ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Chemical composition, rumen degradability and fermentation characteristics of fresh pragmates australis ensiled with different additives
Introduction: Pragmates australis (Pa) (common reed) is a riverside perennial grass found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. Pa grows in many wetlands around rivers in Iran. Animal feed restriction is the main problem of Iranian animal production systems and this feed resource can be fed to native livestock especially in rural areas. Ensiling Pa could improve its feeding value. The aim of this study, therefore, was to measure the chemical composition, gas production and rumen degradability characteristics of the fresh and ensiled Pa with different additives.
Materials and Methods: Plant samples were harvested during growth season from the city of Bojnoord,in Iran. The Pa samples were chopped and ensiled into airtight plastic bags as follow; 1)the fresh whole plant of Pa as control (Pa), 2) pa + 4% NaOH, 3) Pa+4% urea, 4) Pa+10% molasses, 5) Pa+4% urea +10% molasses and 6) pa+4% urea + 10% molasses +4% NaOH (on DM basis). Duration of the ensiling process lasted 60 days. Chemical composition of the samples was measured through the ordinary lab methods. The in vitro gas production was determined at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hrs intervals after incubation. The in situ rumen degradability was also determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hrs after incubation. The experiment data were analyzed in a completely randomized design.
Results and Discussion: NDF and ADF contents of the ensiled samples with urea were the highest whereas they were the lowest in the NaOH treated samples. CP content of the urea treated Pa was higher than other samples. Ash content of the NaOH treated forage was significantly (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34667_ce7c81b78456ef9e58fd24ae329931f4.pdf
2015-06-22
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.51519
chemical composition
Degradability
Gas production
Pragmates australis
Silage
Reza
Valizadeh
valizadeh@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
mahdi
mahmoodi abyane
mahmoodiabyane@gmail.com
2
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Amin
Salahi
amin_salahi@yahoo.com
3
Bu-Ali Sina University
AUTHOR
1- Abdel Aziz, D. M. 1982. A study of the nutritive value of some range plants in the North Western Coastal Desert. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
1
2- AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The William Byrd Press, Inc., Richmond, VA, 500 pp.
2
3- Baytok, E., T. Aksu, M.A. Karsli and H. Muruz. 2005. The effects of formic acid, molasses and inoculant as silage additives on corn silage composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 29: 469-474.
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4- Bolsen, K., H. D. Axe and R. Smith. 1985. Urea and limestone additions to forage sorghum silage. Cattlement's Day'85. Report Progress, 470: 82-84.
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5- Buchanan-Smith, J. G. 1982. Preservation and feeding value for yearling steers of whole plant corn ensiled at 28 and 42% dry matter with and without cold flow ammonia treatment. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 62: 173.
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6- Demirel, M., S. DeniZ, I. Yilmaz and H. Nursoy. 2004. The effect of adding urea or urea + molasses in some sorghum varieties harvested at dough stage on silage. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 28: 29-37.
6
7- Hill, J and J.D Leaver. 1999. Energy and protein supplementation of lactating dairy cows offered urea treated whole-crop wheat as the sole forage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 82: 177-193.
7
8- Hinds, M.A., K.K. Bolsen., J. Brethour., G. Milliken and J. Hoover. 1985. Effects of molasses/urea and bacterial inoculant additives on silage quality, dry matter recovery and feeding value for cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 12: 205-214.
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9- Kennedy, S.J. 1990. Comparison of the fermentation quality and nutritive value of sulphuric and formic acid treated silages feed to beef cattle. Grass Forage Science, 45: 17-28.
9
10- Keskun, B. and U.H. Yilmaz.2005. Effects of urea or Urea plus molasses supplementation to silages with different sorghum Varieties harvested at the quality and In vitro dry matter digestibility of silages. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 29: 1143-1147.
10
11- Kordooni. A. 2000. Determination of chemical composition, in vitro digestibility coefficients of three forages (ney, loee and cholan). Agricultural research central. Ahvaz (In Persian).
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12- Lattemae, P.C., Ohlsson, and P. Lingvall. 1985. The combined effect of molasses and formic acid and quality of red clover silage. Swedish Journal of Agriculture Research, 1: 31-41.
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13- Lisita, G., T.M. Hernandes and P.J. Van soest. 1990. Standardization of procedure for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57: 347-358.
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14- Menke, K. H., and H. staingass. 1988. Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development Journal, 28: 7-55.
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15- Moore, A.C. and Kennedy, S.J. 1994. The effect of sugar pulp based silage additives on effluent production, fermentation, in-silo losses, silage intake and animal performance. Grass and Forage Science, 49: 54-64.
15
16- Muck, R. E. 1987. Dry matter level effect on alfalfa silage quality: I. Nitrogen transformations. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 30: 7–14.
16
17- Phllip, L.E., L. Underhill and H. Garino. 1990. Effects of treating Lucerne with an inoculums of lactic acid bacteria or formic acid upon chemical changes during fermentation, and upon the nutritive value of the silage for lambs. Grass and Forage Science, 45: 337-348.
17
18- SAS. 2001. SAS. User’s guide. SAS Institute, Cary North Carolina, USA.
18
19- Spoelstra, S.F., A. Steg., and J. M. W. Beuvink. 1990. Application of cell wall degrading enzymes to grass silage. In: Agricultural biotechnology in focus in the Netherlands (eds. J.J. Dekkers, H. C. van der Plasand D. K. Vuijk), Pudoc, Wageningen.
19
20- Ørskov, E. R. 1992. Protein Nutrition in Ruminants. Second Edition. Academic Press. pp. 51-58.
20
21- Ørskov, E. R. and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agriculture Science, 92. 499-503.
21
22- Tavendale, M. H., L. P. Meagher, D. Pacheco, N. Walker, G. T. Attwood, and S. Sivakumaram. 2005. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123-124: 403-419.
22
23- Valizadeh, R., A.A. naserian and A. Ajdarifard. The biochemistry of silage. 2004. 2nd edition. ferdowsi university Publication. (In Persian).
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of different levels of water restriction on growth performance and blood metabolites of male Baluchi lambs
Introduction: Sheep has played an important role in meat production and income generation in Iranian farming systems. Their profitability, however, is highly depended on nutrient supply. Drinking water is major nutrient that is responsible for different utilization of nutrients and thereby productivity and gain of animals in most parts of the world. Inadequate water and its quality such as salinity, acidity, and toxic elements depress the biological, physiological process and performance of sheep. Iran has a different type of Agro-ecological climate but most part of this country is under arid or semi arid condition and thus face to shortage of water. Bluchi sheep is the most important breed which is well adapted in harsh marginal arid in the east region of Iran, however, little information is available regarding of the mechanism of adaptation in this breed for biological process to allowing them to cope during water restriction in this zone. Therefore this experiment was conducted to investigate some electrolytes and blood metabolites and hormones under the influence of different levels of water availability and the ability to tolerate water restriction in Baluchi lambs.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted during May-June 2013 at the Baluchi sheep research center (Abbas Abad) in Northeast of Iran. Twenty-one single lambs, (90 ± 4 days old and 26.7 ± 2.2 kg BW) were used in this study. Lambs were randomly subjected to three levels of water restriction (seven lambs per group). Lambs in control group, allowed to drinking water freely. For the second treatment, the water supply to the lambs were restricted to 72% of their average daily intake and for the third treatment, water intake was restricted to 44% of their average daily intake. The whole experiment period was 49 days and was divided in 3 periods with 14 days adaptation.. The three time periods were including, 7 days for the stepwise water reduction period, and 14 days fixed limit to the amount of 72% and 44% of their average intake for treatment 2 and 3 and during last period (14 days) all groups had free access to water. The sheep were allocated to individual feeding pens and feed were provided ad libitum. Weight gain, blood metabolites and electrolytes (glucose, triglycerides, creatinine, blood urea, cholesterol, total proteins, cortisol, hematocrit, blood hemoglobin, Na+,Ca2+, K+ were determined on 1, 7, 21 and 35 days of experiment. The data from experiments were analyzed using Minitab and GLM procedure and for comparison of means Duncan test was applied.
Results and Discussion: The obtained results indicated that feed intake, daily weight gain and the ratio of water consumption to feed intake in treatments 2 and 3 in compare with control group was statistically different. The results showed that there was a direct relationship between the reduction in water consumption and feed intake. It seems that this weight loss in treatments 2 and 3 can be due to a combination of reduced feed intake and loss of body water. Additional dehydration led to increase blood concentration creatinine, blood urea in compare with the control group. High blood urea and creatinine may be due to an imbalance in the production and disposal of these substances by the kidneys and fecal .Water restriction led to increased concentration of plasma sodium than the control group, however this increase was not significant. Treatment 3, on day 21, compared with other treatments,was an exception and one of the possible reasons for this can be due the influence of the hormone aldosterone and ADH on the kidneys. Hematocrit and hemoglobin in the blood tend to rise by water restriction but this will not led to significant differences between treatments. Except the hemoglobin on day 21 between treatments 3 with other treatments, significant differences were found which can be due to reduced blood plasma volume because of dehydration lambs. Significant differences in blood cholesterol levels were observed between treatments 3 and others on day 21 which probably this increase may be related to mobilization of fat tissue in lambs that are encountered with reducing water consumption.
