ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Three Days Storage of Coated Spermatozoa at Cooling and Adding Seminal Plasma on Ram Fertility
Introduction Artificial insemination (AI) has only been used as a supplement to natural mating. AI, when used in conjunction with accurate progeny testing schemes, can substantially increase the rate of genetic progress compared with that of natural service. Moreover, the use of AI causes the limitation of the transmitted diseases. Cervical insemination with frozen-thawed ram semen has not been widely adopted, probably because of the relative poor fertility obtained. Thus using fresh and diluted semen is only approach for performing AI.
AI is currently limited by the poor fertility achieved after cervical insemination with the storage of liquid semen at sub-ambient temperature. The success of this procedure in sheep is restricted by the short length of time that ram sperm can be stored in a liquid state. Moreover, the effect of cooling on sperm differs depending on species. It is also well known that ram spermatozoa are more sensitive to cold-shock stress than those of other species.
Seminal plasma, as physiological secretion, is a complex mixture of secretions originating from testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands which is mixed with epididymal sperm at ejaculation; it serves as the carrier of sperm to the female genital tract. This mixture contains numerous factors such as organic and nonorganic material which play an important role in the final maturation of the spermatozoa through hormonal, enzymatic and surface-modifying events. During natural mating, a mechanism may be activated to separate spermatozoa from seminal plasma. After being ejaculated into the vagina, sperm swim through cervical mucus and enter the uterus within minutes (>30 min); cervical mucus acts as a barrier for seminal plasma. In the artificial insemination industry, seminal plasma with all the useful and harmful components is not removed from semen and is in contact with sperm throughout cooling, freezing and storage.
On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the auto-destructive activity of seminal plasma was decreased which may be reduced by coating spermatozoa for less than 5 min during collection with the commercial diluent supplemented with egg yolk. The detrimental effect of lipid efflux induced by seminal plasma may be abolished by decreasing the time of the contact between seminal plasma and sperm.
The objective of this study was to determine whether coating method, as a collection method, can improve fertility of ram spermatozoa after 72 h storage.
Materials and Methods Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seminal plasma on coated spermatozoa fertility by using 111 ewes, aged between 1 and 3 years. Semen from four mature, healthy and fertile Thaleshi rams, aged between 2 and 5 years, were used for AI. The animals were housed at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Education Research and Practice Farm, University of Guilan, South of Rasht (it is located at 37° 12´ North latitude and 49° 39´ East longitude) and fed daily with alfalfa hay and 0.5 kg of concentrate, and provided salt lick and water ad libitum. Semen was collected throughout the breeding season (August, 2011) by using an artificial vagina. Ejaculates from each ram were collected in a tube containing 5 ml of coating medium (269 mM Tris (Hydroxymethy1) aminomethane, 52 mM D-Fructose, 89 mM Citric Acid, 2000 IU/ml penicillin G and 0.4 mg/ml streptomycin pH=7.0) at72 h before insemination. Two or three consecutive ejaculates fromeach ram were collected. The ejaculates were placed in a water bath (35○C) immediately after collection. Semen quality was assessed, and to be accepted as a donor, and the ejaculation of each ram ejaculation had to fulfill the following demands concerning semen quality: volume ≥ 0.5 ml, macroscopic good visual mass activity (sperm motility ≥ 75%), sperm concentration ≥ 3 × 109⁄ml and normal sperm morphology ≥ 90%. Coated ejaculates were centrifuged for 10 min at 700 × g at room temperature and the supernatant was removed. The pellets were diluted by Tris-glucose up to 800 × 106 sperm/mL then they were split into three parts (E-S+, E-S-and E+S-) and incubated at 5 C. After 68 h‚ samples were centrifuged by 700 × g 10 min at 5 °C. In E-S+, supernatant was removed and added 10% crude seminal plasma. In E-S-‚ supernatant was removed and added Tris-glucose. In E+S-‚ pellet was mixed with supernatant. Samples were packaged into straws‚ incubated at 5 °C for 4 h and inseminated 72 h after collection. Ewes were allocated to three groups and inseminated after synchronizing estrus by using CIDER (14 d) and injection hCG (400 IU).
Results and Discussion The results showed that the lambing rate was higher in ewes of second parity (18.91%) than ewes of first parity (5.12%). There was no significant difference between E-S- (24.32%) and E+S- (10.81%) although the percentage of lambing rate was higher about 10 % in E-S- than E+S-. There was no significant difference between E-S+(5.12%) and E+S- on lambing rate. The pair-wise comparison of the lambing rates between the three groups showed significant higher results for E-S- compared with E-S+. Therefore, fertility of coated spermatozoa was not improved by adding 10% crude seminal plasma after three days storage at 5 C.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35110_e67fce19186e595529ddcd91cec2eb25.pdf
2016-03-20
197
205
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.36450
Coated spermatozoa Fertility
Seminal plasma
Semen storage
Alireza
Vaferi
alierzavaferi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Roostaei-Ali Mehr
roostaei@guilan.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Navid
Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh
navid.hosseinzadeh@gmail.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
AUTHOR
feridoon
talebi
f.talebi@yahoo.com
4
Agricultural Jihad Organization of Gilan Province, Gilan, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Aboagla, E. M., and T. Terada. 2004. Effects of egg yolk during the freezing step of cryopreservation on the viability of goat spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 62 (6): 1160-1172.
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2- Anel, L., M. Kaabi., B. Abroug., M. Alvarez., E. Anel., J. C. Boixo., L. F. de la Fuente., and P. de Paz. 2005. Factors influencing the success of vaginal and laparoscopic artificial insemination in churra ewes: a field assay. Theriogenology, 63 (4):1235-1247.
2
3- Bergeron, A., M. Crete., Y. Brindle., and P. Manjunath. 2004. Low-density lipoprotein fraction from hen’s EY decreases the binding of the major proteins of bovine seminal plasma to sperm and prevents lipid efflux from the sperm membrane. Biology of Reproduction, 70 (3): 708–717.
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5- De Pauw, I. M. C., D. M. Van Soom., S. Verberckmoes., and A. de Kruif. 2003. Effect of sperm coating on survical and penetrating ability of in vitro stored bovine spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 59 (5-6): 1109–1122.
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7- El-Hajj Ghaoui, R., P. C. Thomson., T. Leahy., G. Evans., and W. M. C. Maxwell. 2007. Autologous whole ram seminal plasma and its vesicle-free fraction improve motility characteristics and membrane status but not in vivo fertility of frozen–thawed ram spermatozoa. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42 (5): 541–549.
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8- Evans, G. 1991. Application of reproductive technology to the Australian livestock industries. Reproduction, fertility and development, 3 (6): 627–650.
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9- Gil, J., M. Rodriguez-Irazoqui., L. Söderquist., and H. Rodriguez-Martinez. 2002. Influence of centrifugation or low extension rates prefreezing on the fertility of ram semen after cervical insemination. Theriogenology, 57 (7): 1781–1792.
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10- Gomez-Fernandez, J., E. Gomez-Izquierdo., C. Tomas., A. Gonzalez-Bulnes., R. Sanchez-Sanchez., and E. de Mercado. 2012. Inclusion of seminal plasma in sperm cryopreservation of Iberian pig. Animal Reproduction Science, 130 (1-2): 82– 90.
10
11- Gordo, A. C., P. Rodrigues., M. Kurokawa., T. Jellerette., G. E. Exley., C. Warner., and R. Fissore. 2002. Intracellular calcium oscillations signal apoptosis rather than activation in vitro aged mouse eggs. Biology of Reproduction, 66 (6): 1828-37.
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12- Graham, J. K. 1994. Effect of seminal plasma on the motility of the epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa of the ram and bull during the cryopreservation process. Theriogenology, 41 (5): 1151–1162.
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13- Kaabi, M., M. Alvarez., E. Anel., C. A. Chamorro., J. C. Boixo., P. de Paz., and L. Anel. 2006. Influence of breed and age on morphometry and depth of inseminating catheter penetration in the ewe cervix: a postmortem study. Theriogenology, 66 (8): 1876-1883.
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14- Kirkwood, R. N., M. L. Vadnais., and M. Abad. 2008. Practical application of seminal plasma. Theriogenology, 70 (8): 1364–1367.
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15- Krzyzosiak, J., P. Molan., and R. Vishwanath. 1999. Measurements of bovine sperm velocities under true anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Animal Reproduction Science, 55 (3-4): 163-73.
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16- Leahy, T., J. I. Marti., N. Mendoza., R. Perez-Pe., T. Muiño-Blanco., J. A. Cebrian-Perez., G. Evans., and W. M. Maxwell. 2010. High pre-freezing dilution improves post-thaw function of ram spermatozoa. Animal Reproduction Science, 119 (1-2): 137-146.
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17- Love C. C., T. L. Blanchard., D. D. Varner., S. P. Brinsko., J. Voge., S. Bliss., K. Sudderth., S. Teague., and K. LaCaze 2012. Effect of daily semen centrifugation and resuspension on the longevity of equine sperm quality following cooled storage. Theriogenology, 77 (9): 1911–1917.
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18- Manjunath, P., V. Nauc., A. Bergeron., and M. Menard. 2002. Major proteins of bovine seminal plasma bind to the low-density lipoprotein fraction of hen's egg yolk. Biology of Reproduction, 67 (4): 1250-1258.
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19- Maxwell, W. M. C., and L. A. Johnson. 1999. Physiology of spermatozoa at high dilution rates: the influence of seminal plasma. Theriogenology, 52 (8):1353-62.
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20- Maxwell, W. M. C., and S. Salamon. 1993. Liquid storage of ram semen—a review. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 5 (6): 613–38.
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21- O’Meara, C. M., A. Donovan., J. P. Hanrahan., P. Duffy., S. Fair., A. C. O. Evans., and P. Lonergan. 2007. Resuspending ram spermatozoa in seminal plasma after cryopreservation does not improve pregnancy rate in cervically inseminated ewes. Theriogenology, 67 (7): 1262–1268.
21
22- Paulenz, H., T. Adnøy., T. Fossen., and L. Söderquist. 2008. Effect on field fertility of addition of gelatine, different dilution rates and storage times of cooled ram semen after vaginal insemination. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45 (4): 706-710.
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24- Roostaei-Ali Mehr M., and F. Sharafi. 2013. The effect of seminal plasma on the quality of coated ram frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 14 (4): 305-312.
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25- Shackell, G. H., B. Kyle., and R. P. Littlejohn. 1990. Factors influencing the success of a large scale artificial insemination synchronized oestrus. Animal Reproduction Science, 84 (4): 359-368.
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26- Verstegen, J. P., K. Onclin., and M. Iguer-Ouada. 2005. Long-term motilityand fertility conservation of chilled canine semen using egg yolk added Tris-glucose extender: in vitro and in vivo studies. Theriogenology, 64 (3): 720 –33.
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27- Yanagimachi, R. 1988. Mammalian fertilization. In: Knobil, E., Neil, J. (Eds.). Physiology of Reproduction. USA, New York, pp. 135-85.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Factors Affecting SSR in Holstein Dairy Cows
Introduction Secondary sex ratio (SSR) is the proportion of males to females at birth. It has been shown in many different mammalian species, many factors are associated with SSR. Changes in secondary sex ratio in dairy cows is considered economically important and the ability to change it could affect the revenues and profitability of a dairy farm. Thus, sperm or embryo sexing techniques in recent years has attracted more attention. Most breed of dairy cattle are more likely to have female calf is born to use them as replacement heifers and in order to maintain their productive herd number. On the contrary, when the goal is the production of meat, bull calves due to higher growth rates and production efficiency, are more convenient and more economically efficient. The aim of present study was to investigate some key factors affecting SSR in Iranian Holstein cows.
According to Fisher, the sex ratio in the population under the control of natural selection is not always the same. There is overwhelming evidence to support the theory that shows Fisher Primary and secondary sex ratio sex ratio can deviate from this balance and natural selection caused a change in this ratio can be in certain circumstances. For example, the secondary sex ratio of 52:48 has been reported in dairy cows. Studies on mammalian species suggest that several factors, including latitude of the location, the dominant regional climate model, time and frequency of mating to ovulation, diet, age of parents, physical score, breed and produced eggs from ovarian left or right can have a significant effect on the secondary sex ratio. Weather conditions may modify the internal environment and the effect on physiological mechanisms or through the impact on the frequency and type of foods available to parents, the secondary sex ratio is impressive. The impact on the quantity and quality of parent's access to food sources in many species of mammals, the sex ratio has been fixed. Previous reports have shown that high environmental temperature and higher rates of evaporation from a week to a month before conception secondary sex ratio was increased.
Materials and method The demographic, production and reproduction data of six large dairy farms between years 1375 and 1389 were used. The rolling average of 305 d fat corrected milk yield was 8145 kg with a range of 7578 to 8670 Kg. Breeding Center of Iran and the herds covered by the registration and recording them on a regular basis carried out by experts dairy cooperatives. The flocks were in the area northeast of the country. Production data (date corrected milk production and the cumulative production by 60 and 305 days of lactation), reproductive data (such as calving year, calving season, type of birth, sex of calf, the latest information on AI, days open) , and details the possible removal of the flock or death were recorded. Data were collected from flocks before the analysis was re-verification. Used by sperm, sperm into four groups: Iranian, Canadian, American and other countries (including sperm taken from European countries) groups. The data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression model.
Statistics 0/05 was used to ensure meaningful results.
Results and discussion Results showed that the ratio of males to females was 53 to 47. Origin of the sires (including Iranian, American, or Canadian) had no impact on secondary sex ratio. Type of calving (eutocia vs. non-eutocia calving including dystocia and still birth) had significant impact on SSR (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35116_0fb796fe8df7a80747adfcafd4a6627f.pdf
2016-03-20
206
215
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.22315
Holstein dairy cow
Secondary sex ratio (SSR)
Alireza
Heravi Mosavi
bbheravi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Jalal
Modaresi
jalalmodaresi@gmail.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Astolfi, P., and s. Tentoni. 1995. Sources of variation of the cattle secondary sex ratio. Genet selEvol, 27;3-14.
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3- Berry, D. P., and A. R. Cromie. 2007. Artificial insemination increases the probability of a male calf in dairy and beef cattle. Theriogenology, 67, 346–352.
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4- Berry, D. P., P. Lonergan., S. T. Butler., A. R. Cromie., T. Fair., F. Mossa., and A. C. Evans. 2008. Negative influence of high maternal milk production before and after conception on offspring survival and milk production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci, 91:329–337.
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5- Berry, D. P., J. F. Kearney., and J. R. Roche. 2011. Evidence of genetic and maternal effects on secondary sex ratio in cattle. Theriogenology, 75:1039–1044.
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6- Buchanan, G. D. 1974. Asymmetrical distribution of implantation sites in the rat uterus. Biological Reporoduction, 11:611–618.
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7- Cameron, E. Z. 2004. Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271:1723–1728.
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9- Chandler, J. E., H. C. Steinhot-Chenevert., R. W. Adkinson., and E. B. Moser. 1998. Sex ratio variation between ejaculates within sire evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, calving, and farrowing records. Journal of Dairy Science, 81:1855–1867.
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10- Foote, R. H. 1977. Sex ratios in dairy cattle under various conditions. Theriogenology, 8:349–356.
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11- Fisher, R. A. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford University Press, Clarendon, Oxford.
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12- Grech, V., P. Vassalos-Agios., and C. Savona-Ventura. 2000. Declining male births with increasing geographical latitude in Europe. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 54:244–266.
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13- Helle, S., T. Laaksonen., A. Adamsson., J. Paranko., and O. Huitus. 2008. Female field voles with high testosterone and glucose levels produce male-biased litters. Animal Behevior, 75:1031–9.
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14- Hossein-zadeh, N. G. 2010. Evaluation of the effect of twin births on the perinatal calf mortality and productive performance of Holstein dairy cows. Archiv Tierzucht, 53; 3,256-265.
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15- Hossein-Zadeh, N. G., A. Nejati-Javaremi., S. R. Miraei-Ashtiani., and H. Kohram. 2008. An observational analysis of twin births, calf stillbirth, calf sex ratio, and abortion in Iranian Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 91:4198 –205.
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16- Hossein-Zadeh, N. G. 2012. Factors affecting secondary sex ratio in Iranian Holsteins. Theriogenology, 77, 214–219.
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17- Hylan, D., A. M. Giraldo., J. A. Carter., G. T. Gentry., K. R. Bondioli., and R. A. Godke. 2009. Sex ratio of bovine embryos and calves originating from the left and right ovaries. Biology of Reproduction, 81: 933–938.
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18- Jacobsen, R., H. Møller., and A. Mouritsen. 1999, Natural variation in the human sex ratio. Human Reproduction, 14:3120 –25.
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19- James, W. H. 1987. The human sex ratio. Part 1: a review of the literature. Human Biology, 59: 721-752.
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20- Lobel, S. M., A. J. Pomponio., and G. L. Mutter. 1993. The sex ratio of normal and manipulated human sperm quantitated by the polymerase chain reaction. Fertility Steril, 59:387–392.
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21- Lyster, W. R. 1972. The sex ratios of human and sheep births in areas of high mineralization. International Journal of Environmental Study, 2:309 –16.
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22- Meier, S., Y. J. Williams., C. R. Burke., J. K. Kay., and J. R. Roche. 2010. Short communication: Feed restriction around insemination did not alter birth sex ratio in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 93:5408–5412.
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23- Navara, K. J., and R. J. Nelson. 2009. Review: Prenatal environmental influences on the production of sex-specific traits in mammals. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 20:313–319.
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24- Pratt, N. C., U. W. Huck, and R. D. Lisk. 1987. Offspring sex ratio in hamsters is correlated with vaginal pH at certain times of mating. Behavior Neural Biology, 48:310–316.
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25- Reimers, E., and D. Lenvik. 1997. Fetal sex ratio in relation to maternal mass and age in reindeer. Canadian Journal of Zool, 75:648–650.
