensin (1000 mg/kg) decreased fermentable fraction (b), organic digestibility and metabolizable energy of both alfalfa hay and barley grain compared with other treatments significantly. The total gas production (A) and the rate of gas production (c) of gas production, cumulative gas production, organic digestibility and metabolizable energy of alfalfa were highest for control treatment (alfalfa without additives). But the level of 1000 mg/kg of protexin supplemented with barley increased fermentable fraction (b), cumulative gas production, organic digestibility and metabolizable energy than other treatments by ruminal fungi (p
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35467_a5be6cc9bf5a7d10aa9c116ac1784c29.pdf
2016-06-21
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.48997
Antibiotic
Fermentative parameters
In vitro
Probiotic
Ruminal fungi
Saeed
Sobhanirad
sobhani5725@mshdiau.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahdi
ElahiTorshizi
elahi222@gmail.com
2
Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University
AUTHOR
1- AOAC, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed. Association Official Analytical Chemists, Arligton, VA.
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2- Bauchop, T. 1981. The anaerobic fungi in rumen fiber digestion. Agriculture and Environment, 6: 339-348.
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5- Dinius, D. A., M. E. Simpson, and P. B. Marsh. 1976. Effect of monensin fed with forage on digestion and the ruminal ecosystem of steers. Journal of Animal Science, 42: 229-234.
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11
12- Jafari, P., GH. Mohammad Zamani, F. Almasian, M. Tajabadi. 2010. Isolation and semi-Industrial production of Basillus strains for poultry. 1st National Conference of Probiotic and Functional Foods, Tehran. Iran. Pages 322-330 (In Persian).
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13- Jalč, D., M. Baran, T. Vendrak, and P. Siroka. 1992. Effect of monensin on fermentation of hay and wheat bran investigated by the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec). 2. End-products of fermentation and protein synthesis. Archiv für Tierernährung, 42:153-158.
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14- Lee, S. S., J. K. Ha, and K. J. Cheng. 2000. Relative contributions of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi to in vitro degradation of orchard grass cell walls and their interactions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 3807 – 3813.
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15- Menke, K. H., and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal research and development, 28: 6-55.
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16- Menke, K. H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz, and W. Schneider. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92: 217 -222.
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17- Modaresi, M. H. 2012. The economic role of probiotic and Functional foods. 2th National Conference of Probiotic and Functional Foods, Tehran. Iran. (In Persian)
17
18- Nagaraja, T. G., C. J. Newbold, C. J. Van Nevel, and D. I. Demeyer. 1997. Manipulation of ruminal fermentation. Pages 523-632 in The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. P. N. Hobson and C. S. Stewart, Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
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19- Orpin, C. G., and K. N. Joblin. 1988. The rumen anaerobic fungi. In: Hobson PN, editor. The rumen microbial ecosystem. Elsevier Applied Science London.
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20- Paul, S. S., D. N. Kamra, V. R. B. Sastry, N. P. Sahu, A. Kumar. 2003. Effect of phenolic monomers on growth and hydrolytic enzyme activities of an anaerobic fungus isolated from wild nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36: 377-381.
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21- Plaizier, J. C., A. Martin, T. F Duffield, R. Bagg, P. Dick and B. W. McBride. 2000. Effect of a prepartumadministration of monensin in a controlled-release capsule on apparent digestibilities and nitrogen utilization in transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 2918-2925.
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22- Quigley, J. D., T. M. Steen, and S. I. Boehms. 1992. Postprandial changes of selected blood and ruminal metabolites in ruminating calves fed diets with or without hay. Journal of Animal Science,. 75:228-235.
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23
24- Roger, V., G. Fonty, S. Komisarczuk-Bony and P. Gouet. 1990. Effects of physicochemical factors on the adhesion to cellulose Avicel of the ruminal bacteria Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes subsp. succinogenes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56:3081-3087.
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27- SAS Institute Inc. 2004. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
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28- Seo, J K., S.W. Kim, M. H. Kim, S. D. Upadhaya, D. K. Kam and J. K. Ha. 2010. Direct-fed Microbials for Ruminant Animals. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 12: 1657 – 1667.
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29- Surber, L. M. and J. G. P. Bowman. 1998. Monensin effects on digestion of corn or barley high-concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science, 76:1945-1954.