Conclusion: The overall results showed that water restrictions could lead to a significant reduction in dry matter intake and daily weight gain in Baluchi lambs. In addition, results showed that Baluchi lamb has potential to withstand under water restriction up to 44% of their average daily water intake without significant changes in blood electrolytes. This breed can survive and adopt under arid conditions which is common in some desert area in Iran.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34701_8d4ab7251741fdca6a8e2d202ff74037.pdf
2015-06-22
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.35139
Blood metabolites
Male Baluchi lambs
Performance
Water restriction
Abdolmansour
Tahmasebi
a.tahmasbi@protonmail.ch
1
Dept. of Animal Science, College of Agri. Ferdowsi University of Mahhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
vahid
vosooghi poostin dooz
vosooghi_vahid@yahoo.com
2
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، واحد پردیس بین الملل
AUTHOR
Alireza
Froughi
afroghi@yahoo.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Center for Scientific-Applied Agricultural Jihad-Khorasan Razavi
AUTHOR
1- Dayani, O. M, Rahmani. 2010. Water and its metabolism in animals. Shahid bahonar university of kerman publication 306. (In Persian).
1
2- Aganga, A.A., Umunna, N.N., Oyedipe, E.O., Okoh, P.N., 1989. Influence of water restriction on some serum components in Yankasa ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 2: 19–26.
2
3- Alamer, M., 2010. Effect of Water Restriction on Thermoregulation and Some Biochemical Constituents in Lactating Aaradi Goats during Got Weather Conditions. Scientific journal of king Faisal University, 11 (2): 1431.
3
4- Ashour, G., Benlemlih, S., 2000. Adaptation of Mediterranean breeds to heat stress and water deprivation. In: Guessous, F., Rihani, N., Ilham, A. (Eds.), Livestock Production and Climatic Uncertainty in the Mediterranean, Proceedings of the Joint ANPA-EAAP-CIHEAM-FAO Symposium, EAAP publication No. 94. Agadir, Morocco, pp. 63–74.
4
5- Baird, D.T., Giles, M., Cockburn, F., 1973. The PO2, PCO2, pH and oxygen content of ovarian venous blood of sheep. Journal of Endourology, 57: 405–411.
5
6- Caasamassima, D., Pizzo, R., Palazzo, M., D’Alessandro, A.G., 2008. Effect of water restriction on productive performance and blood parameters in comisana sheep reared under intensive condition. Small Ruminant Research, 78: 169- 175.
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7- Degen, A. A., 1977. Responses to dehydration in native fat-tailed Awassi and imported German Mutton Merino sheep. Journal of Physiological Zoological, 50: 284–293.
7
8- Forbes, J.M., 1967. The water intake in ewes. British journal of nutrition, 22: 33-43.
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9- Ghosh, P.K., Khan, M.S., Abichandani, R.K., 1976. Effect of water deprivation in summer on Marwari sheep. Journal of Agriculture Science, 887: 221–223.
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10- Hadjigeorgiou, I., Dardamani, K., Goulas, C., Zervas, G., 2000. The effect of water availability on feed intake and digestion in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 37: 147-150.
10
11- Hamadeh, S.K., Rawda, N., Jaber, L.S., Habre, A., Abisaid, M., Barbour, E.K., 2006. Physiological responses to water restriction in dry and lactating Awassi ewes. Journal of livestock science, 101: 101– 109.
11
12- Igbokwe, I.O., 1993. Haemoconcentration in Yankasa sheep exposed to prolonged water deprivation. Small Ruminant Research, 12: 99–105.
12
13- Jaber, L.S., Habre, A., Rawda, N., AbiSaid, M., Barbour, E.K., Hamadeh, S.K., 2004. The effect of water restriction on certain physiological parameters in Awassi sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 54: 115– 120.
13
14- Kheir, I.M., Ahmad, M.M., 2008. Effect of water and feed restriction on some physiological and hematological parameters and blood constituents of Sudanese desert goat fed high and low quality forages under semi-arid condition. Indian journal of Animal research, 42: 39-43.
14
15- Laden, S., Nehmadi, L., Yagil, R., 1987. Dehydration tolerance in Awassi fat-tailed sheep. Canadian Journal Zoology, 65: 363-367.
15
16- MacFarlane, W.V., 1964. Terrestrial animals in dry heat: ungulates. In: Dill, D.B., Adolph, E.F.A., Wilberg, C.C. (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology, Section 4: Adaptation to the Environment. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 509– 539.
16
17- MacFarlane, W.V., Morris, R.J.H., Howard, B., McDonald, J., Budtz-Olsen, O.E., 1961. Water and electrolyte changes in tropical Merino sheep exposed to dehydration during summer. Australian journal agriculture research, 12: 889–912.
17
18- Martin, W.B., Aitken, I.D., 2000. Diseases of Sheep, Appendix A and Appendix B, third ed. Blackwell Science, Oxford. pp. 499–501.
18
19- More, T., Howard, B., Siebert, B.D., 1983. Effect of level of water intake on water, energy and nitrogen balance and thyroxine secretion in sheep and goats. Australian journal agriculture research, 34: 441-446.
19
20- NRC, 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
20
21- Parker, A.J., Hamlin, J.P., Coleman, C.J., Fitzpatrick, L., 2003. Dehydration in stressed ruminants may be the result of a cortisol- induced diuresis. Journal of Animal Science (Cambridge), 81: 512-519.
21
22- Parrot, R.F., Lloyd, D.m., Goode, J.A., 1996. Stress hormone response of sheep to food and water deprivation at high and low ambient temperatures. Journal of Animal Welfare, 5: 45-56.
22
23- Ruminants. Exp. Physiol. 79: 281–300.
23
24- Schalm, O.W., Jain, N.C., Carroll, E.J., 1975. Veterinary Hematology, third ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
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25- Schoeman, S.J., Vizzer, J.A., 1995. Comparative water consumption and efficiency in three divergent sheep types. Journal of Agriculture (Cambridge), 124: 139-143.
25
26- Silanikove, N. 1994: The struggle to maintain hydration and osmoregulation.
26
27- Silanikove, N., 2000. The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments. Small Ruminant Research, 35: 181– 193.
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28- Singh, M., More, T., Rai, A.K., Karim, S.A., 1982. A note on the adaptability of native and cross-bred sheep to hot summer conditions of semi-arid and arid areas. Journal of Agriculture Science, 99: 525– 528.
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29- Spector, W.S., (Ed.) 1956. Handbook of Biological Data, Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
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30- Tasker, J.B., 1971. Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. In: Kaneko, J.J., Cornelius, C.E. (Eds.), Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, second ed., vol. II. Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 77–78.
30
31- YapeKii, W., Drydent, M., 2005. Effect of drinking saline water on food and water intake, food digestibility, and nitrogen and mineral balances of rusa deer stags (Cervustimorensisrussa). Journal of Animal Science, 81: 99-105.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ffects of different levels of digestible arginine and protein in starter diets containing ideal amino acids ratio on Eperformance, carcass traits and serum parameters in broiler chickens
Introduction: Nutrition and health during the first days of life has critical effect on broiler chickens performance. It is well known that diet formulation based on digestible nutrients is superior to formulation based on total nutrients. The suitable supply of essential amino acids in broilers’ diets requires proper knowledge on their metabolic effects in the body. The excessive or unbalanced intake of essential and non-essential amino acids can be harmful to broilers’ metabolism, due to amino acid antagonisms. Arginine is an essential amino acid for broilers since the urea cycle is not functional in birds. Arginine involves in the synthesis of ornithine, a precursor of polyamines that have a key role in cell division, DNA synthesis, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and cell cycle regulation. Also, arginine increases the release of insulin, growth hormone, and IGF-A and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the blood stream. On the other hand, in corn- soybean meal based diets arginine is the fifth limiting amino acid after methionine, lysine, threonine, and valine. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of different digestible arginine (DA) and digestible protein (DP) levels of starter diets (1-10 d) based on ideal amino acids ratio on performance, carcass traits and serum parameters in broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods: Four handed day-old male broiler chickes (Ross 308) were distributed in 10 treatments of 4 replicates (floor pens) each. The experiment was designed as a 2×5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were formulated with five levels of digestible arginine (1.05, 1.18, 1.31, 1.44 and 1.57%) and 2 levels of digestible protein (18 and 20%). Chicken were fed with experimental diets during 1 to 10 days of age, and then received similar diets formulated according to Ross 308 (2009) recommendations. All birds had free access to feed and water during the whole rearing period. Temperature was initially set at 32 °C on d 1 and decreased linearly by 0.5 °C per day up to 42d and kept constant thempreture. During the study, the birds received a lighting regimen of 23 L: 1 d from d 1 to 42. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. Blood samples were collected from wing veins of birds at 10 d of age. After 15 minutes, the blood samples were centrifuged at 3000xg for 15 minutes and serum samples were separated into tubes. Then, serums were stored at -20ºC until analyses were carried out. At 10 and 42 d of age, one bird from each pen with body weight close to the mean of each pen were selected for carcass analyses. After feed withdrawal, the selected birds were transported to the university pilot for processing. The chickens were slaughtered by cervical dislocation to determine the carcass characteristics. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance using GLM procedures (SAS, 2001). Means were compared using Duncan's new multiple ranges test (Duncan, 1955). The level of significance was reported at (P < 0.05).