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26- Roche J. R., J. M. Lee., and D. P. Berry. 2006, Climatic factors and secondary sex ratio in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98:3221–7.
26
27- Rosenfeld, C. S., and R. M. Roberts. 2004. Maternal diet and other factors affecting offspring sex ratio: A review. Biological Reproduction. 71:1063–1070.
27
28- Silva del Rio, N., S. Stewart., P. Rapnicki., Y. M. Chang., and P. M. Fricke. 2007. An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 1255-64.
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29- Skjervold, H., and J. W. James. 1979. Causes of variation in the sex ratio in dairy cattle. Z. Tierz. Zuchtungsbio, 95:293–305.
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31- Trivers, R., and D. E. Willard. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179; 90-91.
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32- Yilmaz, I., E. Eyduran., and A. Kaygisiz. 2010. Determination of some environmental factors related to sex ratio of Brown Swiss calves. Journal of Animal Plant Science, 20:164 –9.
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33- Xu, Z. Z., D. L. Johnson., and L. J. Burton. 2000. Factors affecting the sex ratio in dairy cattle in New Zealand. Proc. New Zealand Social Animal Production, 60:301– 02.
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34- Wolff, J. O. 1988. Maternal investment and sex ratio adjustment in American bison calves. Behavior Ecology Sociobiol, 23:127–133.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Divergent Selection Body Weight and the Quail Laying Eggs on some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Japanese Quail Eggs
Introduction Breeding quail and quail egg industrial production because of the high nutritional value of these products has been developing these years. Considering the high demand and economical production, further development in the future is predicted. In order to design and effective utilization of the equipment for transportation, separation, packaging and storage, the physical and mechanical properties of quail eggs are needed. It is of great importance to study the factors which are influencing these properties. Strength of the shell is an important factor in determination of quail egg quality. Quail egg shell strength depends on several variables including specific gravity, egg weight and volume, shell thickness, weight and percentage of shell, hardness, breaking force, breaking energy, egg surface, farming conditions, type and species of birds, nutrition and geometric characteristics of eggs.
Materials and Methods In this paper, initially in three phases, at 15 weeks, 19 weeks and 23 weeks, shell strength changes and physical properties of quail eggs on 90 quails during their first period of laying eggs were studied. Measured properties were included dimensions, weight, volume, specific gravity, shell thickness, weight and percentage of shell, breaking force, breaking energy, egg surface and some other properties.
In the second part the effects of divergent selection for the bird’s body weight at four weeks of age on the quail eggs of fifth generation were studied. Measured properties were included dimensions, weight, volume, breaking force, breaking energy and some factors for direct and indirect measurement of strength of quail eggs. For direct measurement of the strength of eggshell of quail, two methods were employed: The first method was quasi-static compression test between two parallel plates of the universal testing machine and the second method was measuring specific gravity.
In the first method, eggs were compressed between two plates using universal testing machine. The compression speed was 6 cm/min and 10 cm/min. The egg sample was placed on the fixed plate and pressed with a moving plate connected to the load cell until its rupture.
In the second method, quail egg volume is measured by water displacement method, as they were weighed by digital scales and specific gravity is calculated by dividing weight per volume.
Results and Discussion In the first part of the study, through the time from beginning to end of the first period eggs (from 15 weeks to 23 weeks) breaking energy, specific gravity of quail eggs and also flexibility of eggs against external forces increased. Mass, volume, large diameter, central diameter, geometric diameter mean and surface of the shell from the beginning of the period to the end of it, remained unchanged and their mean values were respectively 12.41 gr, 11.51 cm3, 33.79 mm, 26.10 mm, 28.45 mm and 2546 mm2. From 15 weeks to 23 weeks of age, shape index and sphericity decreased. Mean values of shape index and sphericity were 0.769 and 84.21% respectively.
In the second part of this research, quail eggs of four weeks low body weight group were smaller and lighter than quail eggs of control group, but quail eggs of four weeks high body weight group did not show significant differences with quail eggs of control group, which suggesting greater heritability of body weight in the physical properties of the eggs. Strength and specific gravity parameters in the three groups did not differ significantly from each other. The results showed that quail egg shell strength after several generations of divergent selection for body weight has not been changed.
Conclusion Flexibility and thickness of the quail egg shell increased from the beginning of the first period to the end of the laying eggs period. This makes the eggs less vulnerable and increases their strength. In the second part of the research, it could be concluded that the physical properties of quail eggs in a divergent selection for the birds' body weight in order to weight loss is more effective compared to body weight gain group.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35121_2fd6d0223f78b40858cac21a419b7a6a.pdf
2016-03-20
216
226
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.33848
Divergent selection
Laying eggs period
Mechanical properties
Physical properties
Quail Egg
mousareza
baghani
reza.baghani@stu.um.ac.ir
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hossein
Aghkhani
aghkhani@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdwosi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
1- Aarabi, H., M. Moradi shahrbabak., and A. Nejati javaremi. 2010. Response to selection and realized heritability of body weight at the age of 4 and 5 weeks in Japanese quail. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 41(4):373-380. (In Persian).
1
2- Anderson, K. E., J. B. Tharrington, P. A. Curtis., and F. T. Jones. 2004. Shell characteristics of eggs from historic strains of Single Comb White Leghorn chickens and the relationship of egg shape to shell strength. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3: 17-19.
2
3- Aydın, C. 2002. Physical properties of hazelnuts. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 82: 297–303.
3
4- Bennett, C. D. 1992. The influence of shell thickness on hatchability in commercial broiler breeder flocks. Journal Applied Poultry Research, 1:61-65.
4
5- De Ketelaere, B., T. Govaerts., P. Couke., E. Dewil., T. Visscher., E. Decuypere., and J. De Baerdemaeker. 2002. Measuring the eggshell strength of 6 different strains of laying hens. Techniques and comparison. British Journal of Poultry Science, 43, 2: 238–244.
5
6- Havlicek, M., S. Nedomova., J. Simeonovova., L. Severa., and I. Krivanek. 2008. On the evaluation of chicken egg shape variability. Acta Universitatis agriculture et silviculture Mendelianae Brunensis, 5: 69-74.
6
7- Lichovnikova, M., L. Zeman, and J. Jandasek. 2008. The effect of feeding untreated rapeseed and iodine supplement on egg quality. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 53: 77-82.
7
8- Lin, H., K. Mertens., B. Kemps., T. Govaerts., B. De Ketelaere., J. De Baerdemaeker., E. Decuypere., and J. Buyse. 2004. New approach of testing the effect of heat stress on eggshell quality: mechanical and material properties of eggshell and membrane. British Journal of Poultry Science, 45: 476-482.
8
9- Machal, L. 2002. The relationship of shortening and strength of eggshell to some egg quality indicators and egg production in hens of different initial laying lines. Archives of animal breeding, 3: 287-296.
9
10- Marks, H. L. 1978. Long term selection for four-week body weight in Japanese quail under different nutritional environments. Poultry Science, 52: 105-111.
10
11- Minvielle, F. 2004. The future of Japanese quail for research and production. Worlds Poultry Science, 60: 500-507.
11
12- Mohsenin, N. N. 1986. Physical properties of plant and animal material. Gordon and Breach., New York.
12
13- Narushin, V. G. 1997. The avian egg: Geometrical description and calculation of parameters. Journal of Agricaltural Engineering Research, 68: 201–205.
13
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14
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15
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18
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19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Feeding Oxidized Soybean Oil against Antioxidant role of Pomegranate Seed on Physiology and Metabolism of Periparturient Saanen Goats
Introduction Oxidative stress is metabolic and physiologic status caused by imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense of body. In some physiological status such as rapid growth, parturition, disease and high production rate that imbalance would occur. High producing dairy animals are suspected to oxidative stress and require to antioxidant supplementation. Negative energy balance in early lactation force the nutrition specialist to apply oil and high NFC diet to exceed the requirement of high producing dairy animals such as Holstein cows and Saanen goats. In recent years, the attention to the use of herbal or organic antioxidant in animal nutrition has increased. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding oxidized soybean oil (OSO) plus pomegranate seed (PS) as a natural antioxidant, on metabolism and physiology of Preparturient Saanen Goats.
Materials and Methods Eighteen Saanen dairy goats with initial body weight of 47 ± 9 kg were assigned to three dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements for 21 days before anticipated parturition. Experimental treatments including: 1) base diet and 4% fresh soybean oil (FSO), 2) base diet and 4% oxidized soybean oil (DM basis) respectively, and 3) base diet plus 4% OSO and 8% Pomegranate seed (OSO-PS). After 2 weeks of feeding trial diets, goats were sampled for blood, rumen liquor, faeces and urine for measuring parameters of blood glucose, BHBA, lipid and nitrogen profile, rumen liquor ammonia nitrogen, urine pH and volume, faeces qualitative and quantitative variables and other responses such as nutrients digestibility. The GLM procedure of SAS software v.9.2 were used for statistical analysis. Initial body weight and metabolic variables were used as covariate in the model.
Results and discussion All nutrients digestibility, Ruminal ammonia nitrogen and voluntary feed intake were decreased by OSO (p
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35134_fc243ef7d9d847596007741a00f8b421.pdf
2016-03-20
1
17
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.21117
Metabolism
Oxidized soybean oil
Physiology
Pomegranate seed
Saanen goat
Seyyed Ehsan
Ghiasi
s.e.ghiasi@birjand.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Birjand Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Valizadeh
valizadeh@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas Ali
Naserian
naserian@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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69
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparing Methods of Separating Bacterial Biofilms on the Surface of Water Transportation Pipes and Equipment of Milking in the Farms
Introduction Bacterial biofilms can be both useful and harmful based on their combination and locations. Biofilm formation occurs as a stepwise process. Their formation in liquid transportation pipes used for milking system and drinking water in animal farms may create some problems and is a potential source of pollution. Speed of biofilm formation depends on many factors including: construction and functional characteristics of bacteria, the composition and culture conditions such as temperature and substratum. In this research the Bacillus subtillis bacteria with special characteristics was selected due to its capability for biofilm creation. Bacillus subtillis bacteria is mobility and a stronger connection than other bacteria levels are created. In the research conducted in the biofilm there are many resources on biofilm formation by Bacillus subtillis bacteria. Bacillus subtillis is saprophytic in the soil, water and air. There is also the ability to form spores of Bacillus subtillis.
Materials and Methods Firstly the possibility of creating biofilms on different Plastic (polyvinilchlorid, polypropylene, polyethylengelycole), alluminum and glass surfaces in three temperatures of 4°C, 30°C and 37°C were studied. Two different methods of biofilms separation including separating swap and vortex were tested and their efficienceies were calculated. After biofilm formation on parts of the vortex separation method after washing parts in sterile conditions in a tube containing normal saline for 4 minutes was vortex. The bacterial suspension decreasing dilution series was created. Pour plate in medium using agar plate count agar and was cultured at 30°C for 24-48 hours. Numbers of colonies were counted. The numbers of biofilm cells were calculated. In swap method after biofilm formation on parts using a cotton swap was isolated biofilms. The swap was transferred to tube containing normal saline and the bacterial suspension decreasing dilution series was created. Pour plate in medium using agar plate count agar and was cultured at 30°C for 24-48 hours. Numbers of colonies were counted. The numbers of biofilm cells were calculated.
Results and Discussion Bacillus subtillis biofilms were formed on all studied surfaces. Total count of bacteria detached from biofilm indicates that these bacteria can develop on the polypropylene surface much more than the other surfaces. 10 days later, the formation of biofilm reached the maximum level. The optimum temperature was 30°C. The vortex method was more efficient in comparison to other methods. The bacterial attachment was highest with the plastic surface, specially the propylene surface; whereas the lowest attachment was detected in the glass surfaces. Synthetic materials based on hydrocarbons are more susceptible to the formation of biofilm and infection. Generally lower levels are microscopic pores and also less likely to form a biofilm. Rusty pipes, old, worn-out and scratched plastic furniture raised the possibility of contamination and could cause problems.
Conclusion It was concluded that glass pipes are the best materials for liquid transportation in different forms of animal farms. According to this study, basic methods of removing biofilm and enable ranchers to make good use of the equipment and the practical methods of removing contaminants help.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35172_9958e82cfd446bce9eb85bf6f18756cf.pdf
2016-03-20
18
25
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.25052
Bacillus subtillis
Biofilm
Swap
Vortex
setareh
nabizadeh
se_nabizadeh@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Valizadeh
valizadeh@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Bailey, C.P., and A. Vonholy. 1993. Bacillus Spore Contamintion associated with commerical bread manufacture. Journal Food Microbiology, 10:287-294.
1
2- Bob, F.B. 1997.Text book of microbiology. 12 thed. Philadelphia USA. WB Saunder Company;p.631.
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3- Costerton, J.W., Z. Lewandowski., D. E. Caldwell., and E. Korber. 1995. Microbial biofilm in the nature.Journal Microbiology, 49:711-745.
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4- Duguid, I. G., E. Evans., M. R. Brown., and P. Gilbert. 1992. Effect of biofilm culture upom the susceptibility of staphyloccus epidermidis to tobramycim. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 30:803-810.
4
5- Lindsay, D., and A. Vonholy .1997. Evaluation of disloading methods for laboratory- grown bacterial biofilms. Journal Food Microbiology, 14:383-390.
5
6- Marshall, K. C., and G. W. Characklis. 1990. Biofilms a basis for an interd is ciplinary approach. In: Characklis, G.W. and K.C. Marshall editor. Biofilms.3 thed.USA.Wiley, P.3-15.
6
7- Mcfeters, G. A., K.C.Marshall., and W. G. Characklis. 1990. The microbial cell physiological ecology in biofilm systems. In : Characklis G.W. and K.C. Marshall editor. biofilms .3 the.USA.wiley, p.42-45.
7
8- Writanen, G., and T. Sandholm. 1993. Epifluorescence image analysis and cultiration of foodborne biofilme bacteria grown on stainless steel surface. Journal of Food Protection, 56:678-683.
8
9- Zheng, Z., and P. S. Stewart. 2002. Penetration of rifampin through staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49:900-903.
9
10- Zottola, E. A. 1994.Microbial attachment and biofilm formation: a new problem in food industry. Journal Food Technology, 48:107-114.
10
11- Zulfiqar, A. M., A. Mubashir., M. Naseem khan., I. Lai., N. Hassan., and S. I. Kan. 2013. Biofilm formation and dispersal of staphylococcus aureus under the influence of oxacillin. Journal Microbial Pathogenesis, 62:66-72.
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Magnetized Drinking Water on Carcass Yield and Performance of Broiler Chickens
Introduction Water is a vital component of animals and the main medium for biochemical reactions. Basically, water characteristics have a close relation to its molecular structure and it can be affected by external processing such as magnetic field. Some researches indicated that magnetized water resulted in better efficiency in agricultural products compared with the ordinary water. In animal husbandry, it has been reported that magnetized drinking water caused an increased production of milk, mutton, and wool in sheep and more weight gain in geese and egg production and hatchability in turkey. Several reports are available on the application of water magnetization including broiler production. However, some researchers reported that 500 Gauss magnetization for drinking water did not significantly affect performance of broiler chickens. The objective of this study was to scrutinize various aspects of magnetized drinking water in broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods A total of 150 male Ross 308 day-old broiler chicks have been assessed in 3 treatments and 5 replicates with 10 birds each. Ordinary drinking water was considered as control group. One minute magnetized water was the second experimental treatment and three hours magnetized water was the third one. Magnetized water was produced by a commercial magnet namely AQUA CORRECT with 0.65 Tesla (6500 Gauss) magnetic field. Magnetization process for 30 liters of tap water has been done daily by magnetic apparatus. These types of water were offered daily to the birds during 42 days. Each pen (1 m2) was equipped with a manual feeder and a manual drinker, and the floor was covered with clean wood shavings. A corn-soybean meal based diet was formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of all broiler chickens as recommended by Ross 308 broiler rearing guidelines. Drinking water and mesh feed were offered ad libitum throughout the trial. Lighting was continuous, and the temperature was 32°C during the first week and then gradually decreased to 24°C by the end of the third week. Chicks were vaccinated for Infectious Bronchitis on day 4 and Newcastle Disease on 4, 11, and 20 day of age. All data were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) test was used to compare the means.
Results and Discussion Magnetized water resulted in more water consumption throughout the trial; however, feed intake and body weight gain have been significantly increased in the third group just in the starter phase. Feed conversion ratio, mortality, European production efficiency factor and bioeconomic index were not affected by experimental treatments. Magnetized water significantly increased the relative gizzard weight at 21 and 41 d. Also, spleen weight increased at 21 d and pancreas decreased at 41 d, but the other carcass parts were not influenced by magnetized water.
Conclusion All in all, magnetization of drinking water significantly influenced the broilers performance during starter phase and it seems that young chicks are more susceptible to magnetized water.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35151_703394541b4d46839222d1d683ac340f.pdf
2016-03-20
86
95
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.22304
Broilers
Carcass
Magnetized water
Productive traits
Ali
Gilani
gilanipoultry@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hasan
Kermanshahi
hassbird@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mostafa
Gholizadeh
m_gholizadeh@um.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad Ali
Mohammadpour
mohammadpoor@um.ac.ir
5
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Alimi, F., M. Tlili., M. B. Amor., C. Gabrielli., and G. Maurin. 2007. The influence of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation. Desalination, 206:163-168.
1
2- Amiri, M. C., and A. A. Dadkhah. 2006. On reduction in the surface tension of water due to magnetic treatment. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 278:252-255.
2
3- Aviagen. 2009. Ross 308 broiler management guide.Aavailable at www.aviagen.com.
3
4- Beata, G., R. Romuald., and L. Małgorzata. 2010. Effects of heat stress on blood acid-base balance and mineral content in guinea fowl when drinking water treated with magnetic field was used. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 11:335-340.
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5- Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and growth. Hafner, New York.
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6- Buyukuslu, N., O. Celik., and C. Atak 2006. The effect of magnetic field on the activity of superoxide dismutase. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology, 5:57-62.