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30- Vagnoni, D. B., W. M. Craig, R. N. Gates, W. E. Wyatt, and L. L. Southern. 1995. Monensin and ammonication or urea supplementation of Bermuda grass hay diets for steers. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 1793-1802.
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31- Vali, N. 2009. Probiotic in quail nutrition: A Review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 8(12): 1218-1222.
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32- Van Soest, P.J., J. B. Robertson., and B. A.Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral-detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
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33- Wallace, R. J., and K. N Joblin. 1985. Proteolytic activity of a rumen anaerobic fungus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 29: 19-25.
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34- Wischer, G. 2012. Effects of monensin and tannin extract supplementation on methane production and other criteria of rumen fermentation in vitro and in long -term studies with sheep. Thesis.
34
35- Zhang, Y., W. Gao., and Q. Meng. 2007. Fermentation of plant cell walls by ruminal bacteria, protozoa and fungi and their interaction with fibre particle size. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 61(2): 114–125.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bioinformatics and Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial COX3 Gene in Iranian Camelus Dromedaries and Camelus Bactrianus
Introduction Camels belong to the family of Camelidae, suborder of Tylopoda, order of artiodactyla and class of mammalians. The family Camelidae has two old world species, double-humped camel (CAMELUS BACTRIANUS) and single-humped camel (CAMELUS DROMEDARIES) and four new world (tribe Lamini) species, guanaco (LAMA GUANICOE), llama (LAMA GLAMA), alpaca (LAMA PACOS) and vicuna (LAMA VICUGNA or VICUGNA VICUGNA) at present time. The single-humped camel inhabits Afro-Arabia, Ethiopia and west Central Asia while the double-humped inhabits eastern Central Asia and China). Camel has been historically and economically an important species worldwide especially in the Africa and Asia. Camel has unique characteristics enable it to adapt its desert environment. The total worldwide camel population at present estimated to be about 23 million in the world. Somalia and Sudan together hold approximately 50% of the whole camel population. In the last 40 years, the number of camels has increased by almost 45%. Iranian native species are considered as part of the national capital so their preservation is so important. Due to severe decrease in their population in some areas, more attention to conservation genetics perspective of these species is very important. The aim of this study was to bioinformatics and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (COX3) in Iranian Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus.
Materials and Methods For this purpose 10 blood samples were collected from each species (totally 20 samples). After DNA extraction, the fragment with 979 bp length from mitochondrial DNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing was performed by automated Sanger methods then the obtained sequences were compared with sequences from other studies. The nucleotide sequences obtained were edited using the PHRED software (http://www.phrap.org /phredphrapconsed.html). After editing, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) were used in order to find the homology of sequences. Further analysis of the sequences were carried out, by using the other software’s such as Chromas Lite (http://www.technelysium.com.au), Bio Edit (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/bioedit/bioedit.html) and the obtained sequences, were aligned with other COX3 gene of camel and other species, using CLC Main workbench 5.5 software (http://www.clcbio.com). The sequences were conducted using the maximum composite likelihood method by MEGA software (www.megasoftware.net, version v.5.2). Phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method by the same software.
Results and discussion The results shown that there are no differences between COX3 sequences in both samples from Iranian Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus and also their sequences have 100 percent homology with Camelus dromedarius (Arabian camel) and Iranian Camelus dromedaries Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel), respectively. Comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences and also three-dimensional structure of COX3 in Iranian camel species demonstrated that these two species have close genetic distance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two species have the most genetic distance with Lama guanicoe among the CAMELIDAE FAMILY. The content of nucleotide sequences showed that the estimated frequencies of A + T and C + G were in the range of 52.4 and 47.6 percents for Iranian Camelus dromedaries and 53.2 and 46.8 percents for Iranian Camelus bactrianus, respectively.
Conclusion COX3 sequence analysis shown that Iranian Dromedarius and Bactrianus camels had high level homology in sequence and nucleotide content.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35448_232b26f90cd5d39063251304b82a38de.pdf
2016-06-21
361
369
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.36720
Camelus bactrianus
Camelus dromedarius
COX3
Mitochondrial DNA
Tooba
Abbassi-Daloii
tooba.abbassi@gmail.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hadi
Sekhavati
sekhavati@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Tahmoorespur
m_tahmoorespur@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Ahmed, M. M., S. A. El-Shazly., S. M. Sayed., and S. A. M. Amer. 2013. Molecular study of energy related mitochondrial genes in Arabian and Bactrian camels. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 9:61-70.
