@article { author = {Ibrahimi Khoram Abadi, Elias and Kazemi, Mohsen and Heydari, Somayeh}, title = {Effect of Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge Extract on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {475-788}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38202.0}, abstract = {Introduction[1] The anaerobic microbial fermentative digestion of feedstuffs in the rumen is not efficient. The gases are considered as waste products of rumen fermentation and also pollutants of the environment. Recent studies indicated that some metal nanoparticles (NPs) were toxic to rumen microbial population and inhibit methane production in anaerobic conditions. Plant extracts can be used to produce cost effective and eco-friendly green nanoparticles. Phlomis cancellata Bunge with Persian names Gushbarre sefid has high medicinal value and antibacterial properties and distributed dramatically in Khorasan, Mazandaran and Golestan. Hence, there is potential of using bio-synthesized nanoparticles in ruminant nutrition. However, there is not enough information regarding the effect of green nanoparticles on runminal condition. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract on rumen fermentation in vitro.Materials and methods Synthesis of sliver nanoparticles was prepared by adding of 1 ml of the aqueous extract to 4.76 mM sliver nitrate solution (pH= 6.84) allowed to react at 77 °C for 24.79 min in the dark to minimize the photo activation of silver nitrate. The color change of solution from yellow to brown after 3 min of incubation is indicative of the bioreduction of Ag+ ions in the solution to Ag°. Effects of increasing the concentration of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract (0, 125 and 250 µg/ml) on rumen fermentation were evaluated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production volumes were recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation and then gas production kinetic was estimated. The obtained data from gas production at 24 h after incubation were used for estimation of digestible dry and organic matter, metabolisable energy, short chain fatty acids, partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and microbial biomass production efficiency.Results and Discussion The increasing level of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract did not significantly affect in vitro potential of gas production and gas production rate. For the cumulative gas production, no significant difference was found among the treatments. The lowest and highest in vitro potential of gas production, gas production rate and cumulative gas production was recorded for treatments 3 and 1, respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibit unique bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. At the atomic level, silver has the ability to absorb oxygen and acts as an oxidation catalyst. Atomic oxygen absorbed on the silver surface reacts with the thiol groups surrounding the surface of bacteria and viruses and removes hydrogen atoms. The bacterium loses respiration ability by disruption of the so-called respiratory channel, which results in bacterial death. The apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility and true in vitro organic matter digestibility, were not significantly affected by addition of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract. Addition of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract failed to affect metabolisable energy, short chain fatty acids, partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and microbial biomass production efficiency. However, the lack of significant effect of the synthesized silver nanoparticles on the digestibility may be due to factors such as concentration, surface capacity, size, and other properties of silver nanoparticles. For treatment 1, the cumulative gas production over 24 and 48 h was negatively correlated apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. There was significant negative correlation between apparent in vitro organic matter digestibility and partitioning factor with cumulative gas production during hours of incubation for treatments 2. No significant correlation was found between apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility and partitioning factor with the volume of cumulative gas produced during different incubation hours in for treatments 3.Conclusion Supplementing of green silver nanoparticles synthesized via Phlomis cancellata Bunge extract could modify the characteristics of gas production and fermentation parameters basal diet and reduce the side effects of the anaerobic microbial fermentation. However, additional microbial studies with different level of green silver nanoparticles are necessary to determine the mode of action. Additionally, further in vivo work is needed to assess the effect of green silver nanoparticles inclusion on animal performance when cattle are fed ingredients commonly used in beef feedlot or dairy diets.}, keywords = {Diet,Gas production,Phlomis cancellata Bunge,rumen,Silver nanoparticles}, title_fa = {تأثیر مقادیر مختلف نانو ذرات نقره سنتز شده به روش زیستی از عصاره گیاه گوش بره سفید (Phlomis cancellata Bunge) بر تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در شرایط برون‌تنی}, abstract_fa = {این آزمایش با هدف بررسی اثر مقادیر مختلف نانو ذرات نقره سنتز شده به روش زیستی از عصاره گیاه گوش‌بره​ سفید بر تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در شرایط برون‌تنی انجام شد. جهت تهیه عصاره گیاه گوش‌بره سفید، یک میلی‌لیتر از عصاره تهیه‌شده از اندام‌های هوایی گیاه به محلول نیترات نقره 76/4 میلی‌مولار در 84/6 pH= اضافه گردید و به مدت 25 دقیقه در دمای 77 درجه سلسیوس مورد انکوباسیون قرار گرفت. اثرات افزایش نانو ذرات سنتز شده از گیاه گوش‌بره سفید (0، 125 و 250 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر) بر خصوصیات تخمیری جیره گاوهای پرتولید با استفاده از روش تولید گاز در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. افزایش مقدار نانو ذرات نقره در تیمار‌های آزمایشی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر ظرفیت تولید گاز از بخش قابل تخمیر، نرخ تولید گاز و حجم گاز تجمعی تولیدی (میلی‌لیتر/میلی‌گرم ماده خشک) در ساعات مختلف انکوباسیون نداشت. در این آزمایش بین تیمارهای مختلف از نظر قابلیت‌هضم ظاهری ماده خشک، ماده آلی، مقدار ماده آلی هضم‌شده واقعی، انرژی قابل‌‌متابولیسم، اسیدهای چرب فرار، شاخص بخش‌پذیری، تولید توده میکروبی و بازده آن اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود نداشت. در تیمار یک (فاقد نانو ذرات نقره سنتز شده به روش زیستی از عصاره گیاه گوش‌بره​ سفید) همبستگی منفی و معنی‌دار بین هضم ماده خشک، قابلیت‌هضم ماده آلی با حجم گاز تجمعی تولیدی در ساعات 12 و 24 انکوباسیون و در تیمار دو (حاوی 125 میکروگرم در میلی‌لیتر نانو ذرات نقره سنتز شده به روش زیستی از عصاره گیاه گوش‌بره​ سفید) همبستگی منفی و معنی‌دار بین قابلیت‌هضم ماده آلی، شاخص بخش‌پذیری با حجم گاز تجمعی تولیدی در ساعات مختلف انکوباسیون ثبت گردید. مکمل‌ کردن مقادیر افزایشی نانو ذرات نقره توانست فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز در خوراک پایه را تغییر دهد.}, keywords_fa = {تولید گاز,خوراک,شکمبه,گوش‌بره,نانو ذرات نقره}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39512.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39512_71c228f79d84cc4f40b6c08cefdf96e5.pdf} } @article { author = {doralibeni, mohammad and Rezai Sarteshnizi, Fariba and Karimi Dehkordi, Saeid and moharrery, Ali and Mehraban, Hossein}, title = {The Effect of Protexin Probiotics in the Last Month of Pregnancy on the Colostrum Compositions and Milk Yield of Lori Bakhtiyari Ewes}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {489-498}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38244.0}, abstract = {Introduction The use of additives that improve the microbial function of the rumen seems to be essential. Probiotics is a Latin word for life. Probiotics are living microorganisms that contain beneficial bacteria and yeasts. The most important feature of probiotics is that while reducing the pathogenic germs in the gastrointestinal tract and improving the feed conversion ratio in the animal, they do not have any residual tissue and unlike antibiotics do not cause microbial resistance. Probiotics are now used not only as growth stimulants but also to stimulate the immune system and prevent many diseases. The use of probiotics to improve function, improve health, and change in rumen ecosystems are a good alternative to antibiotics. Sheep milk has a great nutritional value used in cheese, yogurt, butter and other dairy products. Studies investigating the effect of adding probiotics to sheep feed on milk production and composition are scarce, and most studies have been conducted in dairy cows. Reports have shown contradictory results on the addition of probiotics to milk production and compounds. Due to the limitation of the effect of probiotic supplementation on sheep milk production and composition, especially Lori Bakhtiari sheep, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of oral probiotics on the process of colostrum and milk compounds in the first month of lactation.Materials and Methods The study was conducted in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. For this purpose, 28 Lorri Bakhtiari ewes, first abdomen to the sixth abdomen were selected in the last month of pregnancy. All ewes were fed a similar diet. The ewes were divided into two groups of 14 and received experimental treatments for one month. Treatments included 1) control (the group that did not take probiotics) 2-the group who consumed 1 gram of probiotic per day. In the experimental group (14), in addition to the above diet, in the morning, 1 g of probiotic was dissolved in 5 ml of water and fed to the ewes via syringe. The probiotic used in this study was protexin. Colostrum samples were taken from each ewe after calving to measure colostrum factors. Albumin and total protein concentrations were measured using Pars test kits and the photometric method. Globulin concentration is calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. Gerber method was used to measure the percentage of colostrum fat. We need ash to measure colostrum minerals. To do this, pour 5 grams of colostrum into the bush, then place the bushes in the oven to dry. The samples were kept at this temperature for 24 hours until they were completely gray and turned white. Finally, the concentration of minerals was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer using a dry digestion method. Phosphorus was measured by the yellow method. Milk samples were taken from each ewe on the 14th day of lactation to measure milk factors such as fat, protein, lactose, solids and milk freezing point. They were measured using a milk analyzer.Results and Discussion The results showed that the addition of probiotics protexin had no significant effect on body weight, colostrum factors including albumin, total protein, globulin and fat (P >0.05). The concentration of colostrum minerals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, tin, zinc and calcium) was also not affected (P>0.05). So far, no studies have been performed on the addition of probiotics protexin to colostrum factors and minerals. However, there have been studies of the addition of probiotics to concentrations of albumin, total protein, and globulin and blood minerals. Contradictory results have also been reported in this case. The addition of protexin probiotics at the end of pregnancy on milk factors (fat, lactose, protein, solids and freezing point) in ewes was not significant (P >0.05). Consistent with our study, commercial bacterial probiotic feeding in ewes had no significant effect on the production and chemical composition of ewes. In other species of ruminants, the addition of bacterial probiotics and yeast probiotic resulted in inconsistent results on milk composition. The results were inconsistent due to differences in the amount and type of probiotic used, probiotic feeding method, type of ruminant, duration of probiotic use, and conditions of the ruminant (lactation).Conclusion Overall, the results showed that the addition of probiotics in the last month of pregnancy had no significant effect on body weight, colostrum factors, colostrum mineral content and milk composition of Lori Bakhtiari ewes. This indicates that the rations were normal and had no negative effect of probiotics in the last month of gestation on ewes.  }, keywords = {Probiotics protein,Colostrum factors,Colostrum minerals,Milk compounds,Lorri Bakhtiari's ewe}, title_fa = {تأثیر استفاده از پروبیوتیک پروتکسین در ماه آخر آبستنی بر ترکیب آغوز و شیر میش‌های لری بختیاری}, abstract_fa = {مطالعه حاضر به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر استفاده از پروبیوتیک پروتکسین در ماه آخر آبستنی بر ترکیبات آغوز و ترکیبات شیر در میش‌های لری بختیاری انجام شد. به این منظور از تعداد 28 رأس میش لری بختیاری سه شکم زایش به بالا که در ماه آخر آبستنی بودند به مدت یک ماه استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: تیمار شاهد (میش‌ها پروبیوتیک مصرف نکردند)، 2- میش‌ها در هر‌روز 1 گرم پروبیوتیک حل‌شده در 5 میلی‌لیتر آب مصرف کردند. پروبیوتیک مورد‌استفاده در این تحقیق، پروتکسین بود. به‌منظور تعیین ترکیبات آغوز و شیر به ترتیب در اولین روز و 14 روز بعد از زایش یک نمونه آغوز و یک نمونه شیر از میش‌های تحت آزمایش گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که افزودن پروبیوتیک پروتکسین در ماه آخر آبستنی بر ترکیبات آغوز شامل آلبومین، پروتئین کل، گلوبولین و درصد چربی تأثیر آماری معنی‌دار نداشت. همچنین عناصر معدنی آغوز شامل آرسنیک، کادمیم، کبالت، مس، آهن، سرب، منیزیم، منگنز، مولیبدن، سدیم، نیکل، فسفر، سلنیوم، قلع، روی و کلسیم به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر افزودن پروبیوتیک قرار نگرفتند. ترکیبات شیر میش شامل چربی، لاکتوز، پروتئین، مواد جامد و نقطه انجماد نیز به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر افزودن پروبیوتیک قرار نگرفتند. به‌طور‌کلی نتایج حاکی از این است که افزودن پروبیوتیک پروتکسین در ماه آخر آبستنی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر ترکیبات آغوز و عناصر معدنی آغوز و ترکیبات شیر میش‌ها نداشت.}, keywords_fa = {پروبیوتیک پروتکسین,ترکیبات شیر,فاکتورهای آغوز,مواد معدنی آغوز,میش لری بختیاری}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39380.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39380_3841cd6906af97f1e4947ae516fb3255.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadabadi, Tahereh and Ghezi, zeinab and Tabatabaei Vakili, Saleh}, title = {The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Performance, Microbial Fermentation, Digestibility and Some Blood Parameters of Arabi sheep}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {499-512}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38269.0}, abstract = {Introduction The palm date kernel is energetic by-product of animal nutrition classified as medium-quality foods and crude protein content suitable for ruminants. The results of the studies indicate that there are large amounts of nutritious fibers in the palm kernel which are very useful in nutrition. It is reported that the amount of crude protein, NDF, ADF, cellulose; hemicellulose and lignin of palm kernel meal were expressed 4.9%, 21.1%, 40.7%, 43.3%, 26.4%, 6.4%, and 7.4%, respectively. Palm kernel contains all types of amino acids, including isoleucine, leucine, methionine, threonine, valine and phenylalanine and also phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids. Gross energy, crude fiber, carbohydrates and calcium of palm kernel were 4663 Kcal/Kg, 31.1, 77.2, 10.1 and 0.61%, respectively. The accessibility of amino acids in palm kernel is 65%. The information on using of palm kernel in the ruminant diets is rare. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of palm kernel powder on performance, digestibility in Arabi sheep to reduce dietary prices and optimal use of agricultural by-products.Materials and methods In the first stage of experiment, the determination of proper level of the palm kernel, the values of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of date kernels in the diet were used and the best amount was determined by in vitro digestion. In the second stage, 15 Arabi sheep with average weight 39±5 kg and 10 months of age were used in the completely randomized design for 50 days period. The experimental treatments were included control diet and diets containing 5 and 10% palm kernel (5 replicates for each treatment). Forage to concentrate ratio was 60 to 40. Diets fed twice per day. The palm kernel was prepared from Dardan company and milled. At the end of the experiment, nutrient intake, performance, digestibility, protozoa population, blood and fermentation parameters of sheep were measured. Parameters of digestion and fermentation of livestock after feeding with date kernels were also evaluated.For measuring fermentation and digestibility, the animals fed with experimental diets by in vitro methods, rumen fluid was collected from animals before the morning feeding. About 200 mg wheat straw incubated with buffered rumen fluid under continuous CO2 reflux in 100 ml vials for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, at 39 °C. Cumulative gas production data were fitted to the exponential equation. Partitioning factor, microbial biomass, actually degradable organic matter was calculated. Digestibility of dry matter the samples were determined by using tilly and terry method. Data were subjected to analysis as a completely randomized design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS.Results and Discussion In the first stage, among the various levels of palm kernel, amount of 5 and 10% of palm kernel had higher digestibility, respectively (P<0.05). Results of in vivo experiment has shown dry matter intake was increased in treatments containing palm date kernel, but digestibility of organic matter, dry matter and crude protein was decreased (P<0.05).The use of palm kernel increased the weight and improved feed conversion ratio in 5 and 10% date kernel. The blood glucose concentration did not affect by experimental treatments (P>0.05). The amount of BUN, creatinine, LDL and triglyceride significantly decreased by oak kernel treatments, but amount of blood cholesterol and HDL in treatments containing 10% increased (P<0.05). Protozoa population, rumen ammonia nitrogen and pH in diets containing palm kernel decreased as compared with that of the control diet (P<0.05).The potential and rate of gas production, microbial biomass efficiency and organic matter digestibility of soybean meal with rumen fluid animals fed with experimental diets for control treatment, and PF and microbial biomass for 10% palm date kernel significantly increased (P<0.05). Also the potential and rate of gas production of wheat straw with rumen fluid animals fed with experimental diets, microbial biomass and organic matter digestibility for control treatment, and PF and microbial biomass efficiency for 10% palm kernel significantly increased (P<0.05). There were significant amounts of lignin and resistant starch in the seed, phenolic compounds, volatile compounds and unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and other compounds in the palm kernel that can influence parameters of current study.Conclusion According to the results of current study, due to the lack of negative effect on rumen fermentation and blood parameters and improving of performance, palm kernel can be used up to 10% in the Arabi sheep diet. Therefore, the use of palm kernels with the effect on the improving of livestock performance and high source of fiber, energy and fatty acids is an acceptable alternative to sheep diets.}, keywords = {digestibility,Blood parameters,Rumen Fermentation,Palm kernel,Performance}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر استفاده از پودر هسته خرما در جیره بر عملکرد، قابلیت هضم، فراسنجه‏های تخمیر شکمبه‏ای و خونی گوسفند عربی}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر پودر هسته خرما بر عملکرد و هضم پذیری مواد مغذی در گوسفند عربی جهت کاهش قیمت جیره و استفاده‌ی بهینه از محصولات فرعی کشاورزی انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمایش، برای تعیین مقدار مناسب استفاده از هسته خرما، از مقادیر 0، 5، 10، 15 و20 درصد هسته‌ی خرما در جیره استفاده شد و با آزمایش هضم برون‎تنی بهترین مقدار مشخص شد. در مرحله دوم از 15 رأس بره‌ی نر عربی با میانگین وزنی 5±39 کیلوگرم و سن 10 ماه در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به مدت 50 روز استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل جیره شاهد و جیره‏های حاوی 5 و 10 درصد هسته خرما (4 تکرار برای هر تیمار) بودند که از نتایج آزمایشگاهی بدست آمد. در این مرحله قابلیت هضم، مصرف موادمغذی، عملکرد، جمعیت تک یاخته‌ها، فراسنجه های شکمبه‌ای و خونی و فراسنجه های هضم و تخمیر دام‌ها بعد از تغذیه با هسته خرما نیز ارزیابی شدند. درمرحله اول سطوح 5 و 10 هسته خرما هضم‏پذیری بالاتری نشان دادند (05/0P<). ماده خشک مصرفی بره‌ها در تیمارهای حاوی هسته خرما افزایش یافت، اما قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، ماده خشک و پروتئین خام کاهش یافت (05/0P<). استفاده از هسته خرما سبب افزایش وزن دام‎ها و بهبود معنی‏دار ضریب تبدیل خوراک در تیمار 5 و 10 درصد گردید (05/0P<). غلظت گلوکزخون تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایش قرار نگرفت. غلظت نیتروژن اوره‎ای خون، کراتینین، تری‎گلیسرید و LDL به طور معنی‏داری در تیمارهای حاوی هسته خرما کاهش یافت (05/0P<). با این حال غلظت کلسترول و HDL در تیمار حاوی 10 درصد هسته خرما به طور معنی‎داری افزایش یافت (05/0P<). جمعیت تک یاخته‌های شکمبه، نیتروژن آمونیاکی و pH به طور معنی‏داری در تیمارهای حاوی هسته خرما نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش نشان داد (05/0P<). پتانسیل و نرخ تولید گاز از کنجاله سویا با مایع شکمبه گوسفندان تغذیه شده با جیره‎های آزمایشی و بازده سنتز توده زنده میکروبی و هضم‎پذیری ماده آلی برای تیمار شاهد و PF و توده زنده میکروبی برای تیمار حاوی 10 درصد هسته خرما به طور معنی‎داری افزایش یافت (05/0P<). همچنین پتانسیل و نرخ تولید گاز کاه گندم با مایع شکمبه گوسفندان تغذیه شده با جیره‎های آزمایشی و توده زنده میکروبی و هضم‎پذیری ماده آلی برای تیمار شاهد و PF و راندمان سنتز توده زنده میکروبی برای تیمار حاوی 10 درصد هسته خرما به طور معنی‎داری افزایش یافت (05/0P<). بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، به دلیل عدم تأثیر منفی هسته خرما بر فراسنجه‎های تخمیر شکمبه‎ای و خونی و بهبود عملکرد حیوان، هسته خرما می‎تواند تا سطح 10 درصد در جیره گوسفندان عربی استفاده شود. بنابراین استفاده از هسته خرما با اثر بر بهبود عملکرد دام‌ها و وجود منبع بالایی از فیبر، انرژی و اسیدهای چرب، جایگزین قابل قبولی در جیره گوسفندان می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {تخمیر شکمبه‎ای,عملکرد,فراسنجه‎های خونی,قابلیت هضم,هسته خرما}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39912.