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7- Caia, R., H. Yang., J. He., and W. Zhu. 2009. The effects of magnetic fields on water molecular hydrogen bonds. Journal of Molecular Structure, 938(1):15-19.
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8- Chang, K.T., and C. Weng. 2006. The effect of an external magnetic field on the structure of liquid water using molecular dynamics simulation. Journal of Applied Physics 100(4):43916-43917.
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9- Coey, J. M. D., and S. Cass. 2000. Magnetic water treatment. Journal of Magnet and Magnetic Material, 209(1–3):71-74.
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10- Colic, M., and D. Morse. 1999. The elusive mechanism of the magnetic ‘memory’ of water. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 154(1–2):167-174.
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11- De Souza, A., D. Garci., L. Sueiro., F. Gilart., and E. Porras. 2006. Pre-sowing magnetic treatments of tomato seeds increase the growth and yield of plants. Bioelectromagnetics, 27:247-257.
11
12- Eshaghi, Z., and M. Gholizadeh. 2004. The effect of magnetic field on the stability of (18-crown-6) complexes with potassium ion. Talanta, 64(2):558-561.
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13- Feizi, H., P. Rezvani Moghaddam., A. Koocheki., N. Shahtahmassebi., and A. Fotovat. 2012. Influence of intensity and exposure duration of magnetic field on behavior of seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agroecology, 3 (4):2012, 482-490 (In Persian).
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14- Feizi, H., H. Sahabi., P. Rezvani Moghaddam., N. Shahtahmasebi., O. Gallehgir., and S. Amirmoradi. 2012. Impact of intensity and exposure duration of magnetic field on seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Notulae Science Biology, 4(1):116-120.
14
15- Gholizadeh, M., H. Arabshahi., M. R. Saeidi., and B. Mahdavi. 2008. The effect of magnetic water on growth and quality improvement of poultry. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 3(3):140-144.
15
16- Hosoda, H., H. Mori., N. Sogoshi., A. Nagasawa., and S. Nakabayashi. 2004. Refractive indices of water and aqueous electrolyte solutions under high magnetic fields. Journal of Physics and Chemistry A, 108:1461.
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17- Khoshravesh, M., B. Mostafazadeh-Fard., S. F. Mousavi., and A. R. Kiani. 2011. Effects of magnetized water on the distribution pattern of soil water with respect to time in trickle irrigation. Soil and Management, 27:515-522.
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18- Knez, S., and C. Pohar. 2005. The magnetic field influence on the polymorph composition of CaCO3 precipitated from carbonized aqueous solutions. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 281:377.
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19- Lin, I. 1990. Cited by Keen in 'Magnetic attraction for high yields'. Dairy farmer, 28- 30.
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20- Lin, I. J., and J. Yotvat. 1988. Electromagnetic treatment of drinking and irrigation water. Water and Irrigation Review, 8(4):16-18.
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21- Lin, I. J., and J. Yotvat. 1990. Exposure of irrigation and drinking water to a magnetic field with controlled power and direction. Journal of Magnet and Magnetic Material. 83(1–3):525-526.
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22- Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., M. Khoshravesh., S. F. Mousavi., and A. R. Kiani. 2012. Effects of magnetized water on soil chemical components underneath trickle irrigation. Journal of irrigation drainage engineering. 138(12):1075–1081.
22
23- Ozeki, S., and I. Otsuka. 2006. Transient oxygen clathrate-like hydrate and water networks induced by magnetic fields. Journal of Physics and Chemistry B, 110:20067-20072.
23
24- Patterson, D. C., and D. M. B. Chestnutt. 1994. The effect of magnetic treatment of drinking water on growth, feed utilisation and carcass composition of lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 46(1–2):11-21.
24
25- Santos, F. R., M. Hruby., E. E. M. Pierson., J. C. Remus., and N. K. Sakomura. 2008. Effect of phytase supplementation in diets on nutrient digestibility and performance in broiler chicks. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17:191–201.
25
26- Sargolzehi, M. M., M. Rezaee Rokn-Abadi., and A. A. Naserian. 2009. The effects of magnetic water on milk and blood components of lactating Saanen goats. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 1:20-24.
26
27- SAS. 2004. Statistical Analysis Systems user's guide (9.1 ed.). SAS Institute Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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28- Toledo, E. J. L., b. Custodio., C. T. Ramalho., and M. E. Garcia Porto. 2009. Electrical field effects on dipole moment, structure and energetic of (H2O)n (2 6 n 6 15) cluster. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, 915:170-177.
28
29- Zhang, G., W. Zhang., and H. Dong. 2010. Magnetic freezing of confined water. Journal of Chemical Physics, 133:134703-134705.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative Effects of Nano-Multivitamin Supplementation on Performance, some Blood Parameters and Immune Responses of Broiler Chickens
Introduction Feed constitutes 70 to 75 percent of poultry flock costs which vitamins constitute 0.08 % of diet and 2 % of feed costs. Vitamins as a group of complex organic compounds are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism of the body. Researches have shown that vitamins with smaller particles as vitamin supplements, were more effective and showed higher bioavailability. Nano form of supplementation increases the surface area which possibly could increase absorption and thereby utilization of vitamins leading to reduction in the quantity of supplements and through higher bioavailability. Their greater bioavailability shows that nano-particulate vitamin compositions can be given in smaller doses with less amount of that vitamins passing through the body unabsorbed. Most vitamins and other substances that are insoluble in water when formulated as nanoparticles, can be easily solved in water and even can penetrate to the body parts that are impervious to the macro particles. this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Nano-multivitamin (NMV) with common vitamins premix (CVP) on performance, some blood parameters and immune responses of broiler chickens to verify the beneficial effects of nano-vitamins in poultry nutrition,.
Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design for 45 days. A total of 600, 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross strain) were randomly assigned to 10 treatments with 5 replicates and 12 chicks each. Mash basal diets were prepared and balanced for energy and all nutrient except vitamins according to the Ross Nutrition manual (2007), for starter (1-10 d), grower (11-24 d) and finisher (25-45 d) periods. Liquid NMV and Powder pure vitamins were added to diets after dilution with wheat bran to achieve weight of 2.5 kg of each premix for each ton of feed (2.5 kg premix/ton diet = 100% of recommended level). The size of NMV particles were 20-400 (nm) and the manufacturer's recommendations were used in feed or drinking water. In order to unify the experimental diets, 8 gr of vitamin C was added to Ross recommended vitamin premix and also 400 gr choline chloride (60%) was added to each 2.5 kg of three vitamin premix. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively consisted basal diet (BD) + 50%, 100% and 150% NMV manufacturer recommended levels; treatments 4, 5 and 6 respectively consisted BD + CVP with vitamins levels equal to treatments 1, 2 and 3; treatments 7, 8 and 9 respectively consisted BD + 50%, 100% and 150% CVP which satisfied the Ross strain vitamins recommended levels; and treatment 10 consisted BD without vitamins premix supplementation, as a negative control. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured for each pen at 10, 24 and 45 days of age and feeding the diets were removed 5 hours before slaughter. SRBC (SRBC 1%) and CBH (PHA-P) tests were used to assess the humoral and cellular immunities of two chicks of each replicate, respectively. At the age of 42 days, one bird from each pen was selected and blood samples were collected from the wing vein. At the age of 45, one bird from each pen was selected and slaughtered to determine the carcass characteristics.
Results and Discussion Results showed that, treatments 2 and 3 significantly increased average body weight and daily weight gain of the birds in starter period (1-10 d) in comparison with other groups. Treatment 10, significantly decreased feed intake and daily weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio in all periods. This improvement might be due to the higher bioavailability of Nano-vitamins because of particles size reduction or converting fat-soluble vitamins to water-soluble vitamins. Omara et al (2009) demonstrated that nanotechnology can increase the bioavailability of fat-soluble compounds and increase their bioavailability. SRBC test showed no significant differences among the treatments. CBH test revealed that the birds receiving treatment 10 had significantly lower cellular immune response, 24 hours after injection, in comparison with other treatments. Treatment 10 significantly reduced triglyceride levels of serum and breast yield and significantly increased the relative weight of wings in carcasses and relative length of small intestine in comparison with other treatments.
Conclusion The results of this study showed that using NMV in the diet of broiler chickens may improve growth performance of broiler chickens just in the starter period.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35183_db071d71efeec999a3a33d7c4382a89a.pdf
2016-03-20
96
107
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.22817
Blood parameters
Broiler Chickens
Immune system
Nano-Multivitamin
Performance
Ehsan
Sheikh Samani
e_sh_s@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Hassanabadi
hassanabadi@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Abradaran, H., and F. Hoseini. 1991. Applied Immunology. 2 th ed. Razavi cultural foundation press, p: 34. (In Persian).
1
2- Ahn, D. J. 2008. Nanovitamin synthesis. Edwards Angell Polmer & Dodge Publication, 2010/0055187A1.
2
3- Ahn, D. J. 2008. Nutrition delivery capsules for functional foods. Edwards Angell Polmer & Dodge Publication, 2010/0055298A2.
3
4- Alahyari-Shahrasb, M., H. Moravej., and M. Shivazad. 2012. Effect of different levels of vitamin premix during finisher period on broiler on performance and immunocompetence in battery cage and floor systems. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 46(3): 12-14.
4
5- Corrier, D. E. 1990. Comparison of phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in the interdigital skin of broiler and layer chicks. Avian Disease, 34:369–373.
5
6- ElKinawy, O. S., S. Petersen., and J. Ulrich. 2012. Technological aspects of nanoemulsion formation of low‐fat foods enriched with vitamin E by high‐pressure homogenization. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 35(5): 937-940.
6
7- Huang, Q., H. Yu., and Q. Ru. 2010. Bioavailability and delivery of nutraceuticals using nanotechnology. Journal of food science, 75(1): 50-57.
7
8- Kidd, M. 2005. Relationship between the nutritional requirements and the immune system in poultry. Simposio internacional sobre exigencies nutricionais de aves e suinos, 2: 29-31.
8
9- Klasing, K. 2007. Nutrition and the immune system. British poultry science, 48(5): 18-53.
9
10- Mc-Dowell, L. R. 2008. Vitamins in animal and human nutrition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2: 1-20.
10
11- National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
11
12- Omara, I., A. Chwalibog., and E. Sawosz. 2009. Application of nanoparticles of noble metals in animal science. Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
12
13- Ross Nutrition Supplement manual. 2007.
13
14- Sanguansri, L., C. Oliver., and F. Leal‐Calderon. 2009. Nanoemulsion Technology for Delivery of Nutraceuticals and Functional‐Food Ingredients. Bio-Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Food, Biomedical and Health Sciences: 667-696.
14
15- Van Heugten, E., and J. W. Spears. 1997. Immune response and growth of stressed weaning pigs fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium. Journal of Animal Science, 75: 409–416.
15
16- Yasar, S. 2003. Performance, gut size and ileal digesta viscosity of broiler chickens fed with whole wheat added diet and the diets with different wheat particle sizes. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2(1): 75-82.
16
17- Yanjing, Y., and d. Huang. 2010. Food Nanoemulsion System. Department of Chemistry, National, University of Singapore.
17
18- Zhang, W. j., W. q. Ouyang., S. Hu., W. Liu., and J. Wang. 2010. Natural Science Ed. Effects of composite vitamin nanoemulsion on growth performance and immunity in broilers. Journal of Northwest A & F University, 6: 013.
18
19- Zhao, J. P., J. L. Chen., G. P. Zhao., M. Q. Zheng., R. R. Jiang., and J. Wen. 2009. Live performance, carcass composition, and blood metabolite responses to dietary nutrient density in two distinct broiler breeds of male chickens. Poultry Science, 88: 2575–2584.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Production and Purification Immunoglobulin against E. coli in Egg Yolk
Introduction Chicken is the only avian species in which polyclonal antibodies, like IgG is transported from the hen to the egg yolk in a similar manner as the transport of mammalian IgG from the mother to the fetus. Immunoglobulin Y in the chicken is transported to the egg and accumulates in the egg yolk in large quantities. IgY is an egg yolk antibody that has been used widely for treatment and prevention of infections in humans and animal. IgY is used for passive protection of the pathogen infections such as Escherichia coli, bovine and human rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, salmonella, staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. IgY is a promising candidate as an alternative to antibiotics. Eschericha coli strains of serotype O157: H7 belongs to a family of pathogenic E. coli called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strains responsible for hemorrhagic colitis, bloody or non-bloody diarrhea, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. This strain of E. coli pathogenises by adhering to host intestinal epithelium and forming bacterial colonies. The purpose of this study was to produce and purify immunoglobulin Y against E. coli O157:H7 and develop specific polyclonal anti E. coli antibody in the egg yolk.
Materials and Methods Sixteen-week-old laying hens (Mashhad, Iran) were kept in individual cages with food and water ad libitum. Immunization of hens was performed by intramuscularly injecting killed E. coli O157: H7 with an equal volume of Freund’s complete adjuvant into two sides of chest area (Sigma, USA) for the first immunization. Two booster immunizations followed up using complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvants in two weeks interval. Freund’s adjuvant without antigen was injected to the control group. Two weeks after the last injection, the eggs were collected daily for eight weeks, marked and stored at 4 ºC. In order to IgY purification, eggs were collected. Purification of IgY from egg yolk was based on Polson and using PEG6000. Finally, the presence of antibody IgY was confirmed using SDS-PAGE. Purification of IgY was carried out by polyethylene glycol precipitation method using PEG 6000 powder (Merck, Germany) based on method of Polson. The purified IgY against E. coli was separated using 10% SDS-PAGE. In order to investigate the effect of the specific anti-E. Coli antibody, mice (Razi, Institute of Iran) were randomly distributed into five experimental groups (6mice/group). The mice were kept in conventional animal facilities and received water and food ad libitum. All animal care and procedures were in accordance with institutional policies for animal health and well-being. Experimental groups were including group 1 (mice received IgY orally in drinking water 72 hours before intraperitoneal injection of bacteria and then injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of bacteria E. coli O157: H7), group 2 (mice received IgY orally in drinking water 72 hours before the injection and then injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of deionized water), group 3 (0.5 ml of E. coli O157: H7 incubated with 0.5 ml of the specific anti-E. coli IgY and then 0.5 ml of the incubated solution injected to mice intraperitoneally), group 4 (mice injected with 0.5 ml of IgY) and group 5 (mice received 0.5 ml of E. coli O157: H7).
Results and Discussion We obtained specific egg yolk antibody against E. coli O157: H7 by immunizing hens with the killed E. coli O157: H7 antigen. The results showed that the IgY was successfully purified from egg yolk. SDS-PAGE analysis showed presence of protein bands 27kDa and 67 kDa of IgY, which correspond to IgY light and heavy chains. Effects of IgY on mice showed that mice received IgY orally in drinking water 72 hours before intraperitoneal injection were protected against bacteria. Also, when specific anti-E. coli IgY was incubated with E.coli O157: H7 for 24 hours and then it was injected to mice led to mice protected against bacteria. The results of our study were agreement with the results of Chae et al (2007). We indicated mice immunized with specific anti-E. coli IgY could be protected against E. coli O157: H7. This phenomenon could be due to specific binding activity of IgY with bacteria that led to the inhibition of bacterial growth E. coli O157: H7.
Conclusion The effectiveness of IgY in suppressing the activity of E. coli O157:H7 was indicated in our study. This could be inferred from the results of the current study that IgY in the egg yolk could prevent greater economic losses due to human and animal health from pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7. These finding indicated that egg from immunized hens are potentially useful source of passive immunity.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35162_45cca141f23611d38b4077cf2bf5d808.pdf
2016-03-20
154
161
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.36772
antibody
E. coli O157:H7
Immunoglobulin Y
laying hens
Mohammadreza
Nassiri
nassiryr@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Haghparast
haghparast@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Mohsenzadeh
mohsenzadeh@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Veterin ary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Hassanabadi
hassanabadi@um.ac.ir
4
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Khadijeh
Nasiri
khadijeh_nasiri@yahoo.com
5
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Rodbari
rodbari.zahra@gmail.com
6
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Doosti
doosti.m@gmail.com
7
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Callaway, T. R., M. A. Carr., T. S. Edrington., R. C. Anderson., and D. J. Nisbet. 2009. Diet, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Cattle: Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 11: 67- 80.
1
2- Carlander, D., H. Kollberg., P. Wejaker., and A. Larsson. 2002. Peroral immunotheraphy with yolk antibodies for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections. Journal of Immunology Research, 21 (1): 1-6.
2
3- Chae, H. S., N. K. Singh., C. N. Ahn., Y. M. Yoo., S. G. Jeong., J. S. Ham., and D. W. Kim. 2006. Effects of Egg Yolk Antibodies Produced in Response to Different Antigenic Fractions of E. coli O157:H7 on E. coli Suppression. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 19 (11): 1665-1670.
3
4- Cipolla, A., J. Cordeviola., H. Terzolo., G. Combessies., J. Bardon., R. Noseda., A. Martinez., D. Medina., C. Morsella., and R. Malena. 2001. Campylobacter fetus diagnosis: direct immunofluorescence comparing chicken IgY and rabbit IgG conjugates. Altex-AlternativenZuTierex-perimenten, 18 (3): 165-170.
4
5- Cook, S. R., P. K. Maiti., R. DeVinney., E. Allen-Vercoe., S. J. Bach., and T. A. McAllister. 2007. Avian- and mammalian derived antibodies against adherence-associated proteins inhibit host cell colonization by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103 (4): 1206-1219.
5
6- Devi, C. M., M. V. Bai., A. V. Lal., P. R. Umashankar., and L. K. Krishnan. 2002. An improved method for isolation of anti-viper venom antibodies from chicken egg yolk. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 51 (2): 129–138.
6
7- Gassmann, M., P. Thommes., T. Weiser., and U. Hubscher. 1990. Efficient production of chicken egg yolk antibodies against a conserved mammalian protein. The FASEB Journal, 4 (8): 2528-2532.