1
2- Al-Swailem, A. M., M. M. Shehata., F. M. Abu-Duhier., E. J. Al-Yamani., and K. A. Al-Busadah. 2010. Sequencing, Analysis, and Annotation of Expressed Sequence Tags for Camelus dromedarius. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10720.
2
3- Ansari-Renani, H., M. Salehi., Z. Ebadi., and S. Moradi. 2010. Identification of hair follicle characteristics and activity of one and two humped camels. Small Ruminant Research, 90(1):64-70.
3
4- Bannikova, A. A. 2004. Molecular markers and modern phylogenetics of mammals. Journal of General Biology, 65:278-305.
4
5- Cui, P., R. Ji, F. Ding., D. Qi., H. Gao., H. Meng., J. Yu., S. Hu., and H. Zhang. 2007. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae. BMC Genomics, 8:241.
5
6- Ji, R., P. Cui., F. Ding., J. Geng., H. Gao, H. Zhang., J. Yu., S. Hu., and H. Meng. 2009. Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus). Animal Genetics, 40:377–382.
6
7- Khabiri, A. A., M. Tahmoorespur., M. R. Nassiri., and M. H. Sekhavati. 2014. Mapping of transcription factor binding Region of kappa casein (CSN3) gene in Iranian Bacterianus and Dromedaries camels. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(5): 1726-1733
7
8- Mather, M. W., P. Springer., S. Hensel., G. Buse., and J. A. Fee. 1993. Cytochrome oxidase genes from Thermus thermophilus. Nucleotide sequence of the fused gene and analysis of the deduced primary structures for subunits I and III of cytochrome caa3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(8): 5395–5408.
8
9- Michel, H. 1999. Cytochrome c oxidase: catalytic cycle and mechanisms of proton pumping-a discussion. Biochemistry, 38(46): 15129–15140.
9
10- Schwartz, H. 1992. Productive performance and productivity of dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). Animal Research and Development, 35:86-98.
10
11- Wass, M. N., L. A. Kelley., and M. J. E. Sternberg. 2010. 3DLigandSite: predicting ligand-binding sites using similar structures. Nucleic Acids Research. 38: 469-473.
11
12- Zhang, C. L., Y. H. Wang., M. Xie., M. Chen., X. H. Wang., and S. S. Hou. 2010. Mitochondrial Coding Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Carcass Traits in Beijing Duck. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9:2522-252.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Kleiber Ratio and Growth Traits in Kurdish Sheep
Introduction Kurdish sheep breed is one of the most important native breeds of Iran. They are fat-tailed, large-sized, well adapted to the mountainous regions in northern Khorasan province and mainly raising for meat production under pastoral production system (28). Feed efficiency is a major component in the profitability of the small ruminant enterprise, because quality of range and pasture is low in poor environmental conditions in Iran. Growth rate and feed efficiency are two traits of great economic importance in sheep production and also Kleiber ratio has been suggested to be a useful indicator for these traits (2). There was no information regarding genetic parameters for growth traits in Kurdish sheep. Thus, the main objective of the present research was to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters for pre- and post-weaning growth traits and Kleiber ratio in Kurdish sheep.
Material and Methods In this study, the records of growth traits from 5144 lambs (from 161 rams and 1982 ewes) were used. The data were collected during a 17-year period (1996–2013) in Kurdish sheep Breeding Station located in Shirvan city of northern Khorasan province. Traits investigated were average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADG0-3), average daily gain from weaning to six months of age (ADG3-6), average daily gain from six to nine months of age (ADG6-9), average daily gain from nine to twelve months of age (ADG9-12) and Kleiber ratios (KR) defined as:
KR1=ADG0-3/(BW3)0.75
KR2=ADG3-6/(BW6)0.75
KR3=ADG6-9/(BW9)0.75
KR4=ADG9-12/(BW12)0.75
Test of significance for the fixed effects to be included in the final functional model for each trait and calculation of least squares means was accomplished using GLM procedure of SAS software (24). The considered fixed effects were year of lambing (1996-2013), sex of lamb (male and female), type of birth (single and twin) and age of ewe (1–7 years old). (Co) variance components and genetic parameters were estimated applying restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method fitting six animal models using WOMBAT (18):
y =Xb+Zaa+e Model 1
y=Xb+Zaa+Zpepe+e Model 2
y =Xb+Zaa+Zmm+e Cov(a,m)=0 Model 3
y =Xb+Zaa+Zmm+e Cov(a,m)=Aσam Model 4
y =Xb+Zaa+Zmm+Zpepe+e Cov(a,m)=0 Model 5
y =Xb+Zaa+Zmm+Zpepe+e Cov(a,m)= Aσam Model 6
where y: is a vector of records, b: is a vector of fixed effects, a: is a vector of direct additive genetic effects, m: is a vector of maternal additive genetic effects, pe: is a vector of permanent environmental effects due to ewe, X, Za, Zm and Zpe are corresponding design matrices relating the fixed effects, direct additive genetic effects, maternal additive genetic effects and permanent environmental effects due to ewe to vector of y, respectively, e: is a vector of residual effects, and Cov(a,m): is the covariance between direct additive genetic and maternal additive genetic effects.
Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) was used for selecting the best model among the tested models (3):
Where logLi: is the maximized log likelihood of model i at convergence and pi: is the number of the parameters in each model. Model with the lowest AIC was considered as the best model for each trait. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic correlations was accomplished using multi-trait analysis (with model 1). The fixed effects included in the multi-trait animal models were those in single-trait analyses.
Results and Discussion The pre-weaning average daily gain in Kurdish lambs was 215.33±0.96 g, while this trait in post-weaning periods had a decreased trend. These values (especially in pre-weaning period) indicated that Kurdish lambs have a good potential for growth. Results from the analysis of variance of ADG and KR in different ages showed that birth year and sex of the lambs significantly influenced studied traits (P< 0.01). Type of birth had significant effect (P< 0.01) on ADG0-3, ADG3-6, KR1 and KR2. The effect of ewe age was significant for ADG0-3 and KR1. The significant effects of fixed factors on ADG and KR traits can be explained in part by differences in endocrine system of male and female lambs, limited uterine space (especially in young ewes), insufficient availability of nutrients during pregnancy and early lactation and competition for milk consumption between twin lambs.
The model including direct additive genetic effects, maternal genetic effects as well as maternal permanent environmental effects, without considering covariance between them (model 5) was determined as the most appropriate model for ADG0-3 and KR1. The most appropriate model for ADG3-6 and KR2 was included a maternal genetic effects as well as direct additive genetic effects, with considering covariance between them (model 4).
Direct heritability estimates for the considered traits were relatively medium ranging from 0.11 (ADG0-3 and KR1) to 0.19 (KR4). Estimated maternal heritability and ratio of maternal permanent environmental effects to phenotypic variance for ADG0-3 was 0.11 and 0.04, respectively. Estimated values for direct and maternal heritabilities of ADG traits were well consistent with some of the published values.Direct heritability estimate for KR1 was higher than maternal heritability and lower than ratio of maternal permanent environmental effects to phenotypic variance estimates (0.11, 0.06 and 0.12, respectively). The relatively low heritability estimates for the studied traits can be perhaps explained by the low nutritional management, low quality of pastures and harsh climaticb conditions, which result in a high environmental variance.
Genetic correlation among ADG traits varied from 0.18 (ADG3-6-ADG9-12) to 0.57 (ADG0-3-ADG3-6). Similar to our estimate, positive correlations between ADG traits have been reported by Abegaz et al. (2) for Horro sheep. Absoulate value of phenotypic correlation between ADG traits were 0.02 for ADG3-6-ADG9-12 to 0.23 for ADG0-3-ADG3-6. Positive genetic correlations between ADG0-3 and ADG3-6 in the presence of negative phenotypic correlations might have arisen as a result of compensatory growth mediated through environmental effects in lambs that were gaining at lower rates during the pre-weaning period. Direct genetic correlations among ADG and KR traits were positive and medium to high. Genetic correlation among ADG0-3-KR1, ADG3-6-KR2, ADG6-9-KR3 and ADG9-12-KR4 were 0.98, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. Estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations for ADG and KR traits were in consistent with those obtained by Abegaz et al. (2).