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39912_4fca14c347fff963166a4a0af4729ed7.pdf} } @article { author = {Chaji, Morteza and Alimirzaii, Parvin}, title = {The effect of adding different levels of Ziziphora clinopodioides‌ to the diet on the in vitro digestion and fermentation activity of anaerobic bacteria and fungi in the rumen of fattening Arabi lambs}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {513-524}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38294.0}, abstract = {Introduction The ruminants have a stomach with four separate compartments, in the two parts of which, rumen and reticulum, because of the action of their bacteria, protozoa, and other populations such as anaerobic fungi, the energy of plant cell wall are available to the host. The main products of fermentation include volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial crude protein, which provide about 80 percent of the energy and 60 to 85 percent of the animal protein requirements, respectively. Therefore, achieving the best efficiency of digestion and microbial fermentation in rumen is very important. On the other hand, the production of methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia in the rumen causes a loss of energy and protein, an increase in greenhouse gases, and environmental pollution. Therefore, nutritionists, by manipulating ruminal fermentation processes, are looking for ways to reduce energy and protein loss in the form of methane and ammonia and to increase the efficiency of fermentation and synthesis of microbial protein in rumen and increase fiber digestion. For this purpose, several additives such as organic acids, yeasts, enzymes, buffers, and antibiotics have been used. In recent decades, medicinal plants have attracted a lot of attention due to their ability as an alternative to growth stimulants and antibiotics in animal and poultry nutrition. In this regard, the plants of the Lamiaceae (mints) family, which are considered as a medicinal plant with high antimicrobial properties, have been considered. The perennial species of Ziziphora clinopodioides belongs to this family, Lamiaceae. The Ziziphora clinopodioides is widespread in the north, center, northwest, south, and northeast of Iran. Some of the most important active ingredients in this plant are Pulegone, Piperitenone, Yomogi alcohol), DL-Menthol, Carvacrol, Piperitenone, γ-Terpinene, and Carnoon. Since the activity of rumen anaerobic fungi and bacteria is important in the digestion of feed and considering that there is no information about the effect of adding this plant to the diet on the activity of bacteria and fungi isolated from the rumen, the latency is very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using Ziziphora clinopodioides in the diet of fattening lambs as a supplement, on digestion and fermentation activity of their rumen bacteria and fungi.Materials and Methods Initially, the best amount of Ziziphora clinopodioides­ supplement in the diet was determined by the two-steps digestion method. Therefore, six treatments containing zero (control), 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% powdered Ziziphora clinopodioides­ plants were added to a standard diet of fattening lambs. Then, based on the results, three treatments containing zero (control), 0.2%, and 0.4% were selected among them to determine the effect of Ziziphora clinopodioides­ supplement on the activity of ruminal anaerobic fungi and bacteria. The rumen fluid required for the two-steps digestion experiment and the specific culture medium of bacteria and fungi were prepared from four male lambs fed a fattening lamb diet with similar ingredients and compositions to the diet of in vitro section, through a stomach tube. Then, anaerobic bacteria and fungi were isolated and purified from their ruminal fluid. Results and Discussion Concentration of ammonia nitrogen and pH in the specific culture medium of rumen fungi at the first, third, and sixth days of incubation and the average concentration of the whole period, and also at 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation of incubation of experimental diets with bacteria, were not affected by experimental treatments. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased significantly (P<0.05), as an influence from the addition of Ziziphora clinopodioides­ supplements to the diet of fattening lambs. The highest and lowest dry matter, NDF, and ADF digestibility was observed in the control diet and diet containing 0.4% Ziziphora clinopodioides­, respectively; and there was a numerical and non-significant difference between diets containing Ziziphora clinopodioides­. The digestibility of dry matter and NDF of experimental diets by ruminal anaerobic fungi on the first, third, and sixth days of incubation, and ruminal bacteria at 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation of incubation, and the average of the whole experimental period increased significantly under the influence of Ziziphora clinopodioides­ supplementation in the diet of fattening lambs. There was no difference between diets containing Ziziphora clinopodioides­ in the activity of anaerobic rumen fungi and bacteria in the digestion of diets. Increasing and improving the digestibility of diet nutrients may be due to changes in the microbial population and improved digestion and fermentation activity of them as a result of secondary compounds of Ziziphora clinopodioides. It has been suggested that some secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds (also found in Ziziphora clinopodioides­), selectively inhibit the activity of amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria, without affecting other groups such as cellulolytic bacteria. Therefore, this selective effect leads to the competitive elimination of some species in favor of other species, therefore, the raw materials of the environment are provided for the activity of other species, perhaps this mechanism is a factor in improving digestibility in diets containing Ziziphora clinopodioides­. consistent with  the results of the present experiment, increasing the digestibility and fermentation of sugarcane top or diets have been reported by adding Ziziphora clinopodioides­ to the diet of lambs or thistle (such as Ziziphora clinopodioides­ containing tannins) in the diet of calves. The supplementation of the Trachyspermum plant (has thymol and, γ-Terpinene similar to Ziziphora clinopodioides­) to diet also was increased the digestion and fermentation, which is consistent with the present experiment.Conclusion Overall, the use of Ziziphora clinopodioides­ supplement in the diet of fattening lambs improved the digestive activity of anaerobic fungi and bacteria isolated from their rumen.}, keywords = {Isolated bacteria,Isolated fungi,Specific culture medium,Two-steps digestion}, title_fa = {تأثیر افزودن سطوح مختلف گیاه کاکوتی (Ziziphora clinopodioides) به جیره بر فعالیت هضمی-تخمیری باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌های بی‌هوازی شکمبه‌ی بره‌های پرواری عربی در شرایط برون‌تنی}, abstract_fa = {پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر استفاده از سطوح مختلف مکمل گیاه کاکوتی در جیره‌ی‌ بره­ی پرواری بر فعالیت هضمی-تخمیری باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌های استخراج شده از شکمبه‌ی آن‌ها انجام شد. در ابتدا، با روش هضم دو مرحله‌ای، بهترین سطح مکمل گیاه کاکوتی در جیره مشخص شد. برای این‌منظور، شش تیمار حاوی سطوح صفر (شاهد)، 2/0، ۴/۰، ۶/۰، ۸/۰ و یک درصد گیاه کاکوتی به یک جیره‌ی استاندارد بره‌های پرواری افزوده شد. سپس بر اساس تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج، از بین آن‌ها شاهد و تیمارهای حاوی سطوح 2/0 و ۴/۰ درصد برای تعیین اثر مکمل کاکوتی بر فعالیت قارچ‌ها و باکتری‌های بی‌هوازی شکمبه‌ای انتخاب شدند. مایع شکمبه برای آزمایش هضم دو مرحله‌ای و کشت باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌های شکمبه‌ای، از چهار رأس بره‌ی نر عربی که به‌مدت چهار هفته با یک جیره‌ی پرواری (مشابه با ترکیب جیره‌ی بخش آزمایشگاهی) تغذیه شده بودند، تهیه شد. قارچ‌ها و باکتری‌های بی‌هوازی نیز از مایع شکمبه‌ی آن‌ها جدا و تخلیص شدند. در آزمایش هضم دو مرحله‌ای، با افزودن مکمل کاکوتی به جیره، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF) و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی (ADF) به‌طور معنی‌داری نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش نشان داد (05/0P<). بیشترین درصد قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، NDF و ADF در جیره‌ی حاوی ۴/۰ درصد کاکوتی و کمترین مقدار در جیره‌ی شاهد مشاهده شد؛ اما جیره‌های حاوی کاکوتی اختلاف معنی‌داری با یکدیگر نداشتند. غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و pH در محیط کشت اختصاصی قارچ‌های شکمبه در روزهای اول، سوم و ششم انکوباسیون و میانگین غلظت کل دوره و نیز در زمان‌های 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از آغاز انکوباسیون جیره‌های آزمایشی با باکتری‌های بی‌هوازی شکمبه، تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفتند. با مکمل کردن کاکوتی در جیره، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و NDF توسط قارچ‌ها در روز اول، سوم و ششم انکوباسیون و توسط باکتری‌های بی‌هوازی شکمبه در زمان‌های 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از آغاز انکوباسیون و میانگین کل دوره آزمایش به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت (05/0P<). تفاوت معنی‌داری در فعالیت هضمی قارچ‌ها و باکتری‌های بی‌هوازی شکمبه در بین جیره‌های حاوی کاکوتی مشاهده نشد. در مجموع، استفاده از مکمل کاکوتی در جیره بره‌های پرواری باعث بهبود فعالیت هضمی قارچ‌ها و باکتری‌های بی‌هوازی جدا شده از شکمبه آن‌ها شد.}, keywords_fa = {باکتری‌های جدا شده,قارچ‌های جدا شده,هضم دو مرحله‌ای,محیط کشت اختصاصی}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39720.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39720_3b667537e37be7726aaea4b616d1ad58.