7
8- Goldsby, R. A., T. J. Kindt., J. Kuby., and B. A. Osbome. 2002. Kuby Immunology, 5thEdition.W. H. Freeman
8
9- Hatta, H., K. Tsuda., S. Akachi., M. Kim., and T. Yamamoto. 1993. Productivity and some properties of egg yolk antibody (IgY) against human rotavirus compared with rabbit IgG.Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 57 (3): 450-454.
9
10- Kovacs-Nolan, J., and Y. Mine. 2005. Microencapsulation for the gastric passage and controlled intestinal release of immunoglobulin Y. Journal of Immunological Methods, 296(1-2):199-209.
10
11- Mine, Y., and J. Kovacs-Nolan. 2002. Chicken egg yolk antibodies as therapeutics in enteric infectious disease: a review. Journal of Medicinal Food, 5 (3): 159-169.
11
12- Polson, A., M. B. von Wechmar., and M. H. van Regenmortel. 1980. Isolation of viral IgY antibodies from yolks of immunized hens. Immunol Commun, 9 (5): 475-493.
12
13- Schade, R., C. Staak., C. Hendriksen., M. Erhad., H. Hugl., G. Koch., A. Larsson., W. Pollmann., M. van Regenmortel., E. Rijke., H. Spielmann., H. Steinbusch., and D. Straughnan.1996. The production of avian (egg yolk) antibodies: IgY. Alternatives to laboratory animals, 24: 925-934.
13
14- Sunwoo, H. H., E. N. Lee., K. Menninen., M. R. Suresh., and J. S. Sim. 2006. Growth Inhibitory Effect of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) on Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Science, 67 (4): 1486-1494.
14
15- Van Nguyen, S., K. Umeda., H. Yokoyama., Y. Tohya., and Y. Kodama. 2006. Passive protection of dogs against clinical disease due to Canine parvovirus-2 by specific antibody from chicken egg yolk. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 70 (1): 62-64.
15
16- Wang, Q., X. J. Hou., K. Cai., T. Li., Y. N. Liu., W. Tu., L. Xiao., S. Bao., J. Shi., X. Gao., H. Liu., R. Tian., and H. Wang. 2010. Passive protection of purified yolk immunoglobulin administered against Shiga toxin 1 in mouse models. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 56(12):1003-1010.
16
17- Warr, G. W., K. E. Magor., and D. A. Higgins.1995. IgY: clues to the origins of modern antibodies. Immunology Today, 16 (8): 392-398.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Genetic analysis of milk solid no-fat percentage by fixed and random regression models in Kurdi sheep of Shirvan
Introduction Milk solid no-fat is economically very important in cheese industry. Compared to the other kinds of milk, ewe’s milk contains higher amount of milk solids no-fat. Milk solids no-fat (MSNF) contains lactose, caseins, whey proteins, and minerals.
The use of test day records in random regression method has several benefits including flexibility to account for the environmental and genetic components of the shape of lactation, reducing generation interval and cost of recording by making fewer measurements, increasing the accuracy of genetic evaluation and direct correction for fixed effects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to estimate genetic parameters for test-day milk solid no-fat percentage in Kurdi sheep of Shirvan using fixed and random regression models.
Materials and methods In the present investigation, genetic analysis of milk solid no-fat percentage was carried out using fixed and random regression models by Wombat software. Data included 1094 test day records of milk solid no-fat percentage collected from 250 ewes in Hossien Abad Kurdi sheep breeding station. Milking was carried out by hand milking combined with lamb suckling at 14 days interval starting from May to August 2012. Then, 50 ml of milk samples were immediately analysed by Ecomilk total to determine the milk solid no-fat percentage. Fixed effects of litter size, parity, month of recording and days in milk as covariate and random effects of direct genetic and permanent environmental effects were included in the models. General linear model was used to identify effective fixed effects on the trait by SAS 9.1 software. Variance and covariance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood procedure. In random regression model, orthogonal Legendre polynomials of order 2 for permanent environmental and additive genetic effects was fitted.
Results and Discussion Average milk solid no-fat percentage of Kurdi ewes was 11.83. Average heritability, repeatability, additive genetic variance, permanent environmental variance, phenotypic variance and residual variance of milk solid no-fat percentage were estimated as 0.06, 0.26, 0.029, 0.094, 0.0471, and 0.0348, respectively in fixed regression model. In a study on northern Thailand dairy cows, heritability, additive genetic variance and residual variance estimates were 0.133, 0.36, and 0.238, respectively. In random regression model, heritability of milk solid no-fat percentage was higher in second than first part of lactation period. The highest and the lowest heritability were estimated at 14 (0.068) and 112 (0.193) days, respectively. Repeatability of milk solid no-fat percentage was higher in second than first part of lactation period. The highest and the lowest repeatability were estimated at 14 (0.279) and 126 (0.732) days, respectively. In a study on milk solid no-fat percentage in Holstein cow in Korea, the range of heritabilities were from 0.305 to 0.489 and higher estimates of heritability for milk solid non fat percentage occurred in second half of lactation. Additive genetic variance in early lactation was lower than that of the end of lactation. The highest and the lowest additive genetic variance were estimated at 5 (0.013) and 126 (0.143) days, respectively. Permanent environmental variance was estimated higher in second than first part of lactation period and the highest and the lowest permanent environmental variances were estimated at 21 (0.05) and 126 (0.39) days, respectively. Phenotypic variance of milk solid no-fat percentage during lactation was not constant, the highest and the lowest permanent environmental variances were estimated at 5 (0.27) and 126 (0.79) days, respectively. Residual variance for the model considered to be constant for all days in milk (0.191). Genetic correlations between milk solid no-fat percentages at different days in milk were positive and ranged from 0.391 to 0.999. Permanent environmental correlation between Milk solid no-fat percentage at different days in milk were ranged from -0.343 to 0.999. Milk solid non fat percentage additive genetic and permanent environmental correlations between adjacent test days were more than between distant test days.
Conclusion Generally, results indicated that Shirvan Kurdi ewes had high milk solid no-fat production potential. Moreover, higher heritability for this trait at the end of lactation probably indicated higher contribution of additive genetic variation to the total variation and selection of ewes in this part of lactation would be preferred.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the devoted team of Hossien Abad Kurdi sheep breeding station for their continuing collaboration in milk recording.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35195_d363e0b7c6dec8e0967a715bab33febe.pdf
2016-03-20
162
173
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.41859
Genetic parameters
Milk solid no-fat percentage
Sheep
Test Day Model
fatemh
kazemi borzel abad
fatemhkazemi94@yahoo.com
1
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saeed
Hassani
saeedh_2000@yahoo.com
2
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
AUTHOR
Firooz
Samadi
samadi542@yahoo.com
3
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Ahani Azari
mojtaba_9@yahoo.com
4
Department of Animal and Poultry Breeding and Genetics, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Davoud Ali
Saghi
davoudali@yahoo.com
5
Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center
AUTHOR
1- Baker, A., K. N. Dosky., and J. E. Alkass. 2009. Milk yield and composition of karadi ewes with the special reference to the method of evacuation. The 2nd Conference on Biological Sciences. Kurdistan, 12: 210-215.
1
2- Byeong, w. k., L. Deukhwan., T. J. Jin., and G. L. Jung. 2009. Estimation of genetic parameters for milk production traits using a random regression test-day model in Holstein cow in Korea. Journal of Animal Science, 22: 923-930.
2
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9- Hajihossinlo, A., S. Sadeghi., S. A. Rafat., M. Bohluli., and M. R Bahrani Behzadi. 2012. Estimated of milking characteristic, milk composition and their determinants effects in Ghezel pure breed ewes and Ghezel×Arkhamerino, Moghani×Arkharmerino crossbreds. Proceedings of the 5th Congress on Animal Science, pp. 543-548., Iran, Esfahan. (In Persian)
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11- Horstick, A., H. Hamann., and O. Distl. 2002. Estimation of genetic parameters for daily milk performance of East Friesian milk sheep by random regression models. Pages 263-266 in Proc. 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France.
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14- Khanzadeh, H., N. Ghavi Hosen Zadeh., and M. Naserani. 2013. Estimation of genetic parameters and trends for milk fat and protein percentages in Iranian Holsteins using random regression test day model. Archiv Tierzucht,. 56: 1-21.
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15- Kheirabadi, K., S. Alijani., L. Zavadilova., S. A. Rafat., and G. Moghaddam. 2013. Estimation of genetic parameters for daily milk yields of primiparous Iranian Holstein cows. Archiv Tierzucht, 56: 1-12.
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19- Mayeres, P., J. Stoll., J. Bormann., R. Reents., and N. Gengler. 2004. Prediction of daily milk, fat, and protein production by a random regression test-day model. t. Journal of Dairy Science, 87:1925-1933.
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31- Seyeddokht, A. A. Aslaminejad., and M. Tahmorespur. 2012. Genetic analysis of milk yield using random repression test day model in Tehran province Holstein dairy cow. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 2: 168-174. (In Persian)
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Two Methods of Ruminal Digestibility Determination (in situ and in vitro) of Pomegranate Seed Pulp
Introduction Using of agro-industrial by-products in diet of livestock not only reduces the production costs but also can dwindle the use of human foods in animal nutrition and competition between human and livestock. Thus, proper use of these by-products in animal nutrition and identification of new and low cost feed resources may be one of the priorities in livestock husbandry of our country. Pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) is a by-product of the industrial decoction of pomegranate. Iran with annually production of more than 900 tons of pomegranates is one of the most important regions of pomegranate cultivation and PSP produced from pomegranate processing factories may be extensively used in animal nutrition. Digestibility determination of feeds is one of the most effective ways to evaluate their nutritional value. In addition, there is a strong relationship between feeds digestibility and performance of animal. There are in vivo, in vitro and in situ methods to determine the digestibility of feeds. Although in vivo methods are reference for digestibility values of feeds and are of high precision but they are usually expensive and time consuming. In addition, these methods do not provide any information related to ruminal degradability kinetic of nutrients. The aim of this study was comparison of two methods of ruminal degradability determination methods namely, in situ (nylon bag) and in vitro (Daisy incubator), using dried and ensiled pomegranate seed pulp (PSP).
Materials and Methods The PSP used in this study was prepared from Anaryan Co. in Ferdows, Iran. Decocted pomegranate was a mixture of Yazd varieties which were harvested at early autumn of 1389. Two types of PSP as dried and ensiled were used to compare the methods of ruminal digestibility determination, pervasively. The PSP silage was prepared by ensiling of wet PSP (containing 475 g/kg DM) in 3 kg bins (4 replicates)and with density of 650 kg wet PSP per cubic meter for 60 days and dried PSP was prepared by drying of wet PSP in oven at 60ºC. The digestibility of each feed was determined by both in situ and in vitro methods using two Holstein fistulated heifers and Daisy incubator, respectively. Animals were fed a total mixed ration containing 1.8 kg/d of alfalfa hay, 1.8 kg/d of concentrate, 0.5 kg/d of corn silage and 1.8 kg/d of wheat straw (DM basis) at two meals. The ingredients of concentrate were barley grain (35%), corn grain (18%), soybean meal (10%), canola meal (15%), wheat bran (11.5%), molasses (7%), vitamin-mineral supplement (1%), oyster shell (2%) and salt (0.5%) (DM basis). Comparison between treatments for each of digestibility methods at 24 and 48 h of incubation was done separately based on completely randomized design using SAS software. Correlation between digestibility determination methods was estimated using Corr proc of SAS and regression coefficient and also regression equation of in situ digestibility method on in vitro digestibility method was determined using Reg proc of SAS.
Results and Discussion The results showed that DM digestibility of PSP (both ensiled and dried) was estimated higher when measured by in vitro than in situ method at both incubation times. The correlation between two methods of digestibility determination for dried and ensiled PSP after 24h incubation was 0.81 and 0.96, respectively and after 48h incubation was 0.99 and 0.75, respectively. The regression equations of DM in situ digestibility estimation from DM in vitro digestibility data were of high accuracy. Tagliapietra et al. (27) compared the in vitro and in situ DM digestibility of 11 different feeds and found a high correlation coefficient of 0.90 (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35216_e2e0ee6fe6a1a47d8d0b9597c5640931.pdf
2016-03-20
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.30597
Daisy Incubator
digestibility
In situ
In vitro
Pomegranate Seed Pulp
Mohammad Hassan
Fathi Nasri
hfathi@birjand.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Khosravi
fkhosravi1389@gmail.com
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Agricultural and Food Research Council, AFRC. 1995. Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. An advisory manual prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients. Wallingford: CAB International.
1
2- Ankom Technology Corporation, 1997. Operator’s manual: Ankom 200/220 fiber analyzer. Ankom Technol. Corp, Fairport, NY, USA.
2
3- Anonymous, 2011. Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
3
4- Cattani, M. 2010. In situ and in vitro techniques for studying rumen fermentations: methodology and applications. Ph.D. thesis, University of Padova, Italy.
4
5- Cattani, M., F. Tagliapietra., L. Bailoni., and S. Schiavon. 2009. In vitro rumen feed degradabilityassessed with DaisyII and batch culture: effect of sample size. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8: 169-171.
5
6- Damiran, D., T. DelCurto., D. W. Bohnert., and S. L. Findholt. 2008. Comparison of techniques and grinding size to estimate digestibility of forage based ruminant diets. Animal Feed Science And Technology, 141:15–35.
6
7- Dehghan, M., R. Tahmasbi., A. Dayani., and A. Khezri. 2011. Determination of physical, chemical and digestibility of some agricultural by-products. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 4: 412-421. (In Persian).
7
8- Goering, H.K., and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage fibre analysis. USDA Agricultural Handbook No 379, (USDA: Washington, DC).
8
9- Guggolz, J., R. M. Saunders., G. O. Kohler., and T. J. Klopfenstein. 1971. Enzymatic evaluation of processes for improving agricultural wastes for ruminant feeds. Journal of Animal Science, 33:167.
9
10- Hersini, M., M. Boujarpour., M. Eslami., M. Chaji., and T. Mohammadabadi. 2013. Effect of Chestnut kernels on digestibility and ruminal degradability of Arabian sheep. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 2: 127-135. (In Persian).
10
11- Holden, L.A. 1999. Comparison of methods of in vitro dry matter digestibility for ten feeds. Journal of Dairy Science, 82:1791-1794.
11
12- Jones, D. I. H., and M. V. Hayward. 1973. A cellulose digestion technique for predicting the dry matter digestibility of grasses. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 24:1419.
12
13- Khosravi, F., and M. H. Fathi Nasri. 2012. Effect of pomegranate seed pulp conserving method on its chemical composition and ruminal degradability parameters. Journal of Animal Production, 2: 51-61. (In Persian).
13
14- Kitessa, S., P. C. Flinn., and G. G. Irish. 1999. Comparison of methods used to predict in vivo digestibility of feeds in ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50: 825-841.
14
15- Lattimer J. M., S. R. Cooper., D. W. Freeman., and D. L. Lalman. 2007. Effect of yeast culture on in vitro fermentation of a high-concentrate or high-fiber diet using equine fecal inoculum in a DaisyII incubator. Journal of Animal Science, 85:2484-2491.
15
16- Mehrez, A. A., and E. R. Orskov. 1977. A study of theartificial bag technique for determining the digestibilityof feeds in the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Science, (Cambridge), 88:645.
16
17- Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A., N. Maheri-Sis., H. Mansouri., M. Razeghi., A. Mirza-Aghazadeh., H. Cheraghi.,and A. Aghajanzadeh-Golshani. 2011. Evaluating potential nutritive value of pomegranate processing by-products for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science, 6:45-51.
17
18- Nocek, J. E. 1988. Insitu and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: A review. Journal of Dairy Science, 71:2051-2069.
18
19- Orskov, E. R., and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimate of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, (Cambridge), 92:499.
19
20- Ørskov, E. R., F. D. Deb Hovell., and F. L Mould. 1980. The use of the nylon bag technique for evaluation of feedstuff. Tropical Animal Production, 5:195-213.
20
21- Persia, M. E., C. M. Parsons., M. Schang., and L. Azcona. 2003. Nutritional evaluation of dried tomato seeds. Poultry Science, 82: 141-146.
21
22- Robinson, P. H., M. Campbell Mathews., and J. G. Fadel. 1999. Influence of storage time and temperature on in vitro digestion of neutral detergent fibre at 48 h, and comparison to 48 h in sacco neutral detergent fibre digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 80:257-266.
22
23- Spanghero, M., S. Boccalon., L. Gracco., and L. Gruber. 2003. NDF degradability of hays measured in situ and in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 104:201-208.
23
24- Statistical Analysis Systems Institute (SAS). 2002. SAS version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
24
25- Stern, M. D., A. Bach., and S. Calsamiglia. 1997. Alternative techniques for measuring nutrient digestion in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 75: 2256-2276.
25
26- Tagliapietra, F., S. Schiavon, J. C. Hall, M. Dal Maso., M. Cattani., and L. Bailoni. 2008. Dry matterand NDF rumen degradability assessed by two in vitro techniques on seven feeds. Page 226 in 59th Annual Meeting of European Federation of Animal Science Book of Abstracts, Vilnius, Lithuania.
26
27- Tagliapietra, F., M. Cattani., I. K. Hindrichsen., H. Hansen., S. Colombini., L. Bailoni., and S. Schiavon. 2012. True dry matter digestibility of feeds evaluated in situ with different bags and in vitro using rumen fluid collected from intact donor cows. Animal Production Science, 52:338-346.
27
28- Taher-Maddah, M., N. Maheri-Sis., R. Salamatdoustnobar., A. Ahmadzadeh. 2012. Comparing nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate peels for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Annual Biological Research, 3:1942-1946.
28
29- Tilley, J. M. A., and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two stage technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 18:104.
29
30- Varel, V. H., and K. K. Kreikemeier. 1995. Technical Note: comparison of in vitro and in situ digestibility methods. Journal of Animal Science, 73:578-582.