Conclusion It was observed that maternal genetic models could better explain the genetic variation observed in pre-weaning traits. Estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations among ADG and KR traits were high in magnitude. These results suggest that selection for Kleiber ratio can result in genetic improvement of growth rate as well as feed effeciency.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35473_8408b30211aaa079b6e29232b32e617f.pdf
2016-06-21
370
381
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.48657
Average daily gain
Genetic parameters
Kleiber ratio
Kurdish sheep
Davoud Ali
Saghi
davoudali@yahoo.com
1
Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Shahdadi
a.shahdadi@yahoo.com
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
1- Abbasi, M. A, R. Abdollahi-Arpanahi., A. Maghsoudi., R. Vaez-Torshizi., and A. Nejati-Javaremi. 2011. Evaluation of models for estimation of genetic parameters and maternal effects for early growth traits of Iranian Baluchi sheep. Small Ruminants Research, 10:1-8.
1
2- Abegaz, S., J. B. Van Wyk., and J. J. Olivier. 2005. Model comparisons and genetic and environmental parameter estimates of growth and the Kleiber ratio in Horro sheep. South African Journal of Animal Science, 35:30-40.
2
3- Akaike, H. 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control. 19:716-723.
3
4- Aliakbari, A., M. A. Abbasi, and A. Lavvaf. 2015. Maternal effects on average daily gain and kleiber ratio of Ghezel sheep in rural breeding systems. Journal of Animal Science Research, 25:109-121. (In Persian with English abstract).
4
5- Asadi Khoshoei, E., S. R. Miraei-Ashtiani., A. Turkmenzehi., Sh. Rahimi., and R. Vaez Torshizi. 2000. Evaluation of Kleiber ratio as one of criterion for selecting ram in Lori Bakhtiari sheep. Iranian Journal Agricultural Science, 30(4):649-655. (In Persian with English abstract).
5
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22- Mohammadi, H., M. Moradi Shahrebabak., H. Moradi Shahrebabak., A. Bahrami., and M. Dorostkar. 2013. Model comparisons and genetic parameter estimates of growth and the Kleiber ratio in Shal sheep. Archiv Tierzucht, 10:1-20.
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Nutritional Value of Raisin by- Product and its Effect on Late Flower Alfalfa Hay Fermentation Profile and Nutrient Availability in Ruminants
Introduction Using agro-industrial by-products in ruminants feeding could help in semi arid climate condition throughout the year. Raisin by-product is produced in huge magnitude in Malayer city, Hamedan province. Local different raisin by-products which produced during machinery cleaning and sorting of sun dried treated grapevine cluster (Vitisvinifera L. cv. Sultana), are as:1) some outer layer of flesh and skin and pedicle of berries; 2) rejected raisins mostly un-ripped berries with their pedicles and 3) peduncles and rachises with their lateral branches of clusters. They may have suitable nutritive value in ruminants. However, their nutrient profile and availability and anti nutrient factors such as lignin and tannin should be considered. Alfalfa hay is usually the important forage used in dairy cow’s diet. However, it has lower fiber digestibility and higher ruminal crude protein degradability. Increasing alfalfa hay fiber digestibility and decreasing ruminal crude protein degradability can help its feeding value. Raisin by-product may help to achieve those in the case of alfalfa hay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of raisin by-product in ruminant feeding compared with late flower alfalfa hay and consideration of its effect on in vitro fermentation of alfalfa hay.
Material and methods Based on completely randomized block design, two original samples (two blocks) for each of alfalfa hay and raisin by-product from local availabilities were collected. In first experiment, chemical and phenolic (total phenol and tannin) composition analysis was measured by two replicates for each block according to AOAC methods. In second experiment, in situ ruminal degradation kinetics of alfalfa hay and raisin by-product was measured using two fistulated Mehraban rams. For ruminal incubation times of 0, 3, 6, 16, 36, and 72 h respectively 2, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 filled nylon bags used which randomly assigned in animals. In situ trial was conducted in two runs. Nylon bag residuals from incubation time for each feed block within each run were pooled. In third experiment, gas production kinetics of alfalfa hay, raisin by product and their combination batches as 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in dry matter basis were measured at incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 in two runs and with three vials per time of incubation. Orskov and Mcdonal model used to calculate the in situ and gas production parameters. Potential nutrient supply using 24 h cumulative and chemical compositions were measured. Data was analyzed based on completely randomized block design using proc mixed SAS (9.2) which the effect of treatment was as fixed and the effects of block and run were considered as random. The LSD used to compare means differences and level of significant was P≤0.05.