Resuls and Disscusiion: The results showed that feed intake, daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio (FCR), as well as their interactions were significantly affected by (digestible argenine, DA) and (digestible protein, DP) levels in starter diet. The best feed conversion ratio during starter period was related to 20 % DA and 1.31 % DA. DP levels in starter diet had a significant effect on relative weights of liver and abdominal fat (AF) on day 10 and relative weights of gizzard and ileum and also relative lengths of duodenum and ileum on day 42. DA levels significantly affected liver and AF relative weights on day 10. DA and DP interactions had significant effects on relative weight of liver and relative lengths of duodenum, jejunum and ileum on day 10 of age. Effects of DP levels on serum total protein, albumin and phosphorus concentrations were significant. DA levels had significant effects on serum concentrations of uric acid and calcium.
Conclusion: The results of current study showed that dietary recommendations of digestible arginine and digestible protein by Ross 308 Company support male chicken’s growth performance.
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2015-06-22
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.51524
Blood parameters
Broiler
Digestible arginine
Digestible protein
Performance
Ahmad
Hassanabadi
hassanabadi@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hassan
Nasiri Moghadam
yasharna@yahoo.com
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Abolghasem
Golian
golian-a@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1- AJetor, J. I., Hamid, and E. Pfeffer. 2000. Low protein, amino acid - supplemented diets in broiler chickens. Effects on performance, carcass characteristics, whole body composition and efficiencies of nutrient utilization. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture, 80:547-554.
1
2- Allen, N. K., and D. H. Baker. 1972. Effect of excess lysine on the utilization of and requirement of arginine by the chick. Poultry Science, 51: 902-906.
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3- Baker, D. H., and Y. Han. 1994. Ideal amino acid profile for broiler chicks during the first three weeks posthatching. Poultry Scienc, 73: 1441-1447.
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4- Ball, R. O., K. L. Urschel, and P. B. Pencharz. 2007. Nutritional consequences of interspecies differences in arginine and lysine metabolism. Journal of Nutrition, 137: 1626S-1641S.
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5- Bequette, B. J. 2003. Amino acid metabolism in animals, in: D'MELLO, J.P.F. (Ed.) Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, pp. 87-101 (CABI Publishing).
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6- Blair, R., J. P. Jacob, S. Ibrahim, and P. Wang. 1999. A quantitative assessment of reduced protein diets and supplements to improved nitrogen utilization. Applied Poulry Research, 8: 25-47.
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7- Boomgaardt, J., and D. H. Baker, 1973. The lysine requirement of growing chicks fed sesame meal-gelatin diets at three protein levels. Poultry Science, 52:586–591.
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8- Bregendahl, K., J. L. Sell, and D. R. Zimmerman. 2002. Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 81: 1156-1167.
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9- Burton, E. M., and P. W. Waldroup. 1979. Arginine and lysine needs of young broiler chicks. Nutrition Report International, 19: 607-614.
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10- Carlisle, E. M. 1986. Silicon as an essential trace element in animal nutrition. Pages 123–139 in Silicon Biochemistry. D. Evered and M. O’Conner, ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
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11- Chevalley, T., R. Rizzoli, D. Manen, J. Caverzasio, and J. P. Bonjour. 1998. Arginine increases insulin-like growth factor- I production and collagen synthesis in osteoblast-like cells. Bone, 23: 103–109.
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12- Colao, A., C. Di Somma, R. Pivonello, S. Loche, G. Aimaretti, and G. Cerbone. 1999. Bone loss is correlated to the severity of growth hormone deficiency in adult patients with hypopituitarism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 84: 1919–1924.
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13- Corzo, A., C. A. Fritts, M. T. Kidd, and B. J. Kerr. 2005. Response of broiler chicks to essential and non-essential amino acid supplementation of low crude protein diets. Animal Feed Sciene Technology, 118: 319-327.
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14- Corzo, A., C. D. Mc Daniel, M. T. Kidd, E. R. Miller, B. B. Boren, and B. I. Fancher. 2004. Impact of dietary amino acid concentration on growth, carcass yield, and uniformity of broilers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 55: 1133-1138.
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15- Corzo, A., E. T. Moran, and D. Hoehler. 2003. Arginine Need of Heavy Broiler Males: Applying the Ideal Protein Concept. Poulry. Science, 82: 402-407.
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16- Corzo, A., R. G. Teeter, and C. Wiemusz. 2000. A time dependent evaluation of the broiler's 0 to 42 day dietary protein requirement. 89th Annual Meeting Poultry Science. Assoc, P.14.
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17- Cuca, M., and L. S. Jensen. 1990. Arginine requirement of starting broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 69: 1377-1382.
17
18- Daghir, N. J. 1983. Effect of lysine and methionine supplementation of low protein roaster diets fed after six weeks of age. Poultry Science, 62: 1572-1579.
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19- Davis, A. J., and R. E. Austic. 1997. Dietary protein and amino acid levels alter threonine dehydrogenase activity in hepatic mitochondria of Gallus domesticus. Journal of Nutrition, 127: 738–744.
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20- Dean, W. F., and H. M. Scott. 1965. The development of an amino acid reference diet for the early growth of chicks. Poultry Science, 44: 803-808.
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21- Eits, R. M., R. P. Kwakkel, M. W. A. Verstegen, and L. A. Den Hartog. 2005. Dietary balanced protein in broiler chickens. 1. A flexible and practical tool to predict dose-response curves. British Poultry Science, 46(3): 300-309.
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22- Fancher, B. I., and L. S. Jensen. 1989. Influence on performance of three to six- week old broilers of varying dietary protein contents with supplementation of essential amino acid requirements. Poultry Science, 68: 113-123.
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23- Ferguson, N. S., R. S. Gates, J. L. Taraba, A. H. Cantor, A. J. Pescator, M. J. Ford, and D. J. Burnham. 1998. The effect of dietary crude protein on growth, ammonia concentration and litter composition in broiler. Poultry Science, 71: 1481-1487.
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24- Fernandez, J. I. M., A. E. Murakami, E. N. Martins, M. I. Sakamoto, and E. R. M. Garcia. 2009. Effect of arginine on the development of the pectoralis muscle and the diameter and the protein: deoxyribonucleic acid rate of its skeletal myofibers in broilers. Poultry Science, 88: 1399-1406
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26- Garu, C. R. 1984. Effect of protein level on the lysine requirement of the chicks. Journal of Nutrition. 36: 99-108.
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27- Hassanabadi, A., M. Hoseini, and F. Alipour. 2011. The effects of different levels of dietary crude protein and lysine on performance and apparent nitrogen retention in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 3 (3): 204-210.
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28- Hurwitz, S., D. Sklan, H. Talpaz, and I. Plavnik. 1998. The effect of dietary protein level on the lysine and arginine requirements of growing chickens. Poultry Science, 77: 689-696.
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29- Ibrahim, S. 1997. Modified poultry diets: An approach to sustainable animal production (farm wastes, crude protein, amino acids, nitrogen, phosphorous, phytase) Ph. D. dissertation, The University of British Columbia.
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30- Kidd, M. T. 2000. Nutritional consideration concerning threonine in broilers. Worid's Poult, 56: 139-151.
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31- Kidd, M. T., and B. J. Kerr. 1996. L-threonine fir poultry: a review. Applied Poultry Research, 5: 358-367.
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32- Kidd, M. T., B. J. Kerr, J. A. England, and P. W. Waldroup. 1997. Performance and Carcass Composition of Large White Toms as Affected by Dietary Crude Protein and Threonine Supplements. Poultry Science, 76: 1392–1397.
32
33- Kidd, M. T., E. D. Peebles, S. K. Whitmarsh, J. B. Yeatman, and R. F. Wideman Jr. 2001. Growth and immunity of broiler chicks as affected by dietary arginine. Poultry Science, 80: 1535-1542.
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39- Mendonca, C. X., and L. S. Jensen, 1989. Influence of protein concentration on the sulfur-containing amino acid requirement of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 30:889–898.
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44- Robbins, K. R. 1988. Threonine requirement of the broiler chicks as affected by protein level and sources. Poultry Science, 67: 1531-1534.
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47- Schaart, M. W., H. Schierbeek, S. R. D. van der Schoor, B. Stoll, D. G. Burrin, P. G. Reeds, and J. B. vanGoudoever. 2005. Threonine utilization is high in the intestine of piglets. Journal of Nutrition, 135: 765-770.
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48- Seaborn, C. D., and F. H. Nielsen. 2002. Silicon deprivation decreases collagen formation in wounds and bone, and ornithine transaminase enzyme activity in liver. Biology Trace Elements Research. 89: 251–261.
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49- Sell, J. L. 1993. Influence of metabolizable feeding sequence and dietary protein on performance and selected carcass traits of tom turkeys. Poulry Science, 72: 521–534.
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50- Shan, A. S., K. G. Sterling, G. M. Pesti, R. I. Bakalli, J. P. Driver, and A. A. Tejedor. 2003. The Influence of Temperature on the Threonine and Tryptophan Requirements of Young Broiler Chicks. Poultry Science, 82: 1154–1162.
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51- Sterling, K. G., D. V. Vedenov, G. M. Pesti, and R. I. Bakalli. 2005. Economically optimal dietary crude protein and lysine levels for starting broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 84: 29-36.
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52- Tamir, H., and S. Ratner. 1963. Enzymes of arginine metabolism in chicks. Archive for Biochemistry and Biophysics, 102: 249-258.
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53- Tan, B., Y. Yin, Z. Liu, H. Xu, X. Kong, R. Huang, W. Tang, and G. Wu. 2009. Dietary L-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs. Amino Acids, 37:169-175.