30
31- Wilman, D., and A. Adesogan.2000. A comparison of filter bag methods with conventional tube methods of determining the in vitro digestibility of forages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 84:33–47.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation the cis and trans Fatty Acid Composition in the Sheep's Fat-Tail and Meat of Baluchi Sheep in South Khorasan Province
Introduction The common isoform of fatty acids in animal and herbal lipids are cis fatty acids, however in some sources such as milk and meat of ruminant, the trans fatty acids are more abundant as compared to the plant lipids. The trans fatty acids are very important because they increase the cardiovascular and heart attack. The heart disorders were increased by enhancing the concentration of omega-6 fatty acids and decreasing the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in ration and blood. The types of pasture cause alter the fatty acid composition of lamb meat. For evaluation of heart function and health of heart, the artherosclosis and thrombogensis were calculated by the concentration of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the subject of this study, evaluation of the fatty acid profiles of sheep's fat-tail and meat at different places of South Khorasan Province.
Material and Methods Five samples of meat and fat-tail from the animal's abattoir in Birjand, Sarbisheh, Asadieh, Ferdows, Saraian, Ghaen, Boshroieh and Nehbandan cities were collected and frozen (40 samples of meat and fat-tail). The samples were frozen in -80oc freezer. Then, the oils were separated and the fatty acids were extracted and methylated by the method of Morrison and Smith (1964). After that, the 0.5 µl of methylated fatty acids were injected to gas chromatography instruments (Varian 4200). The capillary column CPSill 88 was used. The type of each fatty acid was designated with compare to the retention time in the standard peak. The quantity of fatty acids was determined by internal standard method. To evaluation the fatty acids ratio for health, the artherosclosis and thrombogensis indices were calculated based on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The data were analyzed by SAS software, and the mean were compared by tukey test (α=0.05).
Results and Discussion The analysis of data revealed that the percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was higher at fat-tail as compared to meat of sheeps. The meat had higher MUFA and PUFA (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35245_da2f2a4ad45c729932ee25b6762df116.pdf
2016-03-20
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10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.40380
Cis and Trans fatty acids
Fat-tail
Meat sheep
South Khorasan Province
seyyed javad
Hosseini-vashan
jhosseiniv@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Malekaneh
drmalekaneh@yahoo.com
2
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ali
Allahressani
ressani2005@yahoo.com
3
Department of Chemistry, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.
AUTHOR
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2
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3
4- Beaulieu, A. D., J. Drackley., and N. R. Merchen. 2002. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9., trans-11-octadecadienoic acid) are not increased in tissue lipids of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with soybean oil. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 847–861.
4
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33
34- Teye, G. A., P. R. Sheard., F. M. Whittington., G. R. Nute., A. Stewart., and J. D. Wood. 2006a. Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality. 1. Effects on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass, meat and eating quality. Meat Science, 73: 157–165.
34
35- Teye, G. A., J. D. Wood., F. M. Whittington., A. Stewart., and P. R. Sheard. 2006b. Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality.2. Effects on properties of fat and processing characteristics of bacon and frankfurter-style sausages. Meat Science, 73: 166–177.
35
36- Ulbritch, T. L.V., and T. D. A. Southgate. 1991. Coronary Heart Disease: Seven Dietary Factors. Lancet, 338: 985-992.
36
37- Valsta, L. M., H. Tapanainen., and S. Mannisto. 2005. Meat fats in nutrition – a review. Meat Science, 70:525-530.
37
38- Zock, P. L., and R. P. Mensink. 1996. Dietary trans-fatty acids and serum lipoproteins in humans. Current Opinion Lipid, 7:34-37.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Powder and Hydroalcoholic Extract of Origanum vulgare and Virginiamycin on Performance, Blood Metabolites, Ileal Microflora, Jejunal Morphology and Meat Quality of Broilers
Introduction Antibiotic feed additives have long been used as growth promoters in poultry nutrition. However, concern has been expressed about the potential development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (25). Consequently, the animal feed industry, exposed to increasing consumer pressure to reduce the use of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets, has to find alternative feed additives. Marjoram (Origonum vulgar) is a very popular and a common medicinal plant. The main chemical components of marjoram oil are carvacrol, thymol, myrsene, p-cymene, terpinene and pinene (29). The plant is reported to possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities (2, 36).
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of adding different levels of marjoram leaves (powder and hydroalcoholic extract) into broiler diets on growth performance, blood metabolites, relative weight of internal organs, ileal microflora, jejunal histomorphology and meat quality of broiler chicks.
Materials and methods Two hundred and eighty eight one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks (male) were obtained from a commercial local source and used in this study. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments, 3 replicates and 12 birds in each replicate. Experimental treatments consisted of control diet (without any additives), antibiotic virginiamycin (100 mg/kg), Origanum vulgare leaves powder (1, 2 and 3%) and Origanum vulgare extract (150, 250 and 350 mg/kg). The experimental period lasted up to the 42 d of age. The rearing and management conditions were equal for all groups. Experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrients requirements of the Ross broiler chicks (3). Chicks had full access to feed and water during the experimental period. Live body weight and feed intake were recorded at 10, 24 and 42 d of age for each replicate. At the end of the experiment, the blood samples (from one chick per replicate) were collected to determine hematological parameters, then the chicks were slaughtered and ileum contents were removed for bacterial counts and also jejunum were immediately removed for histological studies.
Results and Discussion Based on the results, in 1-10 d period, supplementing the broiler diet with virginiamycin increased significantly feed intake (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35208_c300131fc3172ffb3d2c8778acff3c31.pdf
2016-03-20
108
121
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.38594
Broiler
Meat quality
Origanum vulgare
Performance
Virginiamycin
mohamad Reza
Gangeh
rezamrg41@yahoo.com
1
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
AUTHOR
Mohammad
salarmoini
salarmoini@uk.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science. College of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Adam, K., A. Sivropolou., S. Kokkini., T. Lanaras., and M. Arsenakis. 1998. Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare sub spp. Hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula, angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46:1739–1745.
1
2- Aureli, P., A. Costantini., and S. Zolea. 1992. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection, 55:344–348.
2
3- Aviagen. 2007. Nutrition Specification for Ross 308. Aviagen Limited, Newbridge, Scotland.
3
4- Bampidis, V. A., V. Christodoulou., P. Florou-Paneri., E. Christaki., P. S. Chatzopoulou., T. Tsiligianni., and A. B. Spais. 2005. Effect of dietary dried oregano leaves on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum cholesterol of female early maturing turkeys. British Poultry Science, 46:595–601.
4
5- Basmacioglu, H., O. Tokusoglu., and M. Ergul. 2004. The effect of oregano and rosemary essential oil or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on performance and lipid oxidation of meat enriched with n-3 PUFA in broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 34:197-210.
5
6- Bertram, H. C., H. J. Andersen., A.H. Karlsson., P. Horn., J. Hedegaard., and S. L. Engelsen. 2003. Prediction of technological quality (cooking loss and Napole Yield) of pork based on fresh meat characteristics. Meat Science, 65: 707-712.
6
7- Botsoglou, N. A., D. J. Fletouris., P. Florou-Paneri., E. Christaki., and A. B. Spais. 2003. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in long-term frozen stored chicken meat by dietary oregano essential oil and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Food Research International, 36:207-213.
7
8- Çabuk, M., M. Bozkurt., A. Alcicek., Y. Akbas., and K. Kucukyilmaz. 2006. Effect of an herbal essential oil mixture on growth and internal organ weight of broilers from young and old breeder flocks. South African Journal of Animal Science, 36:135–141.
8
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12
13- Cowan, M. M. 1999. Plant product as antimicrobial agents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12:564-582.
13
14- Cross, D. E., R. M. Mcdevith, K. Hillman, and T. Agamovic. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, digestibility and gut microflora in chicken to 28d of ago. British Poultry Science, 4:496-506.
14
15- Deans, S. G., and P. G. Waterman. 1993. Biological activity of volatile oils. Page 97-111 in: Hay, R.K.M., and P.G. Waterman, eds, Volatile oil crops. Longman Science, 100-101.
15
16- Demir, E., S. Sarica., M. A. Ozean., and M. Suicmez. 2005. The use of natural feed additives as alternative an antibiotic growth promoter in boiler. European Poultry Science, 69:110-116.
16
17- Ghorbani Ranjbary, A., N. Ghorbani Ranjbary., S. H. Asmarian., and Z. Ghorbani Ranjbary. 2014. Effect of Origanum vulgare hydroalcoholic extract on liver enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol-HDL, cholesterol-LDL, total bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, total protein in rat. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, 5 (2):121.
17
18- Giannenas, I., P. Florou-paneri., M. Papazahariadou., N. Botsoglou., E. Christaki., and A. B. Spaisn. 2003. Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Archives in Animal Nutrition, 57: 99-106.
18
19- Giannenas, I., P. Florou-paneri., N. Botsoglou., E. Christaki., and A. B. Spaisn. 2005. Effect of supplementing feed with oregano and/or a-tocopheryl acetate on growth of broiler chickens and oxidative stability of meat. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 14:521-535.
19
20- Halle, I. 2001. Effects of essential oils and herbal mixtures on growth of broiler chicks. Pages 439–442 in: Proc. Symp. Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe in der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier, Jena, Thüringen, Germany. Inst. Ernähr. Biol. Pharm. Fak, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ., Jena, Germany.
20
21- Hashemipour, H., H. Kermanshahi., A. Golian., A. Raji., and M. M. Van Krimpen. 2012. Effect of thymol + carvacrol by next enhance 150 on Intestinal development of broiler chickens fed CMC containing diet. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 3(3):567-576.
21
22- Helander, I. M., H. L. Alakomi., K. Latva-Kala., T. Mattila-Sandholm., I. Pol, E. J. Smid., L. G. M. Gorris., and A. Von Wright. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46:3590–3595.
22
23- Hernandes, F., J. Madrid., V. Garcica., J. Orengo., and M. D. Megias. 2004. Influence of two plant extract on broiler performance digestibility and digestive organ size. Poultry Science, 85:169-174.
23
24- Hernandes, F., J. Madrid., V. Garcica., J. Orengo., P. Catala., and M. D. Megias. 2006. Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels for broilers chickens. British Poultry Science, 47(1): 50-56.
24
25- Jang, I. S., Y. H. Ko., S. Y. Kong., and C. Y. Lee. 2007. Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134:304-315.
25
26- Jia-chi, H., T. Steiner., A. Aufy., and L. Tu-fa. 2012. Effects of supplemental essential oil in growth performance, lipid metabolites and immunity, intestinal characteristics, microbiota and carcass traits in broilers. Livestock Science, 144, 3:253-262.
26
27- Kirkpinar, F., H. Bora Unlu., and G. Ozdemir. 2010. Effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Livestock Science, 137:219-225.
27
28- Lambert, R. J. W., P. N. Skandamis., P. J. Coote., and G. J. E. Nychas. 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil thymol and carvacrol. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91:453-462.
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29- Lee, K.W., H. Everts., and A. C. Beynen. 2004. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3:738–752.
29
30- Luna, A., M. C. Labaque., J. A. Zygadlo., and R. H. Marin. 2010. Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Poultry Science, 89:366–370.
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31- Mailes, R. D, G. C. Butcher., P. R. Henry., and R. C. Litllell. 2006. Effect of antibiotic growth performance on broiler performance intestinal growth parameters and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science, 48.
31
32-Markovic, R., D. Sefer., M. Krstic., and B. Petrujkic. 2009. Effect of different growth promoters on broiler performance and gut morphology. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, 41: 163-169.
32
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34- Montoya, G., J. Londono., L. Yassin., G. Vasquez., M. Rojas., and R. Ramirez. 2007. Monoterpenos aromaticos thymol carvacrol: Aproximaciones de sus posibles papeles en procesos claves de la patologia cardiovascular. Scientia Et Technica, 33:27–32.
34
35- Mountzouris, k. C., P. Tsirtsikos., V. Paraskevas., and K. Fegeros. 2008. Evaluation of the effect of a phytogenic essential oil product on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. World’s poultry congress, Brisbane Australia, 444.
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36- Muller, R. F., B. Berger., and O. Yegen. 1995. Chemical composition and fungi toxic properties to phytopathogenic fungi of essential oils of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43:2262–2266.
36
37- Papageorgiou, G., N. Botsoglou., A. Govaris., I. Giannenas., S. Iliadisan., and E. Botsoglou. 2003. Effect of dietary oregano oil and a-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on iron-induced lipid oxidation of turkey breast, thigh, liver and heart tissues. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 87:324–335.
37
38- Paparella, A., L. Taccogna., I. Aguzzi., C. Chaves-Lopes., A. Serio., F. Marsilio., and G. Suzzi. 2008. Flow cytometric assessement of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil against listeria monocytogenes. Food Control, 19:1174-1182.
38
39- Perlic, L., N. Milosevic., D. Zikic., S. Bjedov., D. Cvetkovic., S. Markov., M. Momnl., and T. Steiner. 2010. Effects of probiotic and phytogenic products on performance, gut morphology and cecal microflora of broiler chickens. Archives Animal Breeding, 53, 3:350-359.
39
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42- Ultee, A., R. A. Slump., G. Steging., and E. J. Smid. 2000. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice. Journal of Food Protection, 63:620-624.
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43- Vagi, E., B. Simandi., A. Suhajda., and E. Hethelyi. 2005. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Origanum majorana extracts obtained with ethyl alcohol and supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Research International, 38:51-57.
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45- Windisch, W., K. Schedle., C. Plitzner., and A. Kroismayr. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 140-148.
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46- Young, J. F, J. Stagsted., S. K. Jensen., A. H. Karlsson., and P. Henckel. 2003. Ascorbic acid alpha tocopherol and oregano supplement reduce stress-induced deterioration of chicken meat quality. Poultry Science, 82:1343-1351.
46
47- Zargary, A. 2012. Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. 7th ed. Tehran University Press. Tehran. Iran. (In Persian).
47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of a Recombinant Lactococcuslactis Performance to Degrade of phytate phosphorus in Broiler Chick Diets
Introduction Phytic acid is a main compound in all plant seeds and contains 60 to 70% of total phosphorus in plant. Monogastric animals cannot use phytatephosphorus because of low phytase activity in their digestive tract. Thus in addition to unabsorbed mineral phosphorus, phytate phosphorus in fecal ofmonogastric animals may affect water and environment pollution. It is suggested to use of phytase enzyme for resolving of this problem. Phytase activity was showed in some bacteria like pseudomonas, bacillus subtilis and amyloliquefaciens. Few strain of lactic acid bacteria order showed phytase activity or were different for this activity. On the other hand these bacteria order are important as probiotic strains. There are numerous studies to use probiotic bacteria with specific enzyme activity for increasing nutrient availability to animals. This experiment was aimed to study of a recombinant Lactococcuslactis performance to degrade of phytate phosphorus in broiler chicken diets.
Materials and methods Lactococcuslactis was supplemented to a phosphorus deficient diet (50% of available phosphorus recommended by NRC) lonely or with two other lactobacillus bacteria (lactobacillus crispatusand lactobacillus salivarus) in rate of 108 CFU/g diet. Diets were also formulated with recommended available phosphorus by NRC with or without probiotic supplementation. Two hundred eighty eight one day old male Ross broiler chicks were subjected to 6 experimental treatment in 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate. Growth performance, bone characteristics, intestinalmicroflora, and blood metabolites were measured. Apparent phytate digestibility was estimated by chromic oxide marker method. The chromic oxide was added in rate of 0.3% ofthediets. Phytate phosphorus was measured by the method of wheeler et al (1971). On day37, level of calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol of serum were measurement by bleeding from wing vein. Left thigh bone was isolated on 42 days and its dimensions and strength were measurement by Caliper and Instron instruments respectively.
Results and Discussion Body weights of deficiency phosphorus treatments showed significant decrease even in presence of recombinant probiotic (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35254_4892727a10ca96a67531d3e7504ef197.pdf
2016-03-20
122
131
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.41713
Broiler chicks
Lactococcuslactis
phytase
Probiotic
Recombinant
Hasan
Kermanshahi
hassbird@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Majidzadeh Heravy
rmajidzadeh@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Afkhami, M., H. Kermanshahi., and A. Golian. 2014. Nutrative value of three soybeam meals through in vitro techniques and in vivo evaluation in broiler chickens. Iranian journal of animal science, 6(1):8-16.(In Persian)
1
2- Askelson, T. E., A. Campasino., J. T. Lee., and T. Duong. 2014. Evaluation of phytate-degrading Lactobacillus culture administration to broiler chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(3):943-950.
2
3- Boling-Frankenbach, S. D., J. L. Snow., C. M. Parsons., and D. H. Baker. 2001. The effect of citric acid on the calcium and phosphorus requirements of chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets. Poultry Science, 80(6):783-788.
3
4- Boling, S. D., D. M. Webel., I. Mavromichalis., C. M. Parsons., and D. H. Baker. 2000. The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 78(3):682-689.
4
5- Carew, L. B., J., T. A. Gestone., F. A. Alster., and C. G. Scanes. 1985. Effect of phosphorus deficiency on thyroid function and growth hormone in the white Leghorn male. Poultry Science, 64(10):2010-2012.
5
6- Dansky, L. M., and F. W. Hill. 1952. Application of the chromic oxide indicator method to balance studies with growing chickens. Journal of Nutrition, 47(3):449-459.
6
7- Graf, E. 1983. Formation of [3H, 32P]phytic acid in germinating wheat. Anal Biochem 131(2):351-355.
7
8- Hammes, W. P. and R. F. Vogel. 1995. The genus Lactobacillus. Pages 19-54 in The lactic acid bacteria. Vol. 2. Wood B.J.B. and Holzapfel W.H., ed. Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
8
9- Lan, G. Q., N. Abdullah., S. Jalaludin., and Y. W. Ho. 2002. Efficacy of supplementation of a phytase-producing bacterial culture on the performance and nutrient use of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal diets. Poultry Science, 81(10):1522-1532.
9
10- Lei, X. G. and C.H. Stahl. 2001. Biotechnological development of effective phytases for mineral nutrition and environmental protection. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 57(4):474-481.
10
11- Majidzadeh Heravi, R., H. Kermanshahi., M. Sankian., M. R. Nassiri., A. H. Moussavi., L. R. Nasiraii., and A. R. Varasteh. 2011. Screening of lactobacilli bacteria isolated from gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens for their use as probiotic. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5:1858-1868.
11
12- Maynard, L. A. and J. K. Loosli. 1969. Animal Nutrition, 6th ed. McGrow-Hill, New York, USA
12
13- Mohammadbagheri, N. and R. Najafi. 2014. Study the effect of citric acid and phytase supplementation on performance, blood lipid, immune system and some carcass chracteristics of broiler chickens Iranian journal of animal science, 6(2):131-139. (In Persian)
13
14- National Research Councile. 1994. Nutrient requirement of poultry. 9 ed. NationalAcademy, Washington, DC.
14
15- Nourmohammadi, R., S. M. Hosseini., and H. Farhangfar. 2010. Effect of dietatry acidification on some blood parameters and weekly performance of broiler chickens. journal of animal veterinary advances, 9(24):3092-3097.
15
16- SAS Institute. 2004.SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.2 Edition. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
16
17- Scholz-Ahrens, K. E., P. Ade., B. Marten., P. Weber., W. Timm., Y. Acil., C. C. Gluer., and J. Schrezenmeir. 2007. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics affect mineral absorption, bone mineral content, and bone structure. Journal of Nutrition, 137(3 Suppl 2): 838S-846S.
17
18- Sreeramulu, G., D. S. Srinivasa., K. Nand., and R. Joseph. 1996. Lactobacillus amylovorus as a phytase producer in submerged culture. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 23: 385-388.
18
19- Sweeten, J. 1992. Livestock and poultry waste management: a national overview. Pages 4-15 in National livestock, poultry and aquaculture waste management. Blake JD M.W., ed. Amer Soc Agric Eng, St. Joseph, Minnesota.
19
20- wheeler E. L., and Ferrel R. E. 1971. A Metjod for phytic acid determination in wheat and wheat fractions. Cereal Chemistry, 48:312-320.
20
21- Yu, B., J. R. Liu., F. S. Hsiao., and P. W. S. Chiou. 2008. Evaluation of Lactobacillus reuteri Pg4 strain expressing heterologous -glucanase as a probiotic in poultry diets based on barley. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141: 82–91.
21
22- Zamudio, M., A. Gonzalez., and J. A. Medina. 2001. Lactobacillus plantarum phytase activity is due to non-specific acid phosphatase. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 32(3): 181-184.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Slaughtered lambs Results from Varamini Ewes Crossing with Shal, Afshar, Moghani and Varamini Rams
Introduction One of the animal breeding aims is increasing the economic efficiency. Therefore, mating among selected animals in order to enhance economic efficiency should also supply variation in population for next generations’ selection. This study was performed to estimate performance in cross breed lambs resulting from crosses of shal, moghani, afshari and varamini rams with varamini ewes, compained it to pure varamini lambs.
Materials and Methods The objective of this study was the progeny evaluation from slaughter in one way crossing between Varamini ewes with Shal, Afshari, Moghani and Varamini rams and comparing their progeny efficiency. Thus, three 1.5 and 3 years rams were selected from each of Shal, Afshari, Moghani and Varamini breeds. A sample was separated from 10, 11 and 12 ribs was separated for examination of the fat, meat and bone percentage in different breed group lambs carcass. Data statistical analyze was done by GLM procedure of SAS 9.1 software.
Results and Discussion Afshari crossbreed lambs had better carcass performance rather than the other breed groups although before slaughtering live weight of Shal and Moghani lambs were higher. Male lambs had better live weight and carcass quality before slaughtering than female lambs. The analyze of carcass parts percentage indicated that crossbreed lambs from Afshari rams with Varamini ewes had the highest efficiency and lowest rump percentage between genetic groups about valuable parts total percentage of thigh, roast, wristband and low price flank steak, brisket and neck. The analyze results of carcass tissue proportions combination showed Shal, Moghani and Afshar crossbreeds had more meat percentage and lower fat percentage on numbers 10, 11 and 12 of ribs than Varamini net breed.
Conclusion According to our findings about cross surface and length from carcass the highest amount of them was belong to Shal and Afshari breeds, although difference amount between breeds was not significant. Finally, male had more significantly cross surface than female. Average percentage for lion, thigh, flank, brisket, neck, longissmus muscle area and carcass length, full and empty digestive system in different genetic group has no significant difference, also, average for, shoulder, legs, tail, heat, lean percentage and bone in 10-12 vibs sample and skin and fat percentage in this sample was significantly different in various groups. Sex effect on total removable fat and percentage of various carcass sections expect of thigh, lion and neck percentages, other carcass sections have significant differences in two finishing periods.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35229_36785faa1d480d6afa4e94ddecea1297.pdf
2016-03-20
174
184
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.44242
Carcass
cross breeding
Performance
Sheep
Reza
Seyedsharifi
reza_seyedsharifi@yahoo.com
1
Animal Science Department of University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Akbar
hamze zadeh azar
azar5727@yahoo.com
2
University of Zanjan
AUTHOR
1- Atefi. A., J. Shoja., S. A. Rafat. 2011. Investigation of Growth performance and Carcass Characteristics in Crossbreds Lambs of Some Genetic Group. Journal of Animal Sceince Research, 21(3):2-8 (In Persian).
1
2- Bourfia, M., and R. W. Touchberry. 1993. Diallelcross of three Moroccan breeds of sheep: I. Lamb growth and carcass traits. Journal of Animal Science, 71(4): 870-881.
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3- Boylan, W. J., Y. M. Berger., and C. E. Allen. 1976. Carcass merit of Finnsheep crossbred lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 42: 1413- 1420.
3
4- Ellis, M., G. M. Webster., B. G. Merrel., and I. Brown. 1997. The influence of terminal sire breed on carcass composition and eating quality of crossbred lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 54: 77-86.
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5- Esenbuga. N., M. Macit., M. Karaoglu.,V.Aksaka., M. I. Aksu., M. A. Yoruk., and M. Gul. 2009. Effect of breed on fattening performance, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of Awassi and Morkaraman lambs. Journal of Livestock Science, 123:255-260.
5
6- Fozooni. R., and M. J. Zamiri. 2007. Relationships between chemical composition of meat from carcass cuts and the whole carcass in Iranian fat-tailed sheep as affected by breed and feeding level. Iranian J. Vet., University of Shiraz, Vol.8, No.4.
6
7- Ghita. E., C.Lazar., R. Pelmus., and I. Voicu. 2010. Comparative research on the fattening aptitudes of the growth lambs of local Romanian breeds. Biotechnologi in Animal husbandry 26 (1-2):13-20.
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8- Iason, G. R., and A. R.Matecon. 1991. Seasonal variation in voluntary food intake and post weaning growth in lambs: A comparison of genotype. Journal of Animal Production, 52: 272-285.
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9- Khaldari. M., N. Emamjomeh kashan., A. Afzalzadeh., A. Salehi. 2007. Growth and carcass characteristics of cross bred progeny from lean-tailed and fat-tailed sheep breeds. South African. Journal of Animal Science. 37(1):51-56.
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10- Lovase, L., and C. Hancz. 1986. Increasing the productive performance of Merino by crossing with different breeds in Hungary. World. Rew. Journal of Animal. Production, 22 (3): 31-34.
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11- Malik, R. C., M. A. Razzaque., S. Abbass., T. Al- Mutawa., and N. Al- Khozam. 1996. Breeding Australin crossbred ewes with Arabian Fat tailed rams for intensive lamb productin. Aust. Journal of Experimental Agricultural. 36(1): 31-36.
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12- Mosharaf Ghahfarokhi, R., S. Alijani., J. Shoja., S. A. Rafat., and A. Taghizadeh. 2013. The Comparing of growth potency of the crossbred and Ghezel lambs of khalat-pooshan Station by univariate and repeated measures analysis in period. Animal Sceince Research, 23(3):135-147.
12
13- Mohd-Yusuff, M. K., G. E. Dikerson., and L. D. Young. 1992. Reproductive rate and genetic variation in composite and parental population: Experimental results in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 673-688.
13
14- Notter. D. R., S. P. Greiner., and M. L. Wahlberg. 2004. Growth and carcass characteristics of lambs sired by Dorper and Dorset rams. Journal of Animal Science, 82: 1323-1328.
14
15- Oltoff, G. C., and W. J. Boylan. 1991a. Carcass merit of market lambs from purebered and crossbred Finnsheep ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 4: 159-173.
15
16- Parasad, R. D. D., E. K. Chatyulu., T. M. Rao., and D. Munirathnam. 1991. Growth performance of Nellore and Nellore ×Dorset ram lamb under Feedlots. Livestock Adviser. 16(4): 8-10.
16
17- Phillips, W. A., M. A. Brown., H. G. Dolezal., and Q. Fitch. 2005. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of lambs sired by Texel, Romanov, St. Croixor Dorset rams from Polypay and St. Croix ewes. Sheep and Goat Research, 20, 11-16.
17
18- Ringdorfer, F. 1989. Investigations in growth of Tylor Mountain lambs and their crosses with German black head Mutton, Suffolk and Texel. CAB.Abs.
18
19- Robinson, O. W., B. T. Mcdanied., and E. J. Rincon. 1981. Estimation on direct and maternal additive and heterotic effects from crossbreeding experminets in animal. Journal of Animal Science, 20: 44-56.
19
20- Weir, B. S., C. C. Cockerham., and J. Reynolds. 1980. The effects of linkage and Linkage discqilibrium on the covariances of non- inbred relatives. Heredity, 45: 351-359.
20
21- Younis, A. A., E. Salah., E. Galol., M. M. Mokhtar., and S. S. El-khishin.1976. Effect of the Length of fattening period on gain and carcass traits of desert sheep. Indian. Journal of Animal Science, 46 (12): 636-641.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Twinning in Iranian Holstein Dairy Cattle: A Study of Risk Factors and Production and Reproduction Consequences
Introduction Cattle are a monotocous species meaning that, under most circumstances, a successful pregnancy results in the birth of one calf. Twinning rate has been reported in dairy cows from 3 to 5 percent, which can be influenced by maternal age.The birth of twins is detrimental to the majority of beef and dairy cattle producer. Financial loss arising from any of twinning has been reported in Europe between 109 to 201 dollars in recent years. Because it is associated with undesirable consequences such as reduced survival, calf, cow increased removal rate and poor performance. This also reduces pregnancy rates and profitability herds. One of the effects of twinning severe is reduction of the number of calves for replacement fertility in dairy cows. This is a loss arising from an increase in infant mortality and a gender bias in bull calves homo zygote.Twinning rate increases significantly the incidence of reproductive abnormalities, including the retained placenta, dystocia, stillbirth and abortion. Many studies have been done on the effect of multiple pregnancies in cattle production and reproduction. Higher milk production for cows twin issue is controversial as some studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between the rate of twinning in dairy cattle and milk production. But in the next lactation, production for cows that have been the twin of the infected cow metabolic disease in the previous period was lower. In a study reported that cows spend fewer days in the twin peak production. The results of the study on the effect of twinning on reproductive traits of Holstein cows-Farzin showed that only half of the twin cows are prone to reproduce in the next period. It is also reported a greater number of insemination per conception in twin compared to single cows. In addition, it has been reported that the twin was more than 15 days from calving to first services. Average twin cows experiencing 1.7 times more death and removal in lifetime production than cows single.The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of twinning in Iranian Holstein dairy cows and the estimated effect on production traits and reproductive twinning.
Material and method Data from 9 Holstein dairy herds from 2 regions, Khorasan Resavie and Isfahan, in Iran during the period 2001 to 2013 were used. Editing of initial data set was done with Excel. Duplicate observations, missing data for calf condition and cows with age at first calving < 19 or > 45 month were excluded. Following all edits, 160,410 calving records of 52,562 cows were utilized.
According to binary nature of twinning, a logistical regression model was constructed to estimate the effect of bio-environmental risk factors on twinning using the LOGISTIC procedure of SAS the used model was as follows:
Logit (π) = α + β1X1+ β2X2+…. + βnXn (1)
A linear mixed model was used to analyze twinning effect on productive and reproductive traits using Proc Mixed of SAS Software. In this model fixed effects were included herd effect, calving season (calving year, parity, twinning, stillbirth and dystocia. The effect of other factors were considered as random. The mixed linear model used for this analysis included:
(2)
Results and discussion The incidence of twinning cases per cow per year was 2.7 %, on average. Herd, calving year, calving season and parity had a significant relationship with the incidence of twinning (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35265_007c72bdc852f4eb2320d52b6b099d57.pdf
2016-03-20
185
196
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.46120
Dairy cattle
Odds ratio
Production
Reproductive performance
abolfazl
mahnani
abolfazlmahnani@gmail.com
1
Isfahan university of technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
sadeghisefidmazgi
sadeghism@cc.iut.ac.ir
2
Isfahan university of technology
AUTHOR
alireza
aghatehrani
tehrani.ali47@gmail.com
3
Isfahan university of technology
AUTHOR
1- Atashi, H., M. J. Zamiri., and M. B. Sayyadnejad. 2012. Effect of twinning and stillbirth on the shape of lactation curve in Holstein dairy cows of Iran. Arch Tierz, 55 (3), 226-233
1
2- Bar-Anan, R., and J. Bowman. 1974. Twinning in Israeli-Friesian dairy herds. Animal. Production. 18: 109-115.
2
3- Beerepoot, G., A. Dykhuizen., Y. Nielen., and Y. Schukken. 1992. The economics of naturally occurring twinning in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 75: 1044-1051.
3
4- Cady, R., and L. D. Van Vleck. 1978. Factors affecting twinning and effects of twinning in Holstein dairy cattle. Faculty Papers and Publications in Animal Science, 950-956.
4
5- Del Rio, N. S., S. Stewart., P. Rapnicki., Y. Chang., and P. Fricke. 2007. An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 1255-1264.
5
6- Echternkamp, S. 1992. Fetal development in cattle with multiple ovulations. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 2309-2321.
6
7- Echternkamp, S. E., and K. E. Gregory.1999.Effects of twinning on gestation length, retained placenta, and dystocia. Journal of Animal Science, 77:39-47.
7
8- Echternkamp, S., R. Thallman., R. Cushman., M. Allan, and K. Gregory. 2007. Increased calf production in cattle selected for twin ovulations. Journal of Animal Science, 85: 3239-3248.
8
9- Eddy, R., O. Davies., and C. David. 1991. An economic assessment of twin births in British dairy herds. Vetenary Record, 129: 526-529.
9
10- Erb, R., and R. Morrison. 1959. Effects of Twinning on Reproductive Efficiency in a Holstein-Friesian Herd. Journal of Dairy Science, 42: 512-519.
10
11- Fricke, P., and M. Wiltbank. 1999. Effect of milk production on the incidence of double ovulation in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 52: 1133-1143.
11
12- Fricke, P. M. 2001. Twinning in Dairy Cattle. The professial animal scientist, 17:61–67.
12
13- Garry, F. 2004. An overview of animal welfare in the US dairy industry. Bovine Practitioner, 1-23.
13
14- Ghavi Hossein Zadeh, N. A., S. Nejati Javaremi., R. Miraei Ashtiani., and H. Kohram, 2008. An observational analysis of twin births, calf stillbirth, calf sex ratio, and abortion in Iranian Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 91: 4198-4205.
14
15- Guerra-Martinez, P., G. Dickerson., G. Anderson., and R. Green. 1990. Embryo-transfer twinning and performance efficiency in beef production. Journal of Animal Science, 68: 4039-4050.
15
16- Johansson I., B. Lindhe., and F. Pirchner. 1974. Causes of variation in the frequency of monozygous and dizygous twinning in various breeds of cattle. Hereditas, 78: 201-234.
16
17- Karlsen, A., J. Ruane., G. Klemetsdal, and B. Heringstad. 2000. Twinning rate in Norwegian cattle: frequency, (co) variance components, and genetic trends. Journal of Animal Science, 78: 15-20.
17
18- Kinsel, M., W. Marsh., P. L. Ruegg., and W. Etherington. 1998. Risk factors for twinning in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81: 989-993.
18
19- Kirkpatrick, B. 2002. Management of twinning cow herds. Journal of Animal Science, 80: E14-E18.
19
20- Komisarek, J., and Z. Dorynek. 2002. Genetic aspects of twinning in cattle. Journal of Applied Genetic, 43: 55-68.
20
21- Labhsetwar, A. P., W. Tyler., and L. Casida. 1963. Analysis of variation in some factors affecting multiple ovulations in Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 46: 840-842.
21
22- Lopez-Gatius, F., O. Szenci., G. Bech-Sabat., I. Garcia-Ispierto., B. Serrano., P. Santolaria., and J. Yaniz. 2009. Factors of non-infectious nature affecting late embryonic and early foetal loss in high producing dairy herds in north-eastern Spain: literature review. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja, 131: 515-531.
22
23- Markusfeld, O. 1987. Periparturient traits in seven high dairy herds. Incidence rates, association with parity, and interrelationships among traits. Journal of Dairy Science, 70: 158-166.
23
24- Mostafa, A. 2009. Effect of twin vs. single births on gestation length, reproductive performance, dystocia, calf survival rate and culling in Holstein cows. Journal of Vetenary. Medicine, 19: 19-23.
24
25- Nielen, M., Y. Schukken., D. Scholl., H. Wilbrink., and A. Brand. 1989. Twinning in dairy cattle: a study of risk factors and effects. Theriogenology, 32: 845-862.
25
26- Sreenan, J., and M. Diskin. 1989. Effect of a unilateral or bilateral twin embryo distribution on twinning and embryo survival rate in the cow. Journal of. Reproduction and fertility, 87: 657-664.
26
27- Wiltbank, M., P. Fricke., S. Sangsritavong., R. Sartori., and O. Ginther. 2000. Mechanisms that prevent and produce double ovulations in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 2998-3007.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Ensiled Berseem Clover and Citrus Pulp Mixture on Performance of Zel Fattened Lambs
Introduction Feed contributes about 75% of the total cost of animal production, therefore utilizing of by-products such as Berseem clover and citrus pulp, as nutritive and low cost components of rations would decrease the production cost. In north of Iran over autumn and winter, utilizing of these by-products in making of silage as feed for ruminants provides good feed ingredient especially in feedlot operations, also eliminates pathogens, and reduces the effect of drugs and pesticides that are used locally without a serious control or discipline. However, little information available on utilizing silage made from these local by-products. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effects of ensiled Berseem clover and orange peels mixture on intake, digestibility, chewing behavior and performance of Zel fattening lambs.
Materials and methods Twenty male Zel lambs fed with five experimental rations containing basal concentrate and 35% Berseem clover silage as: 1) without additives, 2) supplemented with 40% dried orange peels, 3) supplemented with 40% dried tangerine peel, 4) supplemented with 35% dried tangerine peel and 5% ground barley and 5) supplemented with 35% dried orange peels and 5% ground barley. Lambs were housed in individual box and fed ad libitum, twice daily at 09:00 and 21:00 h with total mixed rations as experimental treatments, allowing for at least 10% residuals (as-fed basis). Water and mineralized salt stone were available throughout the experiment. Feed particle size distribution, geometric mean and the standard deviation of geometric mean were determined by dry sieving in four replicates, using two set of Penn State particle separator. Feed, feces and orts were analyzed for dry matter, Kjeldahl N, ether extract, organic matter and ash at 605°C, neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) when α-amylase being added for concentrates during NDF extraction; sodium sulfite was not added. Neutral detergent fiber was expressed without residual ash. Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) was calculated by 100- (%CP+ %NDF+ %Ash+ %EE). Cr-mordanted NDF alfalfa was used as single marker for ruminal digestive kinetic (3). Using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS® (2002), the experimental data were analyzed in a completed randomized design by following model: Yij = µ + Ti + eij; where, Yij was depended variable, µ is overall mean, Ti is fixed effect of the treatments (i = 1, 2, …. 5 for experimental diets); eij is experimental error. Means were separated using Duncan's multiple range tests with an alpha level of 0.05.
Results and Discussion The distribution, geometric means and their standard deviation were significantly different.Therefore the ability of experimental rations in stimulating rumination, chewing activity, and maintain consistency of ruminal mat was not similar. Several studies have shown that the by-products have a physical effective factor about 50 % forage sources. Dry matter intake was similar in 5 treatments because ration had equal NDF, energy and crude protein content. However, digestibility of the dry matter and nutrients of rations increased when citrus pulp and barley or when citrus pulp. The citrus pulp has higher digestible non fiber carbohydrate than forages that improves the digestibility of dietary dry matter and nutrients of rations because increased ruminal entrapment of particulate and mat consistency. In addition, citrus pulp is a high pectin source that easily decomposes, produces more acetic and lower propionate or lactic acid than concentrates; thus, decreasing rumen pH is limited when using them. Inclusion of dried citrus pulp in silages significantly increased rumination time and chewing activities. Although we expected that physical effectiveness of ration reduces when supplemented silage were used, retention time and passage rate of ruminal particulate were similar because of increased ruminal mat consistency. The average daily gain was similar between treatments, however, inclusion of dried citrus pulp in silages significantly increased feed conversion ratio.
Conclusion The results of experiment showed that citrus by-products are suitable for inclusion in ruminant diets because of the ability of ruminants to ferment high fiber feeds in the rumen and can provide relatively low cost ration.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35283_dc6557c725d791359bb5468649c1d7cb.pdf
2016-03-20
43
56
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.42229
Berseem clover
Citrus pulp
Fattening sheep
Silagep
maedeh
feyz
feyz_2@yahoo.com
1
Animal Science University of Agriculture and Bioresource of Sari
LEAD_AUTHOR
asadollah
Teimouri Yansari
astymori@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
AUTHOR
Yadollah
chashnidel
ychashnidel2002@yahoo.com
3
Animal Science University of Agriculture and Bioresource of Sari
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Kazemifard
mo.kazemifard@gmail.com
4
Animal Science University of Agriculture and Bioresource of Sari
AUTHOR
1- Afshar Mirzaei, A., N. Maheri-Sis. 2008. Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products for ruminants- a review. World Journal of Zoology, 3: 40-46.
1
2- Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal Dairy Science, 83: 83:1598-1624.
2
3- Arjmandi M. Kh., A. Teimouri Yansari. 2011. Effects of alfalfa particle size and soybean oil on digestibility, chewing activity, milk yield and compositions of early lactating holstein cows. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 138-149. (in persian)
3
4- Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 2002. Official method of Analysis. Vol.1. 17 th Ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA. Pages: 120-155.
4
5- Barrios-Urdaneta, A., M. Fondevila, C. Castrillo. 2003. Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep. Animal Science, 76: 309–317.
5
6- Bampidis, V. A., and P. H. Robinson. 2006. Citrus by-products as ruminant feeds: A review. Animal Feed ScienceTechnology, 128: 175–217.
6
7- Bayat Koohsar. C., R. Valizadeh., A. A. Naserian., A. Tahmasebi., and F. Safari. 2010. Effects of Barley with DCP in Holstein cows on their performance. Journal Animal Science Research, 2: 148 - 155.(in persian)
7
8- Broderick, G. A., D. R. Mertens., R. Simons. 2002. Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage. Journal Dairy Science, 85: 1767–1776.
8
9- Bueno, M. S., J. E. Ferrari., D. Bianchini., F. F. Leinz., C. F. C. Rodrigues. 2002. Effect of replacing corn with dehydrated citrus pulp in diets of growing kids. Small Ruminant Research, 46: 179–185.
9
10- Caparra P., F. Foti., M. Scerra., M. C. Sinatra., V. Scerra. 2007. Solar-dried citrus pulp as an alternative energy source in lamb diets: Effects on growth and carcass and meat quality. Small Ruminant Research, 68: 303–311.
10
11- Das, A., and G. P. Singh. 1999. Effect of different levels of berseem (TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM) supplementation of wheat straw on some physical factors regulating intake and digestion. Anim. Feed Science Technology, 81: 133-149.
11
12- Fazaeli, H. 1992. Using citrus pulp in feeding animal. Journal Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 14, 26-35. (In persian).
12
13- Fegeros, K., G. Zervas., S. Stamouli., E. Apostolaki. 1995. Nutritive value of dried citrus pulp and its effect on milk yield and milk composition of lactating ewes. Journal Dairy Science, 78: 1116–1121.
13
14- Fonseca, A. J. M., A. A. Dias-da-Silva., and A. L. G. Lourenco. 2001. Effects of maize and citrus-pulp supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on intake and productivity in female lambs. Journal. Anim. Science, 73: 123–136.
14
15- Gholizadeh, H. and A. A. Naserian. 2010. Effects of replacing dried citrus pulp with barley grain on the performance of Iranian Sannen kids. Journal Animal Veterinary Advances, 9:2053-2056.
15
16- Grant, R. J. 1997. Interactions among forages and non forage fiber sources. Journal Dairy Science, 80: 1438-1446.
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17- Grovum, W. L., and W.J. Williams. 1973. Rates of passage of digesta in sheep passage of marker through the alimentary tract and the biological relevance rate-constants derived from changes in concentration of marker in feces. British Journal Nutrition, 30: 313-329.
17
18- Hannaway, D. B., and C. Larson. 2004. Berseem Clover (TRIFOLIUM ALEXANDRINUM L.). Oregon State University, Species Selection Information System. http://forages. oregonstate.edu/php/fact_sheet_print_legume.php?SpecID=196&use=Forage
18
19- Kononoff, P. J. 2002. The effect of ration particle size on dairy cows in early lactation. Ph. D. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University.
19
20- Krause, M. K., and G. R. Otzel. 2006. Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review. Animal Feed Science Technology, 126: 215-236.
20
21- Li, D., G. Lanigan., J. Humphreys. 2011. Measured and simulated nitrous oxide emissions from ryegrass-and ryegrass/white clover-based grasslands in a moist temperate climate. Plos One 6:e26176.
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22- Mart´ınez-Pascual, J., and J. Fern´andez-Carmona. 1980. Citrus pulp in diets for fattening lambs. Animal Feed Science Technology, 5: 11–22.
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23- Mertens, D. R. 1997. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal Dairy Science, 80: 1463-1481.
23
24- Miron, J., E. Yosef., D. Ben-Ghedalia., L. E. Chase., D. E. Bauman., R. Solomon. 2002. Digestibility by dairy cows of monosaccharide constituents in total mixed rations containing citrus pulp. Journal Dairy Science, 85: 89–94.
24
25- O’Mara, F. P., J. E. Coyle., M. J. Drennan., P. Young., and P. J. Caffrey. 1999. A comparison of digestibility of some concentrate feed ingredients in cattle and sheep. Animal Feed Science Technology, 81: 167–174.
25
26- Oni A. O., C. F. I. Onwuka., O. O. Oduguwa., O. S. Onifade., O. M. Arigbede., J. E. N. Olatunji. 2006. Utilization of citrus pulp based diets and enterolobium cyclocarpum foliage by west African dwarf goats. Journal Animal Veterinary Advances, 5: 814– 818.
26
27- Pirmohammadi, R., O. Hamidi., and A. Mohsenpur Azari. 2007. Effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition on composition, degradability digestibility of white grape pomace. Journal Animal Veterinary Advances, 6: 1135-1139.
27
28- Uden, P., E. Colucci., and P. J. Van Soest. 1980. Investigation of chromium, ceribem, and cobalt as marker in digesta rate of passage studies. Journal Science Food Agriculture, 31: 625- 632.
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29- Volanis, M., P. Zoiopoulos., and K. Tzerakis. 2004. Effects of feeding ensiled sliced oranges to lactating dairy sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 53, 15–21.
29
30- Welch, J. G., and A. M. Smith. 1971. Effect of beet pulp and citrus pulp on rumination activity. Journal Animal Science, 33: 472-475.
30
31- Wing, J. M. 2003. Citrus Feedstuffs for Dairy Cattle. University of Florida, IFAS, 829.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of adding herbs (Ziziphora clinopodioides, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium) in milk on performance, blood metabolites and fecal microbial population on Holstein calves
Introduction Many herbal products (herbs and essential oils) are currently used as feed additives by the feed industry in the European Union and elsewhere. These phytogenic substances which increase feed aroma or palatability of feeds are classified as sensory additives by European Council. However, several publications show that some essential oils may have beneficial effects on animal performance and health status because of other properties except their sensory characteristics. These claimed properties are stimulation of digestive secretions; antimicrobial, coccidiostat, anthelmintic, and anti-inflammatory activities; and antioxidant properties. Most research revealed that supplementing herbal essential oils to diets resulted in reducing blood cholesterol, increasing palatability of feed and stimulating the immune system in poultry, while different results obtained by ruminants because of rumen microbial population and ruminal fermentation conditions. The use of large and repeated quantities of antibiotics in animal feed may cause to eliminate beneficial intestinal microflora and innate immune system and subsequently cause to antibiotic resistance and remains antibiotics in animal products. Recently, many herbal products because having flavoring and antimicrobial properties as introduced as good alternatives for antibiotics. The aim of the present investigation was to study of effect of Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium on the performance of suckling calves, dry matter digestibility, blood parameters and the immune system, the effect on the incidence of diarrhea and fecal microbial population (Escherichia coli, lactobacillus and total aerobic bacteria).
Materials and Methods In the present study, extraction of essential oils from three plant species (Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium) by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were analyzed. In order to determine the chemical composition of plants used for food such as dry matter, crude protein and ether extracts, from conventional laboratory methods AOAC (2005) were used. sixteen Holstein calves with mean of 42.18± 0.71 Kg birth weight, aged 5± 3 day allocated to treats: 1) control (milk without additive), 2) milk contains powder Ziziphora clinipodioides, 3) milk contains powder Mentha spicata, 4) milk contains powder Mentha pulegium. The herbs added to milk in each treatment was 20 g daily. Duration the experimental period was 25 days. Dry matter intake, water intake and fecal score measured daily. Body weight monitored every 5 days, and blood sampling conducted twice, once one day before the start of the period (day zero) and once final day. Samples for culture prepared in three phases beginning, middle and end of the period.
Results and Discussion The major component in Ziziphora clinopodioies was pulegone (38.34%), major component in Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium was carvone (61.93%) and piperitone oxide (43.09%), respectively. The dry matter of three plant, Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium were 92.70, 93.25 and 94.01, crude protein were 8.57, 20.47 and 17.32, and also ether extracts were 3.20, 2.15 and 2.50 percent, respectively. Based on the obtained results, adding of Mentha pulegium to milk reduces dry matter intake during starter period and total dry matter intake in treatment Ziziphora clinopodioides was significantly higher than treatment control. Calves treated with Ziziphora clinopodioides, Mentha pulegium and Mentha spicata consumed statistically more water than control group. Dry matter digestibility significantly decreased in treatments Ziziphora clinopodioides and Menthe spicata compared to control. Daily gain, feed conversion ratio, blood parameter and immune respones were not affected by treatment trials. There were no significant differences between treatments for fecal score and day of diarrhea. Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium significantly decreased Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus count in fecal compare to control, but they had no significantly effect on total number of aerobic bacteria. The result showed that adding herbal to milk in neonatal calves have positive effect because of affecting on starter intake, consume water, fecal consistency score and intestinal microbial population.
Conclusion Plant-derived essential oil may be a useful means to improve efficiency of nutrient utilization in ruminants and reduce the impact of their production on the environment. This study showed that the inclusion of Ziziphora clinopodioies, Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium calves diet significantly improved the water intake and Mentha spicata and Mentha pulegium decreased dry matter intake. Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus reduction microbial population fecal calves represent the three species of the plant is antibacterial. However, further and more complete evaluations are required to establish the effect of herbal products in diets on the performance of animals.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35310_0d37bc37e5988eca71a7c8d0afb09fb7.pdf
2016-03-20
57
71
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.45333
Blood parameters
Escherichia coli
Labiatae family
lactobacillus
Neonatal calve
narges
ghahhari
nargesghahari@gmail.com
1
Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources
AUTHOR
Taghi
Ghoorchi
ghoorchit@yahoo.com
2
Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Alireza
Vakili
savakili@um.ac.ir
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
1- Ababakri, R., A. Riasi., M. H. Fathi., H. Naeemipoor., S. Khorsandi. 2012. The effect of spearmint sativum essence added to starter diet on ruminal fermentation, weaning age and performance of Holstein calves. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 22: 57- 68. (In Persian).
1
2- Abaza, I. M., M. A. Shehata., M. H. Shoieb., I. I. Hassan. 2008. Evaluation of some natural Feed addetive in growing chicks’ diets. Journal of Poultry Science, 7(9): 872-879.
2
3- Alçiçek, A., M. Bozkurt., M. Çabuk. 2003. The effect of an essential oil combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler performance. South African Journal of Animal Science, 33: 89-94.
3
4- AOAC International. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
4
5- Bampidis, V. B., V. Christodoulou., P. Florou-Paneri., E. Christaki., A. B. Spais., P. S. Chatzopouiou. 2005. Effect of dietary dried oregano leaves supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 121: 285- 295.
5
6- Bampidis, V. B., V. Christodoulou., P. Florou-Paneri., E. Christaki. 2006. Effect of Dried Oregano Leaves versus Neomycin in Treating Newborn Calves. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 53: 154-156.
6
7- Benchaar, C., H. V. Petit., R. Berthiaume., D. R. Ouellet., J. Chiquette., P. Y. Chouinard. 2007. Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 886- 897.
7
8- Boukhebti, H., A. Chaker., H. Belhadj., F. Sahli., M. Ramdhani., H. Laouer., D. Harzallah. 2011. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Mentha pulegium L. and Mentha spicataL. essential oils. Journal Der Pharmacia Lettre. 3: 267-275.
8
9- Burt, S., 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94: 223–253.
9
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55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Supplementation Time of L-Carnitine and Garlic Powder on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens
Introduction Carnitine has several roles in lipid oxidation, immunomodulation function and enhancing antibody responses. L-carnitine has been found to exhibit immunomodulatory effects. It enhances serum primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and subsequent humoral immunity using 100 mg L-carnitine/ kg diet compared with control group in Leghorn chickens (Deng et al., 2006). It was reported that only the immediate effects of dietary carnitine on immunocompetence is known while comparing long and short-term effects on early life on the immune system of broiler chickens is unknown. The organic allyl sulfur components in garlic (mainly allicin) were implicated to mediate its biological activity. The biological activities of these compounds may be related to their SH modification and antioxidant properties (Prasad et al., 1996). AGE treatment prevented the reduction of the antibody production response in thymectomized mice and improved the thymectomy-induced deterioration of learning behaviors in passive avoidance performance and in a spatial memory task (Zhang et al., 1998).