Results and discussion Chemical composition results showed that total phenol and tannin and organic matter content in raisin by-product were significantly higher and dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ash were lower than alfalfa hay (P
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2016-06-21
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.50376
Late flower alfalfa hay
Nutritive value
Raisin by-product
Ruminants
Mojtaba
Yari
mojyari@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Samaneh
Valinejad
valinejadsamaneh@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
AUTHOR
Milad
Manafi
manafim@malayeru.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeinab
Ghaseminejad
zeinabghasemi22@gmail.com
4
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
AUTHOR
Abolfazl
Kolivand
5
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
AUTHOR
Syed Masoud
Zolhavarieh
6
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Paraveterinary Medicine, Boali Sina University, Hamedan, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
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2- Angaji, L., M. Souri, and M. M. Moeini. 2011. Deactivation of tannins in raisin stalk by polyethyleneglycol-600: Effect on degradation and gas production invitro. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 4478-4483.
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26- 26. Theodorou, M. K., B. A. Williams., M. S. Dhanoa., A. B. McAllan., and J. France. 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 48: 185–197.
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29- Yari, M., R. Valizadeh, A .A. Naserian., A. Jonker., and P. Yu. 2012. Modeling nutrient availability of alfalfa hay cut at three stages of maturity and afternoon and morning. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 178: 12-19.
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31- Yari, M., M. Manafi., M. Hedayati., S. Khalaji., M. Mojtahedi., R. Valizadeh., and M. HosseiniGhaffari. 2015a. Nutritive value of several raisin by-products for ruminants evaluated by chemical analysis and insitu ruminal degradability. Research opinions in Animal & veterinary sciences, 5: 198-204.
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32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Direct and Maternal Effects in Growth Traits of Sangsari Sheep Using Gibbs Sampling
Introduction Small ruminants, especially native breed types, play an important role in livelihoods of a considerable part of human population in the tropics from socio-economic aspects. Therefore, integrated attempt in terms of management and genetic improvement to enhance production is of crucial importance. Knowledge of genetic variation and co-variation among traits is required for both the design of effective sheep breeding programs and the accurate prediction of genetic progress from these programs.
Body weight and growth traits are one of the economically important traits in sheep production, especially in Iran where lamb sale is the main source of income for sheep breeders while other products are in secondary importance. Although mutton is the most important source of protein in Iran, meat production from the sheep does not cover the increasing consumer demand. On the other hand, increase in sheep number to increase meat production has been limited by low quality and quantity of forage range. Therefore, enhancing meat production should be achieved by selecting the animals that have maximum genetic merit as next generation parents. To design an efficient improvement program and genetic evaluation system for maximization response to selection for economically important traits, accurate estimates of the genetic parameters and the genetic relationships between the traits are necessary.
Studies of various sheep breeds have shown that both direct and maternal genetic influences are of importance for lamb growth. When growth traits are included in the breeding goal, both direct and maternal genetic effects should be taken into account in order to achieve optimum genetic progress. The objective of this study was to estimate the variance components and heritability, for growth traits, by fitting six animal models in the Sangsari sheep using Gibbs sampling.
Material and Method Sangsari is a fat-tailed and relatively small sized breed of sheep, native and well adapted to Semnan province. The data set and pedigree information used in this study, recorded during 1986–2008, were obtained from the breeding station of Sangsari sheep (in Damghan, Semnan Province, Iran). The data included 9707 records for birth weight (BW), 8524 records for weaning weight (WW) and 3894 records for six months weight (6MW). Records were prepared for analysis using EXCEL 97 software. During the preparation process, abnormal data were removed. The pedigree and data files were prepared using pedigree software.
Firstly, the GLM procedure (SAS, 2002) was used for determining the fixed effects that had significant effect on the traits investigated (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35487_f4230dc427a02d1ce07d36016e148642.pdf
2016-06-21
382
391
10.22067/ijasr.v8i2.49127
Genetic parameters
Gibbs sampling
Heritability
Sangsari Sheep
Zohreh
Yousefi
yosefi_2004@yahoo.com
1
Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan
AUTHOR
Mohammad Taghi
Beigi Nasiri
mt_nassiri@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Khuzestan, Khuzestan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Noredin
Moradi
moradi.n1985@gmail.com
3
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Imani
imanimehdi@ut.ac.ir
4
Tehran University
AUTHOR
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