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54
55- Visser, J. J., and K. Hoekman. 1994. Arginine supplementation in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Medical Hypotheses, 43: 339–342.
55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of different levels of mustard seed treated with FeS04-7H2O on performance and blood metabolites of Japanese quails
Introduction: In comparison with rapeseed (canola), mustard has agronomic advantages such as drought tolerance and disease resistance, which empower this crop with a considerable oil production potential. Mustard contains toxic substances e.g. glucosinolate, erucic acid, sinapine and tannin. The substances induce unpalatability, growth retardation, low feed efficiency, thyroid gland enlargement and reproductive problems, particularly when the seed is incorporated in the diet at high levels (19, 26). The FeSO4 treatment of mustard meal is an effective method of detoxification of the meal for using in poultry diets. It can reduce the oxazolidinethione content of the meal by about 88% and the isothiocyanate content by 74% (8).
As mustard seeds are available at a lower price than canola seed, in some regions of Iran, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of wild black mustard seeds treated with FeSO4 on growth performance, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Japanese quails.
Materials and methods: Two-hundred Japanese quails of age seven-day old were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with 15 birds in each one of them. The experiment consists of 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. Mustard seeds were treated with FeS04-7H2O according to Daghir and Nawazish (8) procedure. Experimental treatments consisted of control diet (without mustard seed) and diets contained treated mustard seed at 5, 10 and 15% levels. The experimental period lasted up to the age of 35 days. The rearing and management conditions were the same for all groups. Experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrients requirements of the Japanese quails (20). Chicks had free access to feed and water during the experimental period. Live body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly.
On days 35 of the experimental period, blood samples of one male bird per cage (four birds per treatment) were collected to determine the blood metabolites. After slaughtering, breast muscle was separated and kept frozen at -18°C for 30 days. Breast muscle lipid peroxidation was assessed as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance concentrations in samples by the method of Tarladgis et al. (27). The breast muscles samples were also used for pH (16), water holding capacity, drip loss (7) and cooking loss (4) tests.
Results and discussion: Percentage of crude protein, ether extract, ash, moisture, and AMEn (Kcal/Kg) of the experimental mustard seed were 28.6, 40.3, 5, 7, 14.8 and 4630, respectively. Using different levels of processed mustard seed had no significant effects on growth performance compared to the control. Using untreated mustard seed (10) and mustard meal (6, 21) at more than 10 percent had detrimental effects on performance. However, it seems that using 15% treated mustard had no adverse effect on growth performance.
Relative weights of the carcass traits (thigh, breast, heart, testis, gizzard, cecum and small intestine) were not significantly affected by the treatments. However, the weight of pancreas tended to be heavier in the birds fed mustard seed (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34607_8ddee7fa00d1ecc1cba9dc4642461637.pdf
2015-06-22
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161
10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.36838
Blood parameters
Growth performance
Japanese quail
Processed mustard seed
Sajjad
Mohebali
mohebali.sajjad@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science. College of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman. Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
salarmoini
salarmoini@uk.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science. College of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Amarowicz, R., U. Wanasundara, and F. Shahidi. 1996. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of mustard seed. Food Nahrung, 40:261-263.
1
2- AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. AOAC, Washington DC, USA.
2
3- Begum, I., T. Rahman, and M. Bhattachaya.1997. Pathological and histoenzymic studies on the toxic effect of mustard cake (Brassica juncea) in broiler chicken. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 67(11): 946-948.
3
4- Bertram, H. C., H. J. Andersen., A. H. Karlsson., P. Horn., J. Hedegaard, and S. L. Engelsen. 2003. Prediction of technological quality (cooking loss and Napole Yield) of pork based on fresh meat characteristics. Meat Science, 65: 707-712.
4
5- Bhattacharjee, S. N., M. R. Dalapati., M. K. Bhowmick, and G. Samanta. 1997. Goitrogenic effect of deoiled mustard-cake (Brassica juncea) in Japanese quail. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 67(9): 811-813.
5
6- Cheva-Isarakul, B., S. Tangtaweewipat, and P. Sangsrijun. 2001. The effect of mustard meal in laying hen diets. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 14 (11): 1605-1609.
6
7- Christensen, L. B. 2003. Drip loss sampling in porcine meat. Meat Scienc, 63:469-477.
7
8- Daghir, N. J., and A. M. Nawazish. 1976. Mustard seed meal as a protein source for chickens. Poultry Science, 55: 1699-1703.
8
9- Das, H., and M. A. Ali. 1993. Replacement of sesame oil cake in the diet of laying hens. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management, 9(4): 169-173.
9
10- Das, R., C. Bhattacherjee, and S. Ghosh. 2009. Preparation of mustard protein isolate and recovery of phenolic compounds by ultrafiltration. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 48: 4939-4947.
10
11- Engels, C., and A. Schieber. 2012. Sinapic acid derivatives in defatted Oriental mustard seed meal extracts using UHPLC and identification of compounds with antibacterial activity. European Food Research and Technology, 234: 535-542.
11
12- Fahey, J. W., A. T. Zalcmann, and P. Talalay. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Food Chemistry, 56(1): 5–51.
12
13- Gohl, B. 1981. Tropical Feeds. FAO, Rome, Italy.
13
14- Haghighian- Roodsary, M., M. Roostayee, M. Safdarian, and A. Abolghasemi. 2013. Study the effect of two levels of rapeseed meal using phytase and Safizym GP 800 enzymes on the performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Animal Production, 14(1): 59-68. (In Persian)
14
15- Aji-Shafi, A. 2008. Effect of different levels of canola seed on laying hens performance. MSc dissertation. Zanjan University. Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian)
15
16- Jang, A., X. D. Liu., M. H. Shin., B. D. Lee, and C. Jo. 2008. Antioxidative potential of raw breast meat from broiler chicks fed a dietary medicinal herb extract mix. Poultry Science, 87: 2382-2389.
16
17- Janssen, W. M. M. A. 1989. European table of energy values for poultry feedstuffs. 3rd ed. Spelderholt center for poultry research and information services, Beekbergen, the Netherlands.
17
18- Leeon, S., and J. D. Summers. 2001. Scott's Nutrition of the Chickens. 4th edition. University Books. Canada.
18
19- Moheb-Ali, S. 2014. The study of different levels of mustard seed on performance and some blood parameters of Japanese quail. MSc dissertation. Shahid Bahonar University of Keraman. Kerman, Iran. (In Persian)
19
20- NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. ed., National Acad. Press, Washington. USA.
20
21- Radmehar, V., A. Teymouri., M. Rezaei, and S. Karimzadeh. 2008. Interactions between dietary particle size and enzyme supplementation in diets contained canola meal in broiler chickens. MSc dissertation. Sari University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. Sari, Iran. (In Persian)
21
22- Rashed- Mohasel, M. H., H. Najafi, M. Baghestani, and A. Zand. 2010. Weed Biology and Control. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
22
23- Saleemi, Z. O., P. K. Janitha., P. D. Wanasundra, and F. Shahidi. 1993. Effect of low-pungency ground mustard seed on oxidative stability, cooking yield, and color characteristics of comminuted pork. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41: 641–643.
23
24- SAS Institute. 1998. SAS/STAT® User's Guide: Statistics, Version 6.12. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.
24
25- Shahir, M. H., V. Andalibi, M. Shivazad, A. Heydarinia, and A. Afsarian. 2013. Effect of different levels of full fat canola seed (with or without enzyme addition) on performance, carcass traits and blood parameters in broilers. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 43 (3): 337- 345. (In Persian)
25
26- Tangtaweewipat, S., B. Cheva-Isarakul, and P. Sangsrijun. 2004. The use of mustard meal as a protein source in broiler diets Songklanakarin. Journal of Science and Technology, 26(1): 23-30.
26
27- Tarladgis, B. G., B. M. Watts, and M. T. Younathan Dugan. 1960. Adistillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods. Journal of American Oil Chemist Society, 37: 44-48.
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28- Tripathi, M. K., and A. S. Mishra. 2007. Glucosinolates in animal nutrition: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 132: 1-27.
28
29- Zargary, A. 2012. Medicinal Plants. Vol. 2, 7th ed. Tehran University Press. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of in ovo injection of different nutrients and 36 h starvation after hatch on hatchability, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology and growth performance of broiler chicks
Introduction: Many birds do not have access to feed until 48 h after hatching (27). In ovo injection technology is a practical means for safe introduction of nutrients into developing embryos, including amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, L-carnitine, and hormones which may benefit post-hatch growth and BW gain (19, 36). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of amino acids and dextrose, on hatchability, growth performance, blood metabolites, immune organs and intestinal morphology of the broiler chicks.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 3 replicates of 16 fertile eggs from Ross 308 breeders (28 Week old). Treatments consisted of control (no injection) and injection of 0.7 ml of different nutrients into the amniotic sac of fertile eggs on 17.5th day of incubation including: distilled water (sham), amino acids, dextrin 10% and dextrin 20%. The injection point from the broad end of the egg which was disinfected with alcohol and then 0.7 ml of each solution was injected into the amnion, using a 23- gauge needle with depth of 25 mm. The holes were then sealed using commercial glue. Hatched chicks were fasted for 36 hours. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. On days 1 and 3, blood samples were collected from one chick per replicate to determine serum metabolites (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol,high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)). On days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 42, one bird per replicate was slaughtered and the relative weight of the immune organs (bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus) was determined. On day 3, villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio were also measured.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that in ovo injection of amino acids can led to heavier birth weight compared to sham and control treatments (P=0.05) . Chicks hatched from control eggs (no injection) showed the lowest significant weight gain and feed intake. Different treatments had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio. Improved growth performance could be attributed to increase in glycogen stores during the prenatal period (39). Because the late-term embryo, orally consumes the amniotic fluid (comprised primarily of water and albumen protein) prior to piping, in ovo injection of dextrose, amino acids or albumin may help to overcome any nutrient deficiency that may limit embryonic growth. Thus, it was hypothesized that administration of carbohydrates to the amnion may improve the energy level of the broiler embryo and reduce internal energy consumption (proteins and lipids) during piping, thereby increasing chick BW (45). Glucose is the major energy source in living organisms. Maintenance of glucose homeostasis during few days pre and post hatch is a great challenge in the chick’s life. The frequent activity of embryos implies a large amount of energy consumption, and higher glucose demand for fuel (45, 46).