Materials and Methods Four hundred Arian one-day-old broiler chicks were used. This experiment was conducted in order to consider the effects of L-Carnitine and garlic powder on broiler chicken performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics in a 2×5 factorial arrangement in randomized complete design with 5 dietary treatments, 4 replicates and 12 birds in each and two periods: short (first 3 weeks) and long time (total production period). Dietary treatments were 1) Basal diet (BD: no supplementation), 2) ration having 0.02% flavomycin (positive control), 3) ration having 1.5% garlic powder, 4) ration having 0.025% L-Carnitine and 5) ration having 0.025% L-Carnitine plus 1.5% garlic powder. The birds were kept under conventional conditions for vaccination, temperature, ventilation, and lighting based on Ross catalogue recommendations. Standard management practices of commercial broiler production were applied. They were fed experimental diets from 15 to 42 d of age. The broiler diets were formulated based on standardized ileal digestible amino acids and other requirements were obtained from Ross catalogue recommendations. Humoral immunity of broilers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were detected by intramuscularly injection of SRBC (2.5% suspension in PBS, 1 ml/bird) to two birds from each replicate at 8 and 23 days of age in the first and second experiment respectively, followed by a booster injection at 6 days after the first injection. Blood samples were collected at 6 days after the first and second injection and total Ig, IgG and IgM were detected (Cheema et al., 2000). The toe web swelling reaction to PHA-P was measured in 2 broilers from each pen (marked with a black color) at days 12 and 26 of first and second experiment respectively. One-fifth milliliter of a PHA-P solution (1 mg/mL in PBS) was injected subcutaneously into 2 sites on the left toe web of the broilers. As a sham control, 0.2 mL of PBS was injected into 2 sites on the right toe web. The thickness of each injection site was measured using a pressure-sensitive micrometer before injection and at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after injection (Wang et al., 2000). At the age of 42d, 5 broilers from each treatment with average body weight of each treatment were selected and blood samples were collected and white blood cell concentration like heterophile, lymphocyte percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were calculated.
Results and Discussion Results showed that supplementation time and dietary treatments did not have significant effects on humoral immunity against SRBC and cell mediated immunity response against PHA injection (P > 0.05). Supplementation time and addition of L-carnitine and garlic powder decreased heterophil and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and increased lymphocyte percentage (P < 0.05). Garlic and garlic derived compounds were shown to alter the rate of metabolism of testosterone through regulation of the cytochrome p450 enzymes and garlic seems to inhibit the enzyme cytochrome p450 (Pinto and Rivlin, 2001), hence high level of steroids can cause thymus reduction. Garlic consumption may exert regulatory effects on Th1/Th2 cytokine production and promote a Th2 type or humoral immune response in rat spleen lymphocytes.
Conclusion It was concluded that application of the dietary supplements (0.025% L-Carnitine plus 1.5% garlic powder) at the levels like this experiment did not improved humoral and sell mediated immunity whereas they increased immunity of broiler chickens and defensing mechanism.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35296_dea54156ac7b7423b85bfb23594b76a8.pdf
2016-03-20
132
140
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.44013
Broiler chicken
Cell mediated Immunity
Garlic powder
Humoral Immunity
L-Carnitine
Ali
Khatibjoo
a.khatibjoo@ilam.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amin Allah
Poormalekshahi
ap2012_sr@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
AUTHOR
farshid
fattahnia
ffatahnia@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
AUTHOR
Hooshang
Jaefari
hoshang_jafari@yahoo.com
4
Member of Ilam Jahad Research Center
AUTHOR
Maryam
Aalaei
aalaeimaryam@gmail.com
5
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Sturkie, P. D. Avian physiology. 2012. Springer Science and Business Media, (In Parsian)
1
2- Ao, X., J. S. Yoo., T. X. Zhou., J. P. Wang., Q. W. Meng., L. Yan., J. H. Cho., and I. H. Kim. 2010. Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles and breast meat quality in broilers. Livestock Science, 141: 85–89.
2
3- Borum, P. R. 1983. L-carnitine. Annual Review of Nutrition, 3(1): 233-259.
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4- Bremer, J. 1983. Carnitine-metabolism, functions. Physiological Reviews. 63(4): 1420-1480.
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5- Cheema, M., M. Qureshi., and G. Havenstein. 2003. A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poultry Science, 82:1519-1529.
5
6- Chen, Y., I. Kim., J. Cho., J. Yoo., Q. Wang., Y. Wang., and Y. Huang. 2008. Evaluation of dietary L-carnitine or garlic powder on growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, blood profiles and meat quality in finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141: 141-152.
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7- Corrier, D., and J. DeLoach. 1990. Evaluation of cell-mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poultry Science, 69: 403.
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8- De Pablo, M. A., and G. Á. De Cienfuegos. 2000. Modulatory effects of dietary lipids on immune system functions. Immunology and Cell Biology, 78: 31-39.
8
9- De Simone, C., G. Famularo., S. Tzantzoglou., V. Trinchieri., S. Moretti., and F. Sorice. 1994. Carnitine depletion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS: effect of oral L-carnitine. AIDS. 8(5): 655–660.
9
10- Deng, K., C. W. Wong., and J. V. Nolan. 2006. Long-term effects of early-life dietary L-carnitine on lymphoid organs and immune responses in Leghorn-type chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 90: 81–86.
10
11- Fadlalla, I. M. T., B. H. Mohammed., and A. O. Bakhiet. 2010. Effect of Feeding Garlic on the Performance and Immunity of Broilers. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 4: 182-189.
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12- Geng, A., B. LI., and Y. Guo. 2007. Effects of dietary L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 at different supplemental ages on growth performance and some immune response in ascites-susceptible broiler. Archeivs of Animal Nutrition Journal, 61(1): 50-60.
12
13- Grass, W. B., and H. S. Siegel. 1983. Evaluation of the heterophile/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Disease, 27: 927-979.
13
14- Mast, J., J. Buyse., and B. M. Goddeeris. 2000. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation increases antigen specific immunoglobulin production in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition, 83: 161-166.
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15- Mosmann, T. R., and R. L. Coffman. 1989. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annual Review of Immunology, 7: 145-173.
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16- Patya, M., M. A. Zahalka., A. Vanichkin., A. Rabmkov., and T. Mron. 2004. Allicin stimulates lymphocytes and wlisits an anti-tumor effect: A possible role of p21. International Immunology, 16: 275-281.
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17- Ross 308 Broiler Nutrition Specification. 2009. Managementguide. Zarbal Co. IRIRAN.
17
18- Salman, H., M. Bergman., H. Bessler., I. Punsky., and M. Djaldetti. 1999. Effect of a garlic derivative (alliin) on peripheral blood cell immune responses. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 21: 589-597.
18
19- Sco, T. C., J. E. Spallholz., H. K. Yun., and S. W. Kim. 2008. Selenium-Enriched Garlic and Cabbage as a Dietary Selenium Source for Broilers. Journal of Medicinal Food, 11(4): 687.
19
20- Sijben, J. W. C., M. G. B. Nieuwland., B. Kemp., H. K. Parmentier., and J. W. Schrama. 2001. Interactions and antigen dependence of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on antibody responsiveness in growing layer hens. Poultry Science, 80: 885-893.
20
21- Takahashi, K., A. Kitano., and Y. Akiba. 2010. Effect of L-carnitine on proliferative response and mRNA expression of some of its associated factors in splenic mononuclear cells of male broiler chickc. Animal Science, 81(2): 215–222.
21
22- Yoshida, S., S. H. Kasuga., N. O. Hayashi., T. S. Ushiroguchi., H. I. Matsuura., and S. H. Nakagawa. 1987. Antifungal Activity of Ajoene Derived from Garlic. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53(3).615-617.
22
23- Zamani, A. R., A. A. Vahidinia, and M. Sabouri Ghannad. 2009. The Effect of Garlic Consumption on Th1/Th2 Cytokines in Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) Activated Rat Spleen Lymphocytes. Phytotherapy Research, 23: 579–581.
23
24- Wang Y., C. Field., and J. Sim. 2000. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids alter lymphocyte subset proportion and proliferation, serum immunoglobulin G concentration, and immune tissue development in chicks. Poultry science, 79 (12): 1741-1748.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of different levels of vitamin C and L-carnitine on performance and some blood and immune parameters of broilers under heat stress.
Introduction:
High Environmental temperature during summer months which leading to heat stress, is of great concern in all types of poultry production. Feed consumption, growth rate, hatchability, mortality, and other important traits governing the prosperity of the industry are adversely affected by severe heat stress. Literature suggests that the advantages of dietary L-carnitine and ascorbic acid have been particularly apparent under heat stress (8).
L- carnitine is a zwitterionic compound synthesized in vivo from lysine and methonine, and is essential for the transport of long – chain fatty acid across the inner mitochondria membrane for β – oxidation and remove toxic accumulations of fatty acids from mitochondria (18). Vitamin C is an effective antioxidant, which is essential for collagen synthesis, helps to maintain various enzymes in their required reduced form, and participates in the biosynthesis of carnitine, norepinephrine and certain neuroendocrine peptides (11). Invertebrates, insects, most fishes, some birds, guinea-pigs, bats and primates are not able to synthesize ascorbic acid. Thus, these animals must depend upon a dietary supply of this vitamin C. In poultry, ascorbic acid has been demonstrated to be essential for growth (25).
Materials and Methods: In this study, 396 of Ross 308 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with 4 replicates of 11 chicks in each replicate were used for 42 days. Treatments were 3 levels of vitamin C (0, 250 and 500 mg/ kg) and 3 levels of L-carnitine (0, 50 and 100 mg kg). In the first 3 weeks of breeding, broilers were under normal temperature and heat stress was done from the beginning of forth week. Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Performance parameters were recorded weekly. The 0.5 mL suspension of 5% SRBC was injected at 28 and 35 days of age in one bird of each pen. To determine the antibody titer, blood was collected 1 week after each injection. Vaccination against Newcastle was done at 8 days of age and 10 days after that blood was collected for determining Newcastle titer. At the end of the experiment, one bird of each replicate was slaughtered and blood was collected for analyzing lipid parameters, and also carcass characteristics were analyzed.
Results and Discussion: Highest feed intake observed in birds that consuming 250 mg/kg of vitamin C and 100 mg/kg of L-Carnitine at the starter period but at the grower period feed intake was highest in birds consuming 500 mg/kg of vitamin C and 50 mg/ kg of L-carnitine. In the total period of experiment, treatments of 500 mg/kg of vitamin C with 50 and 100 mg/kg L-Carnitine showed highest feed intake (p
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35321_54e3bb3c40f6e8c467c1840c27eb2640.pdf
2016-03-20
141
153
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.47186
vitamin C
L-Carnitine
Heat stress
Broilers
Blood parameters
Saeed
Mirzapor Sarab
s.mirzapor123@gmail.com
1
Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.
AUTHOR
Smayyeh
Salari
somayehsallary@yahoo.com
2
Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Khalil
Mirzadeh
mirzadeh2019@gmail.com
3
Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.
AUTHOR
Ali
Aghaei
ali_aghaei110@yahoo.com
4
Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.
AUTHOR
1- Amakye-Anim, J. T., L. Lin., P. Y. Hester., D. Thiagarajan., B. A. Watkins., and C. C. Wu. 2000. Ascorbic acid supplementation improved antibody response to infectious burial disease vaccination in chickens. Poultry Science, 79(5): 680-688.
1
2- Assai, K., and H. Nilli. 2002. Domestic birds breeding in warm climates. Shiraz: Shiraz University Publication Center.
2
3- Bell, F. P., T. J. Vidmar., and T. L. Raymond. 1992. L-carnitine administration and withdrawal affect plasma and hepatic carnitine concentrations, plasma lipid and lipoprotein composition, and in vitro hepatic lipogenesis from labeled mevalonate and oleate in normal rabbits. Journal of Nutrition, 122(4): 959-966.
3
4- Borges, S. A., A. F. Da Silva., A. Majorka., D. M. Hooge., and K. R. Cummings. 2004. Physiological responses of broiler chickens to heat stress and dietary electrolyte balance (sodium plus potassium minus chloride, milliequivalents per kilogram). Poultry Science, 83(9): 1551-1558.
4
5- Brake, J. 1989. The role of ascorbic acid in poultry production: Ascorbic acid, stress and immunity. Zooteenica International, 1: 37-62.
5
6- Carr, A. C., and B. Frei. 1999. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(6): 1086-1107.
6
7- Cartwright, A. L. 1986. Effect of carnitine and dietary energy concentration on body weight and body lipid of growing broilers. Poultry Science, 65: 21-29.
7
8- Celik, L., and O. Öztürkcan. 2003. Effects of dietary supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid on performance, carcass composition and plasma L-carnitine concentration of broiler chicks reared under different temperature. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 57(1): 27-38.
8
9- Celik, L., O. Ozturkcan., T. C. Inal., N. Canacankatan., and L. Kayrin. 2003. Effects of L-carnitine and niacin supplied by drinking water on fattening performance, carcass quality and plasma L-carnitine concentration of broiler chicks. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 57(2): 127-136.
9
10- Gross, W. B. 1988. Effect of ascorbic acid on antibody response of stressed and unstressed chickens. Avian Diseases, 483-485.
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11- Hallfrisch, J., V. N. Singh., D. C. Muller., H. Baldwin., M. E. Bannon., and R. Andres. 1994. High plasma vitamin C associated with high plasma HDL-and HDL2 cholesterol. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(1): 100-105.
11
12- Hassan, M. S. H., S. F. Youssef., and N. M. El-bahy. 2011. Effects of l-carnitine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productive, reproductive, physiological and immunological performance of Golden montazah laying hens. Poultry Science, 31(2): 557-578.
12
13- Henrique, M. M. F., E. F. Gomes., M. F. Gouillou-Coustans., A. Oliva-Teles., and S. J. Davies. 1998. Influence of supplementation of practical diets with vitamin C on growth and response to hypoxic stress of seabream sparus aurata. Aquaculture, 161: 415 - 426.
13
14- Hesabi Namaghi, A. H., H. Nasiri Moghadam., J. Tavakol Afshari., and H. Kermanshahi. 2008. The effect of vitamin C supplementation on performance and Immunological responses of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science. 36(1): 1-10. (In Persian).
14
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Anti-nutritional Factors and Ruminal Dry Matter and Crude Protein Degradability of Gamma and Microwave Irradiated Native Rapeseed
Introduction Native rapeseed (NRS) is planted in some parts of Iran because of climatic condition. The consumption of NRS in animal nutrition is limited by anti-nutritional such as phytic acid and glucosinolate. Moreover, the protein of NRS is highly degraded by rumen microorganisms. Several processing methods have been used to enhance the nutritive value of whole oilseeds, including extrusion, roasting, toasting and Jet-Sploding. However, most heat processing methods adversely affect protein digestibility in the small intestine. Recently, other processing methods such as processing by gamma and microwave irradiation have been noticed. Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation (15, 30 and 45 kGy) and microwave irradiation (800 W) for 2, 4 and 6 min on ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability, in vitro CP digestibility, anti-nutritional factors (glucosinolate and phytic acid) and chemical composition of NRS.
Materials and Methods Chemical composition (DM, CP, EE and Ash) of untreated and irradiated NRS was determined by AOAC methods. Then, sufficient water was added to the sample to increase the moisture content to 250 g/kg. Gamma irradiation was completed by using a cobalt-60 irradiator at 20 ºC. The dose rate determined by Fricke dosimetry was 0.36 Gy/s. Another three samples (500 g each) were subjected to microwave irradiation at a power of 800 W for 2, 4 and 6 min. Phytic acid and glucosinolate contents of untreated and irradiated samples were determined by standard methods. Degradation kinetics of DM or CP were determined according to in situ procedure. Six grams of untreated or irradiated NRS were incubated in the rumen of three ruminally fistulated Taleshi bulls for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Bags were placed in the rumen just before the bulls were offered their first meal. After retrieval from the rumen, bags were thoroughly washed with tap water until the rinsing water was clear. The same procedure was applied to two bags to obtain the 0 h value. The residues were dried and analyzed for DM and CP to determine degradation kinetics of NRS. Digestibility of rumen undegraded CP was estimated using the three-step in vitro procedure. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to monitor protein subfractions and the fate of true proteins of untreated and irradiated NRS in the rumen.
Results and Discussion Irradiation had no significant effect on chemical composition, but decreased the total glucosinolate and phytic acid of NRS. This elimination of phytic acid by irradiation is probably due to chemical degradation of phytate to lower inositol phosphates and inositol, by the action of free radicals, which have lower chelating power, or cleavage of the phytate ring itself. The glucosinolate content of untreated NRS in this study, 122.8 mol/g, was reduced up to 30 kGy, but further irradiation had no effect. Major deleterious effects of glucosinolate ingestion in animals include: reduced palatability, decreased growth and reduced production. However, according to our study, gamma and microwave irradiated NRS may be fed to dairy cows at high levels without glucosinolate induced detrimental effects. Gamma and microwave irradiation decreased the washout fraction, degradation rate and effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP and increased potentially degradable fraction of DM and CP of NRS. Decreasing CP degradability as a result of irradiation is due to the occurrence of cross-linking of polypeptide chains, denaturation and protein aggregation. Gamma irradiation at doses of 30 and 45 kGy and microwave irradiation increased in vitro CP digestibility of NRS. Irradiation may induce unfolding of the protein and its denaturation, thereby exposing hydrophobic amino acids (especially aromatics) that are positional groups for the active sites of pepsin and trypsin enzymes. Moreover, the improvement in CP digestibility may be attributed to reduction of phytic acid. Electrophoresis results indicated that major proteins of NRS were cruciferin (globulin 12S) and napin (Albumin 2S). Electrophoresis results indicated that in untreated NRS, three subunits of cruciferin and in gamma and microwave irradiated NRS, three subunits of cruciferin and two subunits of napin consisted of bypass proteins.
Conclusion In conclusion, gamma irradiation at doses of higher than 15 kGy and microwave irradiation more than 2 min reduced ruminal degradability of CP, increased in vitro CP digestibility and reduced anti-nutritional factors of NRS. Subsequently, in vivo studies are required to investigate effect of feeding irradiated feedstuff on lactation performance of dairy cows.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_35330_29abcc4985fb4687fd709516d0c7d866.pdf
2016-03-20
72
85
10.22067/ijasr.v8i1.47216
Anti-nutritional factors
Gamma irradiation
Microwave irradiation
rapeseed
Ruminal degradability
sayyed roohollah
ebrahimimahmoudabad
sayyedroohollah.ebrahimi@yahoo.com
1
Shahr-e-Qods university
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Nikkhah
ali.nikkhah1@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali asgar
Sadeghi
a.sadeghi@srbiau.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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