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini nezhad, Seyed Amir and Zarghi, Heydar and Golian, Abolghasem}, title = {Digestible Threonine Requirement of Hy-line W36 Laying Hen Fed a Wheat-Soybean Meal Diet in the Second Cycle of Production}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {525-536}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.0621.39379}, abstract = {Introduction Modern layer strains have high genetic potential for egg production, and may produce eggs for more than one laying cycle by inducing molting. Good egg production is obtained when adequate nutrition is provided, one of the most important nutrients is protein, particularly limited nutritional essential amino acid. Additionally, in layer flocks feed represents more than 70% of the cost of production. In this context, protein is one of the most costly nutrients and therefore there is a benefit in reducing any excess protein in the feed by making use of synthetic amino acids wherever feasible to reduce both the excess waste of nitrogen and the production cost. Synthetic amino acids such as methionine, lysine and threonine are commonly used in the poultry industry because those are limiting in diets based on cereal and soybean meal and are now readily available at a competitive cost. The essential amino acid, threonine, is the third limiting amino acid. Most of the previous research has been done on determining the amino acids requirements of laying hens in the first production cycle, and information on laying hens requirements in the second production cycle is very limited. As a result, the nutrient requirements of second-cycle hens are assumed to be similar to those observed in hens during the first laying cycle in the strain booklet guide and or NRC, 1994. The objective of this study was to determine the digestible Threonine (dig Thr) requirement of laying hen during the second production cycle fed wheat-soy diet as measured by laying performance.Materials and methods The birds that used for this experiment were selected from a flock that were molted at the 80wk of age on a non-fasting feeding program according to the molting recommendation by Hy-line W36 laying hens guide and had 103wk age. Hens were selected according to body weight and egg production. The pre-experimental period was two weeks for acclimatization. Basal diet were formulated according to the guidelines in the Hy-Line W-36 Commercial Management Guide (2016) according to the average pre-experimental period data; egg production less than of 80% and feed intake 98 g/b/d. Three hundred and eighty four layers were distributed to the 6 increasing levels of dig Thr 0.44, 0.46, 0.48, 0.50, 0.52 and 0.54%, with Thr-to-Lys ratio of 60, 63, 66, 69, 72 and 75%, respectively in a completely randomized design, with 8 replicates and 8 birds per experimental unit. The experiment lasted from 105 to 116 weeks of ages. All hens were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period. Birds were given artificial light (16L: 8D). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Egg production (number and weight) and mortality were recorded daily, whereas feed consumption was measured every 4wks as feed disappearance. The daily intakes of Thr were calculated by multiplying the concentration of each in the experimental diet by feed conception. Digestible threonine requirement for optimal laying performance response parameters such as egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) to the daily dig Thr consumption by using NLIN procedure, through linear and quadratic broken-lines and quadratic polynomial regression fit models.Results and discussion The increasing dig Thr levels showed linear effect on egg weight, and quadratic effect on egg production (EP), egg mass (EM), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The EP and EM increased and FCR improved linearly as dietary dig Thr levels increasing up to 0.48% (Thr-to-Lys ratio of 66%), and then EP and EM decreased and FCR deteriorate. The dig Thr requirements for the optimization of laying performance was depends on what parameter is taken into consideration for optimization and it is possible to compare models by their R2 and MAE. In this study, the model that provided the best fit was the quadratic polynomial regression model for EP, EM and FCR. The predicted dig Thr requirements with quadratic polynomial regression model for optimal EP, EM and FCR were 502, 505 and 517 mg/b/d, respectively. The dig Thr requirement to produce 1 g of EM was 9.57 mg. The optimum values estimated for FCR was slightly higher compared to those estimated for EP and EM.Conclusion The outcomes of the present study showed that, in the wheat-soy based diet formulated for second cycle of laying hen the threonine is a limited amino acid. The dig Thr requirements vary according on what parameter is taken into consideration for optimization. The dig Thr requirement for optimized FCR is higher than EP and EM. In the wheat-soy based diet formulated for second cycle of laying hen the level of digestible Thr 0.48% (Thr-to-Lys ratio of 66%) were recommended.}, keywords = {Ideal protein,Performance,Regression equations,Second cycle of production,Threonine}, title_fa = {نیاز ترئونین قابل‌هضم مرغان تخم‌گذار های‌لاین W36 تغذیه شده با جیره گندم-سویا در دوره دوم تولید}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور تعیین نیاز ترئونین قابل‌هضم مرغان تخم‌گذار تغذیه شده با جیره گندم-سویا در دوره دوم تولید آزمایشی با استفاده از 384 قطعه مرغ تخم‌گذار سویه های­لاین W36 در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با شش تیمار، هشت تکرار و هشت قطعه پرنده در هر تکرار در دوره سنی 105 تا 116 هفتگی انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل افزودن ال-ترئونین به جیره به‌منظور تأمین شش سطح ترئونین قابل‌هضم 44/0، 46/0، 48/0، 50/0، 52/0 و 54/0 درصد بودند، به­طوری که نسبت ترئونین به لیزین در جیره­های آزمایشی به ترتیب 60، 63، 66، 69، 72 و 75 درصد حاصل شد. تأثیر سطح ترئونین قابل‌هضم جیره بر درصد تخم‌گذاری، گرم تخم­مرغ تولیدی روزانه و ضریب تبدیل خوراک به­صورت معادله درجه‌دو و بر میانگین وزن تخم­مرغ به­صورت خطی معنی­دار شد. با افزایش غلظت ترئونین قابل‌هضم جیره تا سطح 48/0 درصد، درصد تخم‌گذاری و گرم تخم­مرغ تولیدی روزانه افزایش و ضریب تبدیل خوراک بهبود یافت. با استفاده از مدل­های رگرسیونی نیاز ترئونین قابل‌هضم مرغان تخم‌گذار به­منظور بروز بهینه­ درصد تخم‌گذاری، گرم تخم­مرغ تولیدی روزانه و ضریب تبدیل خوراک به ترتیب 502، 505 و 517 میلی­گرم در روز (معادل 57/9 میلی­گرم به ازای یک گرم تخم­مرغ تولیدی) برآورد شد. نتیجه کلی این‌که در جیره­های بر پایه گندم-سویا برای دوره دوم تولید ترئونین اسید آمینه محدود کننده است، میزان نیاز ترئونین قابل هضم برآورد شده برای بروز بهینه ضریب تبدیل خوراک نسبت به درصد تخم­گذاری و گرم تخم­مرغ تولیدی بیشتر است. تأمین سطح ترئونین قابل هضم جیره 48/0 درصد (نسبت ترئونین به لیزین 66 درصد) توصیه ­می­شود.}, keywords_fa = {پروتئین ایده‌آل,ترئونین,دوره دوم تولید,عملکرد,معادلات رگرسیون}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39379.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39379_b1d32d80a8c792646613e4ce42944dcf.pdf} } @article { author = {Kashef, Motahare and Afsharmanesh, Mohsen and Salarmoini, Mohammad}, title = {Effect of the substitution of different levels of Biochar with mineral premix in diet on growth performance variables, meat quality and bone ash of broiler}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {537-549}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38290.0}, abstract = {Introduction Chicken meat is one of the most important foods and its economic production is essential. In industrial poultry farms, about 70 to 75 percent of production costs are related to feed costs. Therefore, one of the most important goals of poultry nutrition researchers, along with improving the performance and characteristics of poultry carcasses, is to reduce the cost of feed. In addition to edible materials, dietary feed includes feed additives that improve feed conversion, maintain bird health and, consequently, reduce costs and earn the most economic benefits. Any substance that can improve the health and safety of the digestive tract is of particular importance in feeding poultry. The presence of minerals in animal feed is necessary for the animal’s metabolic processes.  In fact, they are catalyst for many enzymatic systems, and part of hundreds of molecules involved in intermediary metabolism, hormone secretion, antibacterial effects, and immune defense systems; as a result, it influences growth performance, meat quality and appetite of broiler chickens. Traditionally, according to various feeding standards, minerals are supplemented in broiler diet in the form of inorganic salts, i.e.: carbonates, oxides, or sulfates to provide the birds’ requirements.Therefore, one of the ways to reduce the cost of feed rations is to replace useful and low-cost compounds with mineral supplements. In recent decades, the use of feed additives in poultry diets has been considered to increase their production. One of these additives is humic compounds. Humic compounds are a compelex of compounds that are produced from the decomposition of organic matter, especially plants, soil and coal. Biochar is produced by pyrolysis from various types of biomass in a low-to-no oxygenthermal process at temperatures ranging from 350 to 1,000ºC. In addition to its use as a dietary supplement, the use of biochar in nutrition has been considered as a dietary supplement in recent years. It improves nutrition and thus better digestion and absorption of nutrients and limits the activity of toxins such as dioxin, glyphosate, mycotoxins and pesticides and reduces side effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This experiment was carried out to study the effects of replacement different levels of Biochar with the mineral supplement of diet on performance, meat quality, and bone ash in broiler chickens.Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted with 250 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) in a completely randomized design with five treatments, and five replicates (10 birds per replicate) for 42 days. The treatments included: 1) control diet (without Biochar, contain mineral supplement), 2) control diet whit 25% Biochar plus 75% mineral supplement, 3) control diet whit 50% Biochar plus 50% mineral supplement, 4) control diet whit 75% Biochar plus 25% mineral supplement, 5) control diet whit 100% Biochar plus mineral supplement. Birds and feeds were weighed at days 1, 21, and 42 on a cage basis. The body weight gain, body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined. The meat lipid oxidation was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay described previously. The pH of meat was measured with a pH meter by homogenizing 5 g of sample with 25 ml of distilled. To estimate the water holding capacity, one g of the meat samples were put in tissue paper inside a tube and centrifuged (for 4 min at 1500 g). Then meat samples were dried at 70˚C for 24 h. Cooking loss was determined via the difference between raw weight and cooked weight, and expressed as a percentage of the original weight. The drip loss was determined as the percentage of weight loss of meat samples under standardized conditions. Color values L∗ (lightness), a∗ (redness), and b∗ (yellowness) were determined with a previously described digital imaging method. The hue angle (arc tangent of b*/a*), and chroma (saturation index) √ (a*2 + b*2) were also determined. The crude ash of bone samples was analyzed according to standardized methods.Results and Discussion In the whole period of experiment, the replacement of mineral supplements with Biochar  could not make a significant difference on body weight, feed intake, food conversion rate (FCR), European Production Index, bone ash. Meat pH of birds fed 75% Biochar was higher than in all treatments and dripping loss of 75% Biochar was significantly lower than other treatments but here are no significant difference between other treatments. Brightness and yellowness were not affected by the experimental treatment, but the redness index was higher in 75% and 50% Biochar than in other treatments. Therefore, Biochar can replace dietary mineral supplements due to the presence of humic substances and the presence of mineral elements in its composition. Also, due to the low price of Biochar, the use of this substance instead of dietary mineral supplements, makes the use of minerals more desirable and reduces the cost of the diet of broilers. In the present study, the use of Biochar and its substitution with dietary supplements, due to its mineral content and humic acid, improved meat quality of broilers. Despite the lack of a significant difference between the price of a diet ration and a diet containing Biochar, it seems that the use of Biochar can replace dietary minerals and reduce the economic costs of the diet, which is an important issue in the poultry industry.The lack of altered bone ash in broiler chickens fed Biochar containing humic acid in this experiment was probably due to the adequate and balanced levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet and therefore due to the lack of effect of humic acid in Biochar . This result may be due to adequate supply of minerals in treatments containing Biochar compared to control group treatment that has made no change in bone ash from control group.Conclusion In conclusion, the use of Biochar at 75% level without affecting the performance, improved the meat quality (meat pH, redness color index and dripping loss percentage) of broiler chickens.}, keywords = {Drip loss,economic index,Humic acid,Redness color index}, title_fa = {اثر جایگزینی سطوح مختلف بیوچار با مکمل معدنی جیره بر شاخص‌های عملکرد رشد، کیفیت گوشت و خاکستر استخوان جوجه‌های گوشتی}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه به­منظور ارزیابی اثر جایگزینی سطوح مختلف بیوچار (Biochar) با مکمل معدنی جیره بر شاخص­های عملکرد رشد، کیفیت گوشت و خاکستر استخوان جوجه­های گوشتی انجام شد. این آزمایش با 250 قطعه جوجه گوشتی سویه راس 308 در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار، 5 تکرار و 10 قطعه جوجه در هر پن اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل: 1) جیره شاهد (بدون ماده بیوچار و حاوی 100 درصد مکمل معدنی)، 2) جیره شاهد و جایگزینی 25 درصد مکمل معدنی با ماده بیوچار، 3) جیره شاهد و جایگزینی 50 درصد مکمل معدنی با ماده بیوچار، 4) جیره شاهد و جایگزینی 75 درصد مکمل معدنی با ماده بیوچار و 5) جیره جایگزینی100 درصد مکمل معدنی با ماده بیوچار بودند. در کل دوره آزمایش، جایگزینی مکمل مواد معدنی با بیوچار بر وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک، ضریب تبدیل خوراک، خاکستر استخوان و شاخص تولید اروپایی اثر نداشت. میزانpH  گوشت در تیمار 75 درصد بیوچار بدون تفاوت معنی­داری با تیمار 25 درصد از همه تیمارها بیشتر و میزان افت خونابه تیمار 75 درصد بیوچار از همه تیمار­ها کمتر بود اما بین بقیه تیمار­ها تفاوت معنی­داری دیده نشد. شاخص رنگ روشنایی و زردی تحت تاثیر ماده آزمایشی قرار نگرفت اما شاخص رنگ قرمزی در تیمار 75 درصد و 50 درصد بیوچار مشابه و از سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. به­طور کلی، استفاده از بیوچار در سطح 75 درصد علاوه بر داشتن عملکرد مشابه با تیمار شاهد سبب بهبود کیفیت گوشت جوجه­های گوشتی (pH گوشت، درصد افت خونابه و شاخص رنگ قرمزی) شد. از جنبه اقتصادی نیز، جایگزینی مکمل معدنی جیره با بیوچار موجب کاهش چشمگیر هزینه جیره شد.}, keywords_fa = {اسید هیومیک,درصد افت خونابه,شاخص اقتصادی,شاخص رنگ قرمزی}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39821.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39821_6a06de5d450ae9eeebcd628746ad9e38.pdf} } @article { author = {Noruzi, Hadi and Hassanabadi, Ahmad and Golian, Abolghasem}, title = {Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus restriction during grower period on growth performance, carcass traits, blood and bone parameters and broiler chickens adaptation in finisher period}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {551-567}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38295.0}, abstract = { Introduction: In recent years, increasing feed costs in broiler production encouraged nutritionists to reduce feeding expenditure, along with maintaining optimal performance of broiler chickens and minimizing environmental pollution. Phosphorus and calcium are two important minerals in the poultry diets, which is necessary to accurately feeding these minerals in the poultry nutrition. Environmental contamination, as a result of over-feeding of phosphorus by poultry, is a matter of concern, which has urged researchers to seek solutions such as reducing dietary phosphorus concentrations without adversely affecting the growth performance. Also, due to the interaction effect of phosphorus and calcium in the gastrointestinal tract, the ratio and balance between these two elements is also important. It has been argued that broiler chicks, when fed by diets containing lower levels of phosphorus and calcium, absorb these materials with higher efficacy and thus reduce their excretion from the gastrointestinal tract. Yan et al. (2005) reported that feeding broiler chickens with diets containing reduced levels of phosphorus and calcium during starter phase, and then using diets containing sufficient levels of phosphorus and calcium, caused better utilization and bone mineralization. Birds respond to dietary phosphorus and calcium content, by increasing the expression of mRNA encoding calcium and phosphorus transporters in the small intestine.More studies are needed to optimize the levels of phosphorus and calcium in the early stages of growth, as well as fine-tuning the appropriate time period for decreasing them with the aim of designing nutritional strategies that increase the utilization of phosphorus and improving the growth performance and mineralization of the bones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of phosphorus and calcium restriction during grower phase and its effect on growth performance, blood and bone parameters and adaptation response in broiler chicks.Materials and Methods: A total of 648 one-day-old male broiler chicks of the Ross 308 strain were used in this study. The chicks were randomly distributed into floor pens (1.2 m × 1m). During the starter period (1-10 d), all birds were fed with a standard diet containing recommended nutrients of the Ross 308 strain. Then, the experimental diets in the grower period (11-24 d) were included: 1) standard diet as control 2) diets with 15% reduction in available phosphorus (aP) and calcium (Ca) and 3) diets with 30% reduction in aP and Ca. In this period, the control treatment included 6 replicates of 12 chicks, and the other two treatments included 24 replicates with 12 chicks each. On d 25 of age, each treatment group (except control) was divided into 4 treatment groups including 0, 10, 20 and 30% reduction in aP and Ca levels for the finisher period diets; so that a total of 9 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and 12 birds per pen were formed. Average body weight (BW), daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at the end of grower and finisher periods. On day 24, one bird from each pen, weighing closest to the mean body weight was selected and slaughtered, and the carcass parts, as well as internal organs were weighted and expressed relative to live body weight. Blood samples were taken from wing vein of 5 chicks in each treatment on day 24 and serum Ca, Pi and ALP levels were analyzed. Percentage of ash, Ca, Pi and breaking strength of tibia, were measured at the ages of 24 and 42 days. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure in SAS software (SAS, 2009). Statistical significance of differences among treatments was assessed using Duncan’s test when the F-test from the ANOVA was declared significant (P< 0.05). The probability level between 0.05 and 0.1 was considered as a marginal trend toward significance. Linear and quadratic contrast was also investigated in response to dietary calcium and phosphorus reduction at the end of each experimental period (grower and finisher).Results and Discussion: The results of this experiment showed that none of growth performance parameters were affected by the treatments during the grower, finisher and the whole experimental period. The relative liver weight was increased in a linear trend with dietary calcium and phosphorus reduction at 24 d of age. Similarly, serum alkaline phosphatase level was linearly increased with decreasing of calcium and phosphorus reduction at 24 d of age. Tibia ash, calcium and phosphorus percentage were significantly affected by experimental treatments; so that they were decreased in a linear trend when dietary calcium and phosphorus decreased at 24 and 42 d of age. Tibia breaking strength was not significantly affected at 24 d of age; nevertheless, it had a trend to be significant and was decreased in response to decreasing dietary calcium and phosphorus at 42 d of age. The different response between growth performance and bone characteristics can be due to the fact that calcium and phosphorus requirements are higher for maximum bone function than soft tissues growth. In fact, bone contains 99% and 80% of the body's calcium and phosphorus, respectively. Both act as the main component of hydroxyapatite during the hardening of soft tissue in combination with the organic bone matrix to increase the mechanical strength of bone.Conclusion: The present study showed that reducing the percentage of dietary calcium and phosphorus, despite their significant effect on the blood and bone characteristics of broilers chicken had no significant effect on broilers growth performance. In general, available phosphorus and calcium can be reduced by 15% during the grower period and up to 10% in the finisher period. However, further reduction in the percentage of calcium and phosphorus of diet can lead to adverse effects on the measured traits.