Serum glucose level after hatch was significantly higher in treatment dextrin 20% compared to sham treatment (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34640_3f1bb6e52d21aae3a082b8611a545f22.pdf
2015-06-22
162
172
10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.38575
Amino acid
Amniotic sac
Broiler
Dextrin
In-ovo injection
Negin
Amiri
amirinegin@yahoo.com
1
Department of Animal Science. College of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman. Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
salarmoini
salarmoini@uk.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Science. College of Agriculture. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sima
Tasharrofi
shima.tasharrofi@gmail.com
3
Consultant of agricultural organization of Kerman
AUTHOR
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2- Aviagen. 2007. Nutrition Specification for Ross 308. Aviagen Limited, Newbridge Scotland.
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3- Bhanja, S., A. Mandal, S. Agarwal, and S. Majumdar. 2008. Effect of in ovo glucose injection on the post hatch-growth, digestive organ development and blood biochemical profiles in broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 78(8):869-872.
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16- Herfiana, I. 2007. The effect of Glutamine, Dextrin and Its Combination Through In Ovo Feeding on Immune Response, Blood Profiles and The Carcass Composition of Male Broiler Chicken. MSc thesis, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.
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19- Kadam, M., S. Bhanja, A. Mandal, R. Thakur, P. Vasan, A. Bhattacharyya, and J. Tyagi. 2008. Effect of in ovo threonine supplementation on early growth, immunological responses and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 49(6): 736-741.
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20- Keralapurath, M., A. Corzo, R. Pulikanti, W. Zhai, and E. Peebles. 2010. Effects of in ovo injection of L-carnitine on hatchability and subsequent broiler performance and slaughter yield. Poultry Science, 89(7): 1497-1501.
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25- Moore, D., P. Ferket, and P. Mozdziak. 2005. Early post-hatch fasting induces satellite cell self-renewal. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 142(3): 331-339.
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27- Noy, Y., and D. Sklan. 1999. Different types of early feeding and performance in chicks and poults. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 8(1): 16-24.
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29- Ohta, Y., M. Kidd, and T. Ishibashi. 2001. Embryo growth and amino acid concentration profiles of broiler breeder eggs, embryos, and chicks after in ovo administration of amino acids. Poultry Science, 80(10): 1430-1436.
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33- Salahi, A., S. N. Mousavi, F. Foroudi, M. M. Khabisi, and M. Norozi. 2011. Effects of in ovo injection of butyric acid in broiler breeder eggs on hatching parameters, chick quality and performance. Global Veterinaria, 7: 468-477.
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34- SAS Institute. 2005. Statistical Analysis System, version 9.1 (release TS1M3). SAS Institute Inc., Cary North Carolina United States.
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36- Tako, E., P. Ferket, and Z. Uni. 2004. Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on the development of chicken intestine. Poultry Science, 83(12): 2023-2028.
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38- Uni, Z., and R. Ferket. 2004. Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World's Poultry Science Journal, 60(01): 101-111.
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39- Uni, Z., P. Ferket, E. Tako, and O. Kedar. 2005. In ovo feeding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos. Poultry Science, 84(5): 764-770.
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40- Uni, Z., S. Ganot, and D. Sklan. 1998. Posthatch development of mucosal function in the broiler small intestine. Poultry Science, 77: 75-82.
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41- Vieira, S., and E. Moran. 1999. Effects of egg of origin and chick post-hatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. World's Poultry Science Journal, 55(02): 125-142.
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44
45- Zhai, W., D. Rowe, and E. Peebles. 2011a. Effects of commercial in ovo injection of carbohydrates on broiler embryogenesis. Poultry Science, 90(6): 1295-1301.
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46- Zhai, W., P. Gerard, R. Pulikanti, and E. Peebles. 2011b. Effects of in ovo injection of carbohydrates on embryonic metabolism, hatchability, and subsequent somatic characteristics of broiler hatchlings. Poultry Science, 90(10): 2134-2143.
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative effects of Scrophularia striata with synbiotic and antibiotic on performance and immune response of broiler chickens
Introduction: Following the ban on antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry nutrition in EU and growing pressure on poultry producers in other parts of the world, there is an increasing interest in searching for growth promoting and immune system-strengthening alternatives. Among the possible alternatives, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics (combination of probiotic and prebiotic) and more recently phytogenic products are considered interesting because they have acquired more reliability and acceptability among consumers as safe and natural additives. Scrophularia striata (SS) is a plant which grows in the northeastern part of Iran and their immunomodulatory activities of some species of Scrophularia have also been reported by other investigators. Due to the lack of study for Scrophularia striata effects on broilers performance, and the importance of improving the immune status of broilers, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of S. striata on male broilers growth performance, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and immunity; and also to compare them with virginiamycin as a well-documented antibiotic growth-promoter.
Materials and methods: Two-hundred and fifty of one-day-old male (Ross 308) broiler chicks were classified into 25 groups. Each group included 10 chicks (five treatments and five replicates per treatment). The five experimental treatments were as follow: basal diet with no additives (control diet) and basal diet containing virginiamycin antibiotic, synbiotic, 0.4 or 0.8 % SS. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded in different periods and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To study the effects of different treatments on blood leukocyte subpopulations, blood samples of two birds from each replicate were collected from the wing vein at the end of experiment. EDTA-containing blood samples were stained subsequently, 100 leukocytes per samples were counted by an optical microscope. The ratio of heterophil (H) to lymphocyte (L) was calculated. Vaccination was carried out according to the routine regional vaccination program and was based on optimal timing of the maternal antibody level. On 7th and 14th days after last vaccination, blood samples were collected from brachial veins, and the sera were used to determine the humoral immune response derived from vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease. Haemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine antibody titers of the chickens against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, respectively. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design by ANOVA using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS Institute.
Results and Discussion: The BWG of broilers receiving the antibiotic diet was higher (P
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.42460
Broiler
Heterophil:lymphocyte
Immune response
Performance
Scrophularia striata
Farhad
Rostami
h-ghasemi@araku.ac.ir
1
Ilam University
AUTHOR
Kamran
Taherpour
k.taherpour@ilam.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hossein Ali
Ghasemi
haghasemi89@gmail.com
3
Arak University
AUTHOR
Fazel
Purahmad
4
Ilam University
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of age at first calving in Iranian Holstein dairy cows
Introduction: Age at first calving (AFC) has an important effect on profitability and reproductive management of dairy cattle. Every month increase in AFC beyond 24 months increases the cost of production. The time between birth and first calving represents a period in which replacement heifers are not generating income. Instead this rearing period requires considerable capital expenditures including feed, housing, and veterinary expenses. These expenses constitute 15% to 20% of the total expenses related to milk production. A basic approach to reduce this cost is to decrease the time between birth and her first freshening. Worldwide recommendations for one particular AFC might be an incorrect management goal for all of the cattle on all of the farms, since the recommendation might not represent the management goals and/or capabilities of a particular production system or farm. We realize that each dairy has its own set of unique management and environmental conditions, which makes a universal AFC and BW after first calving, a difficult goal to achieve. The AFC has a profound influence on the total cost of raising dairy replacements in which older calving heifers are more expensive to raise than younger ones.
Materials and methods: A total of 19499 calving records belonged to 96 herd from 1996 to 2008 were used to estimate genetic components and genetic trend for age at first calving in Holstein dairy cows of Iran. Data were analyzed using a univariate model and Wombat software. Linear regression of estimated breeding values on calving year was used to estimate genetic trend.
Results and Discussion: Estimated genetic trend was positive for some years and was negative for others and showed that reducing age at first calving has not been considered in the selection strategies; however, the phenotypic trend was decreased. The age at first calving for Yazd, Markazi, and southern Khorasan provinces were the highest and for Kermanshah, East Azarbayjan, and Ardebil provinces were the lowest compared to the other provinces. Most analysis shows that the financial benefit afforded to heifers that freshen at a low AFC seems to at the least offset any milk lost in the first lactation. The NRC (2001) suggests a post weaning BW equal to 82% of her mature body weight. This can be attained with a maximal pre-pubertal ADG of 2.0 lbs/d if a traditional pre-weaning program is employed or 1.8 lbs/d if an intensified pre-weaning program is employed. Due to the well-defined link between insufficient BW at calving and increased mortality and disease in first calf heifers, attaining this aim post calving BW is of critical importance. Ettema and Santos (2004) conducted an economic analysis of the AFC study that was discussed above. Rearing prices for the medium and high AFC groups were $40.34 and $107.89, respectively, more than that of the low AFC collection. Income for each AFC collection was adjusted for the cost of rearing, assessed feed to increase milk yield, stillbirths, diseases, open days, culling, mortality, labor cost, and the value of milk and calf produced as well as the value of a cow at the end of the 310 day studies. Adjusted income was $119.73 and $9.08 more for the medium and high AFC, respectively, than for the low AFC. These values were not significantly diverse implying no single AFC had an economic benefit over another. Nevertheless, these authors (Ettema and Santos, 2004) did not study the net present value of money in their analysis as St-Pierre (2002) did. If this had been considered, it would presumably shift the economic improvement to the low AFC heifers.
Conclusion: Good climatic and weather conditions can be effective factors for reducing the age at first calving and cause to increase the fertility of heifers. However, management methods had a significant effect on this trait in some provinces. The primary benefits of reducing AFC include reducing rearing costs as well as reducing the amount of time in which the heifer is only a capital drain on farm resources. The primary disadvantage of reducing AFC is that it is frequently associated with a reduction in first lactation milk yield. Despite this reduction in first lactation milk yield, production per year of herd life is usually increased by reduced AFC. First lactation may be influenced by AFC, future lactations are definitely not. Furthermore, stay ability and health of cows is not influenced by reduced AFC as long as first calf heifers freshen at an adequate weight.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34678_959fd77131047b82da49856dd609ab85.pdf
2015-06-22
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190
10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.51521
Age at first calving
Dairy cattle
Genetic trend
Phenotypic trend
profitability
Atefe
Seyyeddokht
atefeh.seyeddokht@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Aslaminejad
aslaminejad@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Morteza
Bitaraf sani
mbetaraf58@gmail.com
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ansari- Lari, M., M. Rezagholi and M. Reiszadeh. 2009. Trends in calving age and calving intervals for Iranian Holstein in Fars province, Southern Iran. Tropical Animal Health Production, 41:1283-1288.
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10. Ghazi Khani, A., M. Heidari and M. B. Sayyadnezhad. 2011. Effect of age at first calving and mother age on productive traits of Holstein cattle. Animal Science and Research Journal, 7: 41-51. (In Persian).
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19. Meyer, K. 2007. WOMBAT -A program for mixed models analyses in quantitative genetics by restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Journal of Zhejiang University Science, B 8, 815–821.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of population stratification in crossbred and inbred dairy cattle using genome wide association by simulation
Introduction: Domestic animals are invaluable resources to study the molecular architecture of complex traits. Although the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying economically important traits in domestic animals has achieved remarkable results in recent decades, not all of the genetic variation in the complex traits has been captured due to the low density of markers used in QTL mapping studies. The genome wide association study (GWAS) utilizing high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), provides a new way to tackle this issue. Genetic association tests identify differences in allele frequency between cases and controls. Population stratification can be a problem in association studies, such as case-control studies, where the association found could be due to the underlying structure of the population.
Material and Methods: In current research, Genome wide association technique (Case-control design) was used to evaluate population stratification. Historical population and genome of 10000 cattle were simulated along 100 generations by Mutation-Drift Equilibrium (MDA) technique. By using historical population, 800 inbred and cross bred cattle with ~50000 SNPs on 30 chromosomes were simulated. Genomic control was performed to survey markers with a low prior probability of association with trait (“null markers”) and to estimate population stratification by Q-Q plot and lambda statistics.
Results and discussion: Deviation of cases/controls ratios between inbred subpopulations causes increasing lambda and population stratification; as lambda was estimated 0.42, 11.31 and 97.77 in additive genetic model with case/control ratios 1.00, 0.77 and 0.33, respectively and 0.47, 8.21 and 57.40 in co-dominant genetic model. Therefore, the more disparate composition cases/controls the more population stratification. When cases and controls were drawn from different randomly mating breeding populations, allele frequencies were different, but these differences may not be related to disease status or complex trait. This means that the assumption of independence of observations is violated. Often this will lead to an overestimation of the significance of an association but it depends on the way the sample is chosen. Population stratification was surveyed between two random groups of crossbred population (400 cases, 400 controls). There was no population stratification among subpopulations of crossbreds in current research; as lambda was estimated 0.55, 0.66, 0.89, 0.76 and 0.41 in co dominant, dominant, recessive, over dominant, additive genetic models, respectively.
Conclusion: The main GWAS problem in inbred cattle is population stratification. When cases and controls are drawn from different inbreeding populations, Population Stratification occurs. Lambda and PS is related to Cases/controls ratio among inbred lines, as more deviation ratio of one, more population stratification. It is suggested to control population stratification inbred cattle should not be used unless exactly equal ratio of cases/controls between inbred subpopulations can be achieved and it is better to use of crossbred cattle for genome wide association studies.
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34687_8b6733bab67ba3ff9ad3f0b38551c1bb.pdf
2015-06-22
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.32597
Association Studies
Population Stratification
SNPs
Morteza
Bitaraf sani
mbetaraf58@gmail.com
1
Animal Science Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Nassiri
nassiryr@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Aslaminejad
aslaminejad@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Mahdi
Shariati
shariati52@gmail.com
4
Department of Animal Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
1. Alkes, L., A. N. Price, D. Z. Reich, and N. Patterson. 2010. New approaches to population stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11: 459–463.
1
2. Anthony H. L., K. E. Larkin and B. K. Suarez. 2009. Population Stratification and Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium. Genetic Epidemiology, 33: S88–S92.
2
3. Devlin, B., and K. Roeder. 1999. Genomic control for association studies. Biometrics, 55:997–1004.
3
4. Freedman ML, Reich D, Penney KL, McDonald GJ, Mignault AA, Patterson N, Gabriel SB, Topol EJ, Smoller JW, Pato CN, Pato MT, Petryshen TL, Kolonel LN, Lander ES, Sklar P, Henderson B, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler D. 2004. Assessing the impact of population stratification on genetic association studies. Nature Genetics, 36(4):388-93.
4
5. Lander, E. S., and N. J. Schork. 1994. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 265:2037–2048.
5
6. Li l, Donghui Z, Hong L and Christopher A.2013. Robust methods for population stratification in genome wide association studies.BMC Bioinformatics, 14:132.
6
7. Li, M., G. R. Wiggans, Sh. Wang, T. S. Sonstegard, J. Yang, B. A. Crooker, J. B. Cole, C. P. Van Tasse, T. J. Lawlor, and Y. Da1. 2012. Effect of sample stratification on dairy GWAS results. BMC Genomics. 13:536.
7
8. Marchini J, Cardon LR, Phillips MS, Donnelly P .2004.The effects of human population structure on large genetic association studies. Nature Genetics May; 36(5): 512-7. Epub 2004 Mar 28.
8
9. Marchini, J., L. R. Cardon, M. S. Phillips, and P. Donnelly. 2004. The effects of human population structure on large genetic association studies. Nature Genetics, 36(5): 512–517.
9
10. Norrgard, K. 2008. Genetic variation and disease: GWAS. Nature Education: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-variation-and-disease-gwas-682.
10
11. Price, A. L., N. J. Patterson, R. M. Plenge, M. E. Weinblatt, N. A. Shadick, and D. Reich. 2006. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association. Nature Genetics. 38:904-909.
11
12. Sargolzaei, M., and F. S. Schenkel. 2009. QMSim: a large-scale genome simulator for livestock. Bioinformatics, 25: 680-681.
12
13. Sonstegard, T. S., M. Li, C. P. V. Tasse, E. S. Kim, J. B. Cole, G. R. Wiggans, B. A. Crooker, B. D. Mariani, L. K. Matukumalli, J. R. Garbe, S. C. Fahrenkrug, G. Liu, and Y. Da. 2010. Forty Years of Artificial Selection In U.S. Holstein Cattle Had Genome-wide Signatures. Proc. Of 9th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production.
13
14. Zhang Z, Ersoz E, Lai C-Q, Todhunter RJ, Tiwari HK, Gore MA, Bradbury PJ, Yu J,Arnett DK, Ordovas JM, Buckler ES. 2010. Mixed linear model approach adapted for genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics, 42:355–360.
14
15. Zhang, H., Z. Wang, S. Wang, and H. Li. 2012. Progress of genome wide association study in domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 3:26.
15
16. kushyar M M, nassiri M, Bitaraf sani M, Aslaminejad A A. 2013. Feasibility Study of the Detection of SNPs As-sociated with Breast Cancer by Genome-Wide Association Virtual Studies. Genetics In The 3rd Millennium.vol:3. 3190-3199. (In Persian).
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth performance, survival rate, some hematological and biochemical indices of Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus)
Introduction: Nowadays, the healthiness and high quality as well as quantity of aquatic are of great importance and the role of diet components is well recognized (20). Fish needs energy and nutrients in order to achieve desirable level of growth and development and reproduction (11). In recent years application of immune system stimuli has been widely adopted in order to enhance the immune system of fish and non-specific immune responses and protect against disease. So it seems that using stimulator of the immune system is the perfect solution for the control of aquatic animal diseases. Using chemical drugs and antibiotics in aquaculture have consequences, including the risk of pathogens resistant to these drugs, the drugs persistence in the meat and fish as well as environmental pollution. Taking herbs and medicinal plants such as garlic fraught with same effect as antibiotics can be served as an alternative to medications and antibiotics.
Materials and methods: In this study, 180 gourami fish with average weight 0.10 ± 4.33 were prepared from reproduction and breeding center of ornamental fish in Golestan province. To add the garlic oil to the diets, the standard meal was purchased from commercial fish feed company of Mazandaran province and were ground using a mortar. Then, garlic oil at levels of 0, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 g/kg was added to water and mixed. Fish were fed for 8-weeks in three times by 3% body weight per day at hours 8-14-20. Fish diets and their growth rate monitored by conducting bio-survey at the beginning and during the growth for,every 15 days. 10 fish were sampled from each replicate to take serum. After anesthesia using 0.7 ml 2-phenoxyethanol, fish were dried, and about 2 ml of blood was taken by cutting the tail. In hematology laboratory, number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were measured according to standard methods. Glucose levels and serum protein were measured by spectrophotometry using a diagnostic kit (Sigma, America). Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software. Significant differences (P
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2015-06-22
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.37376
Feed Conversion Ratio
Glucose
Hematocrit
Protein
abdolreza
jahanbakhshi
abdolreza.jahanbakhshi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Fishery, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan
LEAD_AUTHOR
hamidreza
ahmadnia motlagh
abadsazi@gmail.com
2
gorgan university
AUTHOR
Mahsa
Javadi Mousavi
3
Gorgan
AUTHOR
Edris
Rahimi kia
4
Payam nur university of Tehran
AUTHOR
1- Abou-Zeid, S. 2002. The effect of some medical plant on reproductive and productive performance of Nile tilapia fish. Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, 2002. 212p. [Ph. D. Thesis].
1
2- Amini, M. 2006. Reproduction and breeding of ornamental fish: Tiger Barbie, swordtail, gourami, Angel, gold arvanay. Nagsh-e-mehr Publications. 220 p.
2
3- Blaxhall. P., and K. Daisley. 1973. Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5(6): 771-781.
3
4- Booke. H. E. 1964. A review of variations found in fish serum proteins. NY Fish Game Journal, 11(1): 47-57.
4
5- Coles. E. H. 1980. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, WB Saunders.
5
6- Diab. A., G. El-Nagar, and Y. Abd-El-Hady. 2002. Evaluation of Nigella sativa L (black seeds; baraka), Allium sativum (garlic) and BIOGEN as feed additives on growth performance and immunostimulants of O. niloticus fingerlings. Suez Canal Veterinary Medicine Journal, 2: 745-753.
6
7- Hunn. J., and I. Greer. 1991. Influence of sampling on the blood chemistry of Atlantic salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 53(3): 184-187.
7
8- Hussein, S. 1996. Electrophoretic pattern of serum protein and immunoglobulin level in chickens in relation of age. Benha Veterinary Medicine Journal, 7: 95-107.
8
9- Hussein, S., H. Abd-el-Maksoud and Azab. M. 2001. Certain biochemical effect of garlic oil on normal and experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in male albino rats. International Scientific Conference.
9
10- Jeong, H. G. and Y. W. Lee. 1998. Protective effects of diallyl sulfide on nitrosodimethylamine-induced immunosuppression in mice. Cancer letters, 134(1): 73-79.
10
11- Lavell, R. 1989. Nutrition and feeding of fish, Springer.
11
12- Martins, M., F. Moraes, D. Miyazaki, C. Brum, E. Onaka, J. Fenerick, and F. Bozzo. 2002. Alternative treatment for Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) infection in cultivated pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes: Characidae) in Brazil and its haematological effects. Parasite (Paris, France), 9(2): 175-180.
12
13- New, M. B., and U. N. Wijkström. 2002. Use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds: further thoughts on the fishmeal trap. FAO Fisheries Circular (FAO).
13
14- Raa, J. 1996. The use of immunostimulatory substances in fish and shellfish farming. Revewe in Fish Science, 4(3): 229-288.
14
15- Shalaby, A, Y. Khattab, and A. Abdel Rahman. 2006. Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 12(2): 172-201.
15
16- Stoskopf, M. K. 1993. Fish medicine, WB Saunders Company.
16
17- Svobodova, Z., Pravda, D., and Palackova, J., 1991. Unified methods of haematological examination of fish, Research Institute of fish culture and hydrobiology, 7(1): 61-70.
17
18- Tangestani, R., A, Alizadeh-dooghikalaei, E, Ebrahimi, and P. Zare. 2011. Effect of garlic essential oil as an immunostimulation hematological indices of juveniles beluga (Huso huso). Journal Veterinary Research, 66,3:209-216.
18
19- Thomson, M., and M. Ali. 2003. Garlic [Allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. current cancer drug target, 3(1): 67-81.
19
20- Yamamoto, T, T, Unuma, and T. Akiyama. 2000. The influence of dietary protein and fat levels on tissue free amino acid levels of fingerling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 182(3): 353-372.
20
21- Mandal, B, A, Mukherjee, and S. Banerjee. 2010. Growth and pigmentation development efficiencies in fantail guppy, Poecilia reticulata fed with commercially available feeds. Agriculture biology journal North America, 1(6): 1264-1267.
21
22- Khodadadi, M., R, Peyghan, and A. Hamidavi. 2012. The evaluation of garlic powder feed additive and its effect on growth rate of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, Iran journal medicine science, Vol. 6/No.2.
22
23- Bashtani, M., M, Tehrani, A, Naserian, and M. Fathi. 2013. Effect of different level jujube on feed intake, blood metabolites, production and composition milk fluffy Goats, Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 157-163.
23
24- Abdolahi zave, Z., A, Hassan abadi, and A. Golian. 2013. Addition of root Ferula diet on performance, intestinal microbiology and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens, Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 112-118.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of pedigree structure and effects of inbreeding depression on growth traits in Lorestan native sheep
Inroduction: Inbreeding is defined as the probability that two alleles at any locus are identical by descent and occur when related individuals are mated to each other. The initial consequence of inbreeding is inbreeding depression reducing the performance of growth, production, health, fertility, and survival traits. This concern has become more serious in animal breeding nowadays, in which selection responses are maximized using animal model best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) of breeding value. The use of these breeding values alone may result in more closely related selection candidates preferred for selection, with increased levels of inbreeding since they share most of their familial information. The unavoidable mating of related animals in closed populations leads to accumulation of inbreeding and decreased genetic diversity. Inbreeding has deleterious effect on additive genetic variance as well as on phenotypic values. Heterozygosity and allelic diversities can be lost from small, closed, selected populations at a rapid rate. The rates of inbreeding must be limited to maintain diversity at an acceptable level so that genetic variation will ensure that future animals can respond to changes in environment. Inbreeding depression has been found in a large proportion of species examined. Lori sheep breed is mainly raised in Lorestan Province in Iran. This study was conducted to identify pedigrees and inbreeding depression on growth traits in Lori sheep population from 2001 to 2010. The rate of inbreeding needs to be limited to maintain diversity at an acceptable level so that genetic variation will ensure that future animals can respond to changes in the environment and to selection. Without genetic variation, animals cannot adapt to these changes.
Material and Methods: For this study pedigree information and body weight at different ages (birth weight, weaning weight, 6-month weight, and 9-month weight) of 6440 lambs from 273 rams and 1955 ewes during the years 2001 to 2010 from Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center were used. The pedigree corrections were done by the Excel program and the estimation of inbreeding coefficients was done by pedigree software. To study the pedigree, Pedigree, program, or estimate inbreeding coefficient, CFC program, and for calculate the amount of inbreeding citizenship traits, wombat software were used.
Results and Discussion: In total population the number of inbred animals were 2126 (33%) of the herd. The average total population inbreeding coefficient and average inbreeding coefficient inbred of population were 0.69% and 2.24%, respectively. Annual changes in inbreeding coefficient was 0.21, which was statistically significant (p
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34713_f31026f639233bdd863d247922a55880.pdf
2015-06-22
199
207
10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.37375
Animal model
Growth traits
Inbreeding depression
Inbreeding trend
Lori sheep
zahra
yeganehpour
zahra_yeganeh67@yahoo.com
1
, Ramin Agriculture Natural Resources University,Mollasani, Khoozestan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hedayatollah
roshanfekr
roshanfekr_hd@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Science, University of Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Khuzestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Jamal
fayazi
j_fayazi@yahoo.com
3
, Ramin Agriculture Natural Resources University,Mollasani, Khoozestan
AUTHOR
Mir Hasan
Beiranvand
mir462@gmail.com
4
Member of Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Lorestan, Lorestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Ghaderzadeh
mg.mahabad1365@gmail.com
5
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
AUTHOR
1- Adelikhah, M., R. Vaeztorshizi., M. Rokouei, and D. Tohidi. 2008. Inbreeding and its effect on productive traits in Zandi sheep. The 3th Congress on Animal Science. 2008.
1
2- Almasi, M., A. Rashidi., M. Razmkabir, and A. Mirza Mohammadi. 2012. Effects of inbreeding coefficient on pre-weaning traits in Markhoz goats The 5th Congress on Animal Science, August, 386-391.
2
3- Analla, M., J. M. Montilla, and J. M. Serradilla. 1998. Analysis of lamb weight and ewe litter size in various lines of Spanish Merino sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 29 (3):255-259.
3
4- Bahri Binabaj, F., H. Faraji Arogh., M. Rokuei., M. Jafari, and A. Mohammad Hashemi. 2012. Estimation of inbreeding trend and its effect on growth traits, longevity and skin score of Karakul Sheep breed. The 5th Congress on Animal Science August, 760-764.
4
5- Boujenane, I, and A. Chami. 1997. Effects of inbreeding on reproduction, weights and survival of Sardi and Beni Guil sheep. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 114(1-6): 23-31.
5
6- Dickerson, G. E. 1973. Inbreeding and heterosis in animals. Journal of Animal Science, 16(4) 73:54- 77.
6
7- Dorostkar, M., H. Faraji., A. Rough., J. Shodja., S. A. Rafat., M. Rokouei, and H. Esfabdyari. 2012. Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in Iranian Moghani sheep breed. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14(3): 549-556.
7
8- Falconer, D. S, and T. F. C. Mackay. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics. Forth edition, Longmans Green، Harlow, Essex, UK. Chapter 14, 15.
8
9- Farhadi, M. 2010. Study of inbreeding on productive and reproductive traits in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. End of letter Masters Animal Sciences. Faculty of Agriculture. Shahrekord University.90pp.
9
10- Gholambabaeian, M., A. Rashidi., M. Razmkabir, and A. Mirza Mohammadi. 2012. Inbreeding coefficient estimate and its effects on pre-weaning traits in Moghani sheep. The 5th Congress on Animal Science, August, 71-75.
10
11- Gomez, M. D., M. Valera., A. Molina., J. P. Gutierrez, and F. Goyache. 2008. Assessment of inbreeding depression for body measurements in Spanish Purebred (Andalusian) horses. Livestock Science, 122: 149-155.
11
12- Hussain, A., P. Akhtar, S. Ali, M. younas., and M. Shafiq. 2006. Effect of inbreeding on pre weaning growth traits in thalli sheep. Pakistann Veterinary Journal, 26(3): 138-140.
12
13- Khaldari, M. 2006. Principles of sheep and goat breeding.Tehran Jahad daneshgahi Publications. 503 pages. (In Persian).
13
14- Mackinnon K. M. 2003. Analysis of Inbreeding in a Closed Population of Crossbred Sheep. MSc Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity Blacksburg, Virginia.
14
15- Mehman Navaz, Y., R. Vaeztorshizi., A. Salehi, and A. Shourideh. 2000. Inbreedind and its effect on productive traits in Baluchi sheep. The First Seminar on Genetics and Breeding Applied to Livestock, Poultry & Aquatics Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University, Feb, 20-21.
15
16- Meyer, K. 2000. DFREML. Version 3. 0 â Program to estimate variance components by Restricted Maximum Likelihood using a derivative-free algorithm. User notes. Animal and breeding dept. university of New-England, Armidale, N. S. W. 84.
16
17- Mirza Mohammadi, A, and A. Rashidi. 2012. Estimation of genetic parameters and evaluation of inbreeding effects on birth weight and mortality in Zandi sheep. The 5th Congress on Animal Science, August, 561-565.
17
18- Mottaghinia, G., H. Farhangfar, and M. Janati. 2009. A study of inbreeding trend and its effect on wool weight of Baluchi sheep in Abbas Abad breeding center of Mashhad. Animal Science Researches, 22(2): 129-121.
18
19- Norberg. E., and A. C. Sørensen. 2007. Inbreeding trend and inbreeding depression in the Danish populations of Texel, Shropshire, and Oxford Down. Journal of Animal Science, 85(2):299–304.
19
20- Oyama, K., and F. Mukai. 1998. Determination of the optimum mating design with constraints on inbreeding level and mating frequency of sires via a simple genetic algorithm. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 69(4): 333- 340
20
21- Pedrosa, V. B., J. R. Santana., P. S. Oliveira., J. P. Eler, and J. B. S. Ferraz. 2010. Population structure and inbreeding effects on growth traits of Santa Inês sheep in Brazil. Small Ruminant Research, 93(2): 139-135.
21
22- Rashedi Dehsahraei, A., J. Fayazi, and M. Vatankhah. 2013. Investigating inbreeding trend and its impact on growth traits of Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep. Journal of Ruminant Research, 1(3):65-78. (In Persian).
22
23- Rzewuska, K., J. Klewiec, and E. Martyniuk. 2005. Effect of Inbred on reproduction and body weight of sheep in a closed Booroola flock. J Animal Science Papers and Reports, 23:237-247.
23
24- Sargolzaei, M., H. Iwaisaki, and Jacques Colleau, J. 2006. A software packagefor pedigree analysis and monitoring genetic diversity.
24
25- SAS. 2003. Users Guide Statistics. Version 9.1, SAS Institute I nc., Cary, NC., USA
25
26- Sheikhlu, M., M. Tahmurespoor, and A. Aslaminejad. 2012. Study inbreeding of Baluchi sheep in Mashhad Abbas Abad station. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 3(4): 453-458.
26
27- Van Wyk, J. B., M. D Fair, and S. W. P. Clorte. 2006. The effect of inbreeding on the production and reproduction traits in the Elsenburg dormer sheep stud. Livestock Science, 120 (3):19:21-28.
27
28- Van Wyk, J. B., M. D. Fair, and S. W. P. Cloete. 2009. Case Study: The effect of inbreeding on the production and reproduction traits in the Elsenburg Donner sheep stud. Livestock Science, 120: 218-224.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Astudy on accuracy of predicted breeding value for body weight at eighth week of age in Khorasan native chickens
Introduction: Genetic resources in any country are valuable materials which needed to be conserved for a sustainable agriculture. An animal phenotype is generally affected by genetic and environmental factors. To increase mean performance in a population under consideration not only environmental conditions, but also genetic potential of the animals should be improved. Although, environmental improvement could increase the level of animals’ production in a more rapid way, it is not a permanent and non-cumulative progress. In any breeding schemes prediction breeding value of the candidate animals is needed to be obtained with a high precision and accuracy for making a remarkable genetic gain for the traits over the time. The main objective of the present research was to study accuracy of predicted breeding value for body weight at eighth week of age in indigenous chickens of Khorasan Razavi province.
Materials and methods: A set of 47,000 body weight (at the age of eight weeks) records belonging to 47,000 head of male and female chicks (progeny of 753 sires and 5,154 dams) collected during seven generations (2006-2012) was used. The data were obtained in Khorasan Razavi native chicken breeding center. An animal model was applied for analyzing the records. In the model, contemporary group of generation*hatch*sex (GHS) as a fixed effect, weight at birth as a covariable, as well as direct and maternal additive genetic random effects were taken into account. In an initial analysis using SAS software, all fixed and covariate factors included in the model were detected to be significant for the trait. All additive genetic relationships among the animals in the pedigree file (47,880 animals) were accounted for. Variance and covariance components of direct and maternal additive genetic effects were estimated through restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Breeding value of the animals was obtained by best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Selection accuracy was then calculated based on prediction error variance (PEV). The model was fitted to the data using DMU package. Post analysis of breeding values (genetic trend estimation and statistical comparison of groups using student’s t test) was also undertaken using SPSS software.
Results and Discussion: Average and standard deviation of body weight at the age of eight weeks were 607.93 g. and 127.347 g., respectively. As expected, males (668.98 g.) were generally heavier than females (549.86 g.) chickens. Additive and maternal genetic variance components were 3183.9253 and 350.8929, respectively. Based on genetic covariance (-363.8555) the correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects was revealed to be -0.3442. Direct and maternal heritability for the trait were found to be 0.4387 and 0.0483, respectively. Mean direct and maternal breeding values were 76.65 g. and -7.91 g., respectively. The corresponding figures for the direct and maternal accuracies were 0.741 and 0.427, respectively. Genetic trends for direct and maternal breeding value were 26.951 g. (SE=1.344 g.) and -2.252 g. (SE=0.199 g.), respectively and statistically significant (P
https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_34724_ea8a77eb1cff28df25c91d85a4375b7c.pdf
2015-06-22
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10.22067/ijasr.v7i2.40953
Animal model
Body weight
Indigenous chickens
Selection accuracy
faeze
ghorbani
fghorbani368@gmail.com
1
Department of Animal Science, Birjand Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyyed Homayoun
Farhangfar
hfarhangfar2003@yahoo.co.uk
2
Department of Animal Science, Birjand Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Nazar
Afzali
nafzali@birjand.ac.ir
3
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
mohammad ebrahim
navidizade
me_navid3@yahoo.com
4
Jahad Agriculture Organisation, Razavi Khorasan Province
AUTHOR
1- Bulmer, M. G. 1971. The effect of selection on genetic variability. The American. Naturalist, 105:201-211.
1
2- Cameron, N. D. 1997. Selection Indices and Prediction of Genetic Merit in Animal Breeding. CAB International.
2
3- Dobson, A. J. 1991. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. Chapman and Hall. London, UK.
3
4- Emamgholi Begli, H., S. Zerehdaran, S. Hassani, and M. A. Abbasi. 2010. Estimation of genetic parameters of economically important traits in native fowl, Yazd province. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 40(4):63-70. (In Persian).
4
5- Emam Jomeh Kashan, N. 1997. Genetic Evaluation in Animal Husbandry. NAS Scientific and Cultural Institute. (In Persian).
5
6- Esmaeilkhanian, S., S. Ansari Mahyari, A. Nejati Javaremi, M. H. Banabazi, M. Sadeghian, and M. Tatari. 2014. Study of polymorphism in Mazandaran and Esfahan native chicken population using microsatellite markers. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 6(2):165-172. (In Persian).
6
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