}, keywords = {Alkaline phosphatase,Breaking strength,Feed intake,Tibia ash,Weight gain}, title_fa = {تأثیر محدودیت کلسیم و فسفر جیره در دوره رشد بر عملکرد، صفات لاشه و فراسنجه‌های خون، استخوان و عادت‌پذیری جوجه‌های گوشتی در دوره پایانی}, abstract_fa = {‌به‌منظور بررسی اثر محدودیت کلسیم و فسفر جیره در دوره رشد بر عملکرد، شاخص‌های لاشه، فراسنجه‌های خون، استخوان و پاسخ عادت‌پذیری جوجه‌های گوشتی در دوره پایانی، آزمایشی با استفاده از 648 قطعه جوجه‌ گوشتی یک‌روزه نر سویه‌ راس 308 در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد. تمام جوجه‌ها در دوره آغازین با یک جیره استاندارد تغذیه شدند. سه تیمار آزمایشی در دوره‌ رشد (24-11 روزگی) شامل: 1) جیره‌ استاندارد (سطح توصیه شده) ‌به‌عنوان شاهد، 2) جیره‌ با 15 درصد کاهش در میزان کلسیم و فسفر قابل‌دسترس نسبت به احتیاجات، 3) جیره‌ با 30 درصد کاهش در میزان کلسیم و فسفر قابل‌دسترس نسبت به احتیاجات بود. در این دوره، تیمار شاهد دارای 6 تکرار 12 قطعه‌ای و دو تیمار دیگر هر کدام شامل 24 تکرار با 12 قطعه جوجه بودند. در ابتدای دوره پایانی (25 روزگی) هر تیمار (به‌جز ‌تیمار شاهد) به 4 گروه شامل صفر، 10، 20 و 30 درصد کاهش در سطح کلسیم و فسفر قابل‌دسترس جیره تقسیم شد؛ به‌طوری که در این دوره 9 تیمار با 6 تکرار و 12 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار تشکیل شد. عملکرد رشد پرندگان در دوره‌ رشد، پایانی و کل دوره‌ آزمایشی تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. وزن نسبی کبد در سن 24 روزگی با کاهش سطح کلسیم و فسفر‌ قابل‌دسترس با یک روند خطی افزایش یافت. غلظت آلکالین‌فسفاتاز خون جوجه‌ها در سن 24 روزگی تحت ‌تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت؛ به‌طوری که با کاهش سطح کلسیم و فسفر جیره، غلظت این آنزیم با یک روند خطی افزایش یافت. میزان خاکستر، کلسیم و فسفر استخوان درشت‌نی در سن 24 و 42 روزگی به‌طور ‌معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت؛ به‌طوری که با کاهش سطح کلسیم و فسفر قابل‌دسترس جیره، با یک روند خطی کاهش یافتند. مقاومت در برابر شکست استخوان درشت‌نی در سن 24 روزگی معنی‌دار نبود؛ با این وجود در سن 42 روزگی تمایل به معنی‌داری داشت و با کاهش سطح کلسیم و فسفر قابل‌دسترس جیره کاهش یافت. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که می‌توان کلسیم و فسفر قابل‌دسترس جیره جوجه‌های گوشتی در دوره رشد را تا 15 درصد و در دوره پایانی تا 10 درصد بدون تأثیر منفی بر عملکرد رشد کاهش داد.}, keywords_fa = {آلکالین‌فسفاتاز,افزایش وزن,خاکستر درشت‌نی,مقاومت در برابر شکست,مصرف خوراک}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39381.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39381_779a18b032778e663581c9f315da6285.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghasemi, Hossein Ali and Haj Khodadadi, Iman and Moradi, Mohammad Hossein}, title = {Effect of different levels of threonine and dietary electrolyte balance on growth performance, blood biochemistry, and immune response of broiler chickens under high environmental temperature conditions}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {569-583}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i4.87115}, abstract = {Introduction Although there are different ways of reducing the adverse effects of heat stress, including changing feeding methods and using various supplements in feed and drinking water, most of these methods are associated with reduced performance. Changes in dietary electrolyte balance have been suggested as one of the effective ways to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry. Although most studies found that amino acid metabolism can both affect or be affected by the acid-base balance of the body, the relationship between the dietary electrolyte balance and the dietary threonine concentration in broilers has not been well explained, especially under high temperature condition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different DEB and threonine levels on growth performance, biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, thyroid hormones, and immune response of broiler chickens reared under high environmental temperature conditions.Materials and Methods A total of 600 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used to investigate the effect of different levels of threonine and dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on performance, serum biochemical parameters and antibody response under summer temperature condition. All birds received a common starter diet in mash form and were raised conventionally up to 10 days of age, after which they were reared following a completely randomized, 3 × 2 factorial design experiment with 5 replicate pens of 20 birds each. Treatments consisted of two threonine levels (100 and 110 % of the commercially recommended levels) and 3 levels of DEB (175, 250 and 325 mEq/kg of diet). The average minimum and maximum temperatures inside the poultry house recorded from 11 to 42 days of age were 23.7 and 37.3 °C, respectively, with a relative humidity of 55 ± 3.45%. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds were determined during the grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25–42 days) periods, and also for the total experimental period (11–42 days). Two birds per replicate pen were randomly selected to evaluate the cell-mediated immune response to phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on days 36 and 37. Blood samples (2 samples per replicate) were collected for measuring antibody responses (days 28 and 35), and also for biochemical analysis (day 42).Results The results showed that the low DEB group significantly increased ADG over 11 to 24 and 11 to 42 days, but reduced (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio and mortality rate over the entire experiment (11 to 42 days). An increase in the superoxide dismutase activity was also associated with an increase in the DEB of the diet (P<0.05). Increasing the threonine level in the diet decreased the blood triglyceride concentration, but elevated the values of blood uric acid, thyroxin, and superoxide dismutase, as well as the toe web thickness 24 hours after PHA-P injection (P < 0.05). The interactions between DEB and threonine levels were observed for relative thymus weight and primary antibody titers against infectious bronchitis vaccine, indicating that the effects of threonine on these traits were more marked in broiler chickens fed on the high DEB diets. Discussion The chickens suffer from respiratory alkalosis in heat stress, and thus an increase in sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate, which leads to increased dietary DEB, exacerbates respiratory alkalosis. Accordingly, the lowest growth performance in this experiment belonged to the high DEB group (325 mEq/kg diet), which was achieved by adding potassium bicarbonate from 0.88% in the growth diet to 0.95% in the final diet. On the other hand, reducing dietary DEB value (with increasing the concentration of dietary chloride) has been reported to reduce blood pH by reducing the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood, and even cause metabolic acidosis, which could be a reason for improved growth performance of broilers that received the low DEB diet. In the present study, the high DEB diet could improve immune response, but those values were higher when birds were fed diets containing 110% threonine, as indicated by the interaction between DEB and threonine level. The reason for this change in the immune response to an increase in dietary threonine levels with modifications in acid-base balance is unknown. This may be linked to enhancing the production of ammonium in the kidney due to increased amino acid concentration, which stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation of the tissues. This effect, in turn, may increase antibody synthesis by increasing threonine levels under alkaline conditions. Another factor for the negative effect of the high-DEB diet on growth performance could be the stimulation of the immune system. By stimulating the immune system, nutrients will be used to produce immunoglobulins and hence growth will be retarded. Under the condition of this study, the addition of threonine to the diet at 110% of the commercially recommended level increased the superoxide dismutase activity. Similarly, increasing dietary levels of threonine from 85 to 125% of the NRC recommendation increased serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in broilers. In addition, reducing the DEB increased blood superoxide dismutase activity, which could be a reason for improved growth performance in the related-groups under heat stress conditions.Conclusion According to the results of this study, decreasing the DEB from 325 to 175 mEq/kg could have beneficial impacts on growth performance and antioxidant status, while increasing dietary threonine from 100 to 110% of the strain recommendation had positive effects on the immune response and antioxidant status in heat-stressed broiler chickens. In addition, using threonine at 110% of the commercially recommended level in a high DEB diet could improve the immunity of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions.}, keywords = {Threonine,Dietary electrolyte balance,Broilers,Performance,Summer}, title_fa = {اثرات سطوح مختلف ترئونین و تعادل الکترولیتی جیره بر عملکرد رشد، بیوشیمی خون و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی تحت شرایط دمای بالای محیطی}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف ترئونین و تعادل الکترولیتی جیره­ بر عملکرد رشد، فراسنجه­های بیوشیمی خون و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه­های گوشتی، از تعداد 600 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر یکروزه (سویه راس 308) در شرایط دمایی فصل تابستان استفاده شد. این آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به­صورت فاکتوریل 2×3 در 5 تکرار (20 جوجه در هر تکرار) انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل 2 سطح ترئونین (سطح 100 و  110 درصد توصیه راهنمای سویه راس) و 3 تعادل الکترولیتی جیره (175، 250 و 325 میلی­اکی­والان در کیلوگرم جیره) بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که اثر متقابل بین تعادل الکترولیتی و سطح ترئونین جیره بر وزن نسبی تیموس و عیار اولیه پادتن علیه واکسن برونشیت عفونی مشاهده شد. تعادل الکترولیتی پایین (175 میلی­اکی­والان در کیلوگرم جیره) در مقایسه با تعادل الکترولیتی بالا، موجب بهبود معنی­دار میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه و فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاهش ضریب تبدیل غذایی و تلفات گردید. همچنین کاهش معنی­دار غلظت تری­گلیسرید خون و افزایش غلظت اسید اوریک، فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و غلظت هورمون تیروکسین در گروه­های با سطح ترئونین بالا در مقایسه با تیمار حاوی سطح نرمال ترئونین مشاهده شد. با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه به نظر می­رسد که کاهش تعادل الکترولیتی پایین جیره به میزان 175 میلی­اکی­والان در کیلوگرم جیره اثرات مفید بر بهبود عملکرد رشد و وضعیت آنتی­اکسیدانی و همچنین افزایش ترئونین جیره از 100 به 110 درصد سطح توصیه شده تجاری اثرات مثبتی بر وضعیت ایمنی و آنتی اکسیدانی در جوجه­های گوشتی در شرایط تنش حرارتی دارد. همچنین نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که در شرایط مشابه، افزایش سطح ترئونین به میزان 110 درصد سطح توصیه شده تجاری در جیره با تعادل الکترولیتی بالا سبب بهبود سیستم ایمنی می­گردد.}, keywords_fa = {ترئونین,تعادل الکترولیتی جیره,جوجه‌های گوشتی,عملکرد رشد,دمای تابستان}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39111.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39111_d729d67ae34428e1f4d0b9ac202aadd0.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghorbani, Karim and Ghorbani, Mohammad Reza and Tatar, Ahmad and Hassanvand, Ahmad}, title = {Nutritional Value of White Grape Pomace (Vitis Vinifera L.) and Effect of its Varying Levels on Growth Performance and Blood Charactristics of Broiler Chickens}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {585-600}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38315.0}, abstract = {Introduction One of the most important challenges in poultry industry is supplying of feedstuff. The international prices of this feedstuff have increased the costs of poultry production, and therefore, reduced marketing margins. Additionally, due to the high amount of wastes from the agricultural sector and food industry, proper management of these resources and identifying the nutritional value, makes it possible to produce cheap and suitable ingredients for poultry which are not competitive with human food. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the largest fruit crop in Iran with annual production of 2.5 million metric tons. Grape pomace (GP) is a by-product of grape processing for ethanol, fruit juice and vinegar production and including stems, skins, seeds and peels and these residues are about 20-25% of the weight of the original grape. Considerable production of this by-product encourages animal nutritionists to study its nutritive value. It has shown that GP has about 8-13 % crude protein (CP), 6.2-8.4 % ether extract (EE) and 22.3-36.8 % crude fiber (CF) and 2642.19 kcal/kg apparent metabolizable energy (AME). Grape skins and seeds are rich sources of flavonoids. Studies have shown flavonoids have the capacity to act as powerful antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and terminating oxidative reactions. Also, phenolic component of grapes have shown inhibitory effect on bacteria. It was reported that inclusion of up to 10% GP in diets did not adversely affect broiler chickens’ performance and improved their antioxidant and immune responses.Materials and Methods Two independent experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value and metabolizable energy of GP and study its effect on performance of broiler chicken. In the first experiment, AOAC method (3) was used for determination of proximate analysis of GP. Forced feeding method was used for determination of GP metabolizable energy. In the second experiment, a total of 450, one day old broiler chicks (Ross -308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments, five replicates and 15 birds per replicate. Experimental treatments were the levels of 0 (control, basal diet, based on corn and soybean meal), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 % of GP included to basal diet. The diets were in mash form and formulated according to Ross -308 strain recommendations. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the experiment. All broilers fed same diet in stater period (1-10 d of age) and turned to experimental diets from day 11. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds in each pen was recorded weekly and calculated for grower (11-24 d), finisher 1 (25–39 d), finisher 2 (40-49 d)  and total periods (11-49 d) for each bird. On day 49, one chick per replicate was slaughtered after 5 hours starvation and carcass characteristics were determined. At the end of experiment (49 d), blood samples were collected from one bird per replicate to determine blood biochemical characteristics.Results and Discussion The results of this experiment showed that the GP contains about 7.13% CP, 4.92 % EE, 26.85 % CF and 5.86 % ash. Its gross energy and different terms of metabolizable energy such as AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were 3371.75, 2223.58, 2221.04, 1527.63 and 1526.13 kcal/kg DM respectively. In biological part of experiment, and in total period, broiler BWG was decreased and FCR was increased when higher levels of GP (12 and 15%) were added to their diets in comparison with control. It was reported that GP contains high level of fiber and polymeric polyphenols as procyanidins could be bound and precipitated both dietary and endogenous proteins, and negatively affected poultry performance. Also, it was reported that GP tannins have adverse effects on nutrient utilization, and are toxic at high intake levels, due to their ability to bind proteins, minerals and carbohydrates. Relative weight of abdominal fat was decreased when high level of (15 %) GP used in broiler diet (P<0.05). The reduction in relative weight of thighs and abdominal fat, is probably due to reduced digestion and absorption of nutrients. It was indicated that polyphenols (specially condensed tannin) are able to inhibit a range of enzymes including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase and trypsin activity, therefore the digestion of charbohydrate, lipid and protein were adversely affected. Blood serum concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL were decreased and LDL concentration was increased when GP levels were increased in broiler diets (P<0.05). The mechanism by which dietary GP supplements affect the concentrations of plasma lipids is not fully understood. However, it was showed that herbs and herbal products induce hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.Conclusion In conclusion, the results of the present experiment shows that the crude fiber content of grape pomace is high and its crude protein content is low. Due to the high level of fiber content of grape pomace, its metabolizable energy is relatively low (1527.63 kcal/kg DM). Inclusion of up to 9% grape pomace in broiler diets had no negative effect on feed conversion ratio. Although, broiler performance, was depressed by dietary inclusion in higher levels.}, keywords = {Cholesterol,Crude protein,Grape pomace,Growth performance,Metabolizable energy}, title_fa = {ارزش غذایی تفاله انگور سفید (Vitis vinifera L.) و تاثیر سطوح مختلف آن بر عملکرد رشد و شاخص های خونی جوجه‌های گوشتی}, abstract_fa = {  در این آزمایش جهت تعیین ترکیبات شیمیایی تفاله انگورسفید از روش‌های معمول آزمایشگاهی استفاده شد و محتوای انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز آن با استفاده از خروس‌های بالغ لگهورن تعیین گردید. در آزمایش دوم اثر استفاده از سطوح مختلف تفاله انگور بر عملکرد جوجه‌های گوشتی با استفاده از450 قطعه جوجه یک ‌روزه سویه راس 308 در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 6 تیمار، پنج تکرار و 15 قطعه جوجه در هر تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سطوح صفر (شاهد، جیره پایه براساس ذرت وکنجاله سویا) 3، 6، 9، 12و 15 درصد تفاله انگور سفید بودند. نتایج بررسی ترکیبات شیمیایی تفاله انگور نشان داد مقدار پروتئین خام، چربی خام، خاکستر و فیبر خام تفاله انگور به ترتیب برابر با 13/7، 92/4، 86/5 و 85/26 درصد بود. مقادیر انرژی خام و انواع انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز تفاله انگورشامل TME، TMEn، AME و AMEn به ترتیب برابر 75/3371، 58/2223، 02/2221، 63/1527و13/1526 کیلوکالری درکیلوگرم ماده خشک بودند. افزودن سطوح بالای تفاله انگور به جیره غذایی (12و 15درصد) سبب کاهش افزایش وزن بدن و افزایش ضریب تبدیل غذایی در کل دوره در مقایسه با گروه شاهد شد (05/0˂P). وزن نسبی چربی محوطه شکمی با افزایش سطح تفاله انگورکاهش یافتند(05/0˂P). غلظت گلوکز، اسیداوریک، تری­گلیسرید،کلسترول و لیپوپروتئین با چگالی بالای سرم جوجه‌های گوشتی به هنگام استفاده ازتفاله انگورکاهش یافتند (05/0˂P). نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد استفاده ازتفاله انگور تا سطح 9 درصد در کل دوره آزمایش تأثیر نامطلوبی بر ضریب تبدیل غذایی جوجه‌های گوشتی ندارد.}, keywords_fa = {انرژی قابل سوخت ‌و ساز,پروتئین خام,تفاله انگور,کلسترول}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39579.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39579_70dc323f0789956c3dfbc7a7d6826d9b.pdf} } @article { author = {Sedghi, Mohammad and Dalvi Esfahani, Mojtaba and Mahdavi, Amir-Hossein and Ghasemi, Raziye}, title = {Effects of Barley Malt Extract on Performance, Immune Responses and Jejunal Histology of Laying Hens}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {601-614}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38287.0}, abstract = {Introduction: Several studies have been performed in order to improve feed utilization and reduce the feed costs. For this purpose, various additives have been used to improve the health and production performance of poultry. Barley malt extract is one of the additives that has recently been introduced for using in domestic animal feeds. Barley malt extract is produced from barley grains through a process called the malting. Malting is the process of cereal grains germination that have been dried. The germination starts by soaking barley grains in water. The malting process make changes in barley, which involves the alteration and degradation of phenolic compounds and the production of Maillard reaction products, which have a significant effect on the antioxidant content of malt. Malt is known as a natural source of antioxidants, B vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Malt extract is available in both powder and liquid forms, the liquid form of that is thick syrup and has been used extensively for several applications, such as brewing, baking, food flavoring or as an appetizer. The results of previous study showed that adding malt extract to the broiler diet can improve performance of broiler as well as villus width and villi surface area. However, based on our literature review there is no data available to evaluate the effect of adding barley malt extract on the performance of laying hens. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of barley malt extract to the diet on performance, egg quality, immune response and intestinal morphology of laying hens during 29 to 46 weeks of age.Materials and Methods: In this study, 432 Hyline W36 laying hens were used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replicates of 24 birds each, for 18 weeks. The experimental treatments included 0, 0.2 and 0.4% barley malt extract levels. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg mass, egg weight, shell thickness and strength, shell weight and internal quality characteristics of eggs were evaluated during the experiment. In addition, antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Newcastle and influenza viruses were measured two times at specific intervals after the respective vaccinations. At the end of the experimental period after slaughter, 2-cm segment was separated from the jejunal region anterior to Meckel’s diverticulum. Tissue samples were evaluated for the villus height, villus width, crypt depth, villus height:crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), villus surface area, muscular layer and epithelial layer.Results and Discussion: The results showed that although percentage of egg production, egg weight and egg mass were not affected by the experimental treatments, but adding malt extract numerically showed better egg production persistency at the end of experimental period. Also feed conversion ratio and feed intake in the laying hens at 28 to 46 weeks of age (peak production and post-peak) were not affected by the experimental treatments. Egg shell thickness (P<0.001), haugh unit(HU) index and yolk height (P<0.01) were affected by experimental treatments, briefly treatments supplemented with malt extract showed higher egg quality for mentioned criteria as compared to the control group. Furthermore the treatments supplemented with barley malt extract numerically increased eggshell strength (P=0.076). Total antibody concentration against SRBC and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) increased in the treatments supplemented with 0.2 and 0.4% barley malt extract during the primary period (p < 0.05). Antibody productions were not affected against the Newcastle viruses. In the first period of the experimental treatment antibody production were affected against influenza viruses; briefly, the highest antibody production was related to those birds that fed with the control diet. In addition, the results show that supplementation of barley malt extract in the diet can increase the villi height, villi height to crypt depth ratio and villi surface area. Villus width, crypt depth and muscular and epithelial layer were not influenced by adding barley malt extract to the laying hen diet. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that adding barley malt extract to the diet of laying hen may improve egg quality and antibodies production against SRBC. Furthermore, barley malt extract may increase the villus height, villus height: crypt depth ratio and villi surface area, and consequently improve the digestive capacity of laying hens.}, keywords = {Barley malt extract,Immune system,Intestinal Histology,laying hens,Performance}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر عصاره مالت جو بر عملکرد، پاسخ‌های ایمنی و تغییرات هیستولوژیک ژژنوم مرغ-های تخمگذار}, abstract_fa = {مطالعه­ حاضر با هدف بررسی تاثیر افزودن سطوح مختلف عصاره مالت جو (BME) بر عملکرد، کیفیت تخم­مرغ، پاسخ سیستم ایمنی و هیستولوژی روده مرغ­های تخمگذار از سن 29 تا 46 هفتگی انجام گردید. بدین منظور، تعداد 432 قطعه مرغ تخمگذار سویه های­لاین 36W در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تیمار و 6 تکرار و 24 جوجه در هر تکرار استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سطوح صفر، 2/0 و 4/0 درصد BME بود. تولید تخم­مرغ به صورت روزانه، مصرف خوراک و ضریب تبدیل خوراک به صورت هفتگی و کیفیت تخم­مرغ در دو سن 38 و 44 هفتگی اندازه گیری شد. هم‌چنین تیتر آنتی­بادی علیه گلبول قرمز خون گوسفندی (SRBC)، ویروس نیوکاسل و آنفولانزا اندازه­گیری شد. در انتهای دوره آزمایش تغییرات هیستومورفولوژیک ژژنوم مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که درصد تولید، وزن و توده ­تخم­مرغ، ضریب تبدیل غذایی و مصرف خوراک تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. ضخامت، استحکام پوسته و صفات داخلی تخم­مرغ (واحد هاو و ارتفاع زرده) در تیمارهای دریافت­کننده BME نسبت به تیمار شاهد بهبود یافت. تولید آنتی­بادی کل و IgG علیه SRBC در تیمارهای دریافت­کننده 2/0 و 4/0 درصد BME افزایش یافت. تولید آنتی­بادی علیه ویروس نیوکاسل و آنفولانزا تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. هم‌چنین نتایج نشان داد که افزودن BME در جیره سبب افزایش طول پرز و نسبت طول پرز به عمق کریپت شد؛ هرچند بر عرض پرز و عمق کریپت اثر معنی­داری نداشت. به طور کلی افزودن BME به جیره می­تواند سبب تداوم بهتر درصد تولید بعد از پیک و بهبود شاخص­های کیفی تخم­مرغ، افزایش تیتر آنتی­بادی علیه SRBC و افزایش طول پرز و نسبت طول پرز به عمق کریپت در روده کوچک مرغ­های تخمگذار شود.}, keywords_fa = {سیستم‌ایمنی,عصاره مالت جو,عملکرد,مرغ تخمگذار,هیستولوژی روده}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_40892.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_40892_d5cfda4b4e3a27d2f25593c873cda234.pdf} } @article { author = {Seyeddokht, Atefe and Rahmaninia, Javad}, title = {A survey on effect of multilayer perceptron on the accuracy of selection of silkworm (Bombyx mori) microRNA genes}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {615-627}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2020.38276.0}, abstract = {Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of non-protein-coding small RNA (ncRNA) molecules and have important roles in the regulation of both plant and animal developmental procedures. Generally, sequences of miRNA demonstrate high sequence conservation across animals and are produced from the primary stem-loop structure in the nucleus, which is an important feature of miRNAs. MiRNAs are one of the most important regulatory factors involved in post-transcriptional levels of gene expression that contribute to the modulation of a large number of physiological processes such as development, metabolism and disease occurrence. To date, A few studies related to miRNAs of the economically important silkworm, Bombyx mori, have been carried out, focusing on detection, expression study, and prediction of function. Machine learning approaches are crucial for prediction success. These methods can solve classification problem.Materials and Method Although hundreds of miRNAs have been detected in different animals, a lot of them are still unknown. Then, finding of novel miRNA genes is an essential step for understanding miRNA intervened post transcriptional regulation processes. It appears that biological methods to recognize miRNA genes might be inadequate in their capacity to identify uncommon miRNAs and are further limited to the tissues surveyed and the developmental phase of the animal under experiment. These restrictions have led to the development of new computational methods attempting to detect potential miRNAs. Experimentally verified miRNA sequences in miRBase release 22.0 were extracted for inclusion in the positive data set. In the miRBase, the reported secondary structures were predicted by a collection of RNA folding software packages. Consequently, in this study for uniformity, all miRNA secondary structures analyzed using RNAfold packages. The major step for machine learning approaches is the selection of a suitable negative dataset. It is important for a well-trained classifier. If the sequences are too artificial, e.g. completely random sequences, then there is a risk that the classifiers will not be well trained to differentiate between different categories of real biological sequences. Conversely, if the negative dataset is too similar to the positive dataset, the classifiers will be unable to find a way to adequately differentiate between these two data sets. We investigated several different types of negative sequences and finally selected negative sequences which made the best distinction with positive data set. The positive training dataset for our classifier development composed of known silkworm pre miRNAs, while the negative training dataset composed of other ncRNA sequences. Our feature set composed of various features and selecting the most discriminative set of features would increase the performance, efficiency and comprehensibility of a classifier method by reducing its complexity.Results and Discussion Secondary structural patterns of pre miRNA used in this study such as the intramolecular base pairing of pre miRNA is an important beneficial feature for miRNAs classification. The selective powers of the two different classes of miRNAs secondary structural conformation (dot-bracket notation) were analyzed. Secondary structural feature of miRNA such as Minimum Free Energy, Watson-crick base pairing (AU, GC), Wobble base pairing (G-U) and unpaired bases (A, G, C, U) is analyzed by different algorithms. Here we could successfully solve classification problem by developing an effective classification system using machine learning techniques. Our approach includes introducing more representative datasets, extracting new effective biological features, and comprehensive evaluating of classification performance through these methods via cross-validation. Performance of different algorithms was measured by the total number of true negatives (TN), true positives (TP), false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), and accuracy (Q). In order to evaluate the efficiency of various methods developed in this study, various parameters like F-measure, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), accuracy (Q) and, ROC area were calculated. Performance measurement of various models tested with data from miRBase in release 22 in ten-fold cross validation. Multilayer Perceptron model could predict pre miRNAs from non-coding sequences that can be important for detecting the true pre miRNAs in genomic sequences. Consequently a new method on miRNA prediction model could be favorable to understand the characteristics miRNA associated with miRNA biogenesis.Conclusion Research on miRNA represents important progress in the study of ncRNAs and may provide further information on understanding of RNA regulation networks. Practical research on silkworm microRNAs has shown that microRNAs can have significant effects on the underlying mechanisms of silkworm growth processes. In addition to the research that has been done so far, it provides the basis for advances in improving our understanding of RNA regulatory networks and the molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression patterns during different stages of silkworm life. Due to insufficient computational research in the field of silkworm microRNAs, further research on the microRNAs of this species represents an important advance in the study of noncoding RNAs, which can provide further information on the activity of noncoding RNAs.  Machine learning algorithms will help the researcher discover the uncover miRNA that many researchers were not able to explore.}, keywords = {Computational Methods,microRNA,Regulatory Factors,Silkworm}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر پرسپترون چند لایه در صحت انتخاب ژن های ریز RNA کرم ابریشم (Bombyx mori)}, abstract_fa = {ریز RNA ها خانواده ای گسترده از مولکول هایRNA  کوتاه غیر کد کننده پروتئینی (ncRNA) و دارای وظایفی مهم در تنظیم فرآیندهای رشد در گیاهان و حیوانات هستند. مطالعات اندکی در ارتباط با ریز RNA های کرم ابریشم که از نظر اقتصادی بسیار مهم نیز هستند، با تمرکز بر شناسایی، آنالیز بیان و پیش بینی عملکرد انجام شده است. به طور کلی توالی ریز RNA ها در سرتاسر گونه ها بسیار محافظت شده هستند و از ساختار ساقه-حلقه اولیه در هسته که از ویژگی های بسیار مهم ریز RNA ها است، تولید می شوند. ریز RNA ها از مهمترین عوامل تنظیمی دخیل در سطوح پس از رونویسی پس از بیان ژن هستند که در تنظیم تعداد زیادی از فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیکی مانند رشد و نمو، متابولیسم و وقوع بیماری ها مشارکت می کنند. با اینکه هزاران ریز RNA در گونه های مختلف شناسایی شده اند، تعداد خیلی زیادی هنوز هم ناشناخته باقی مانده است. بنابراین کشف ژن های جدید ریز RNA یک گام مهم برای درک ریز RNA هایی است که مکانیسم های تنظیم پس از رونویسی را واسطه گری می کنند. روش های بیولوژیکی برای شناسایی ژن های ریز RNA ممکن است در شناسایی تشخیص ریز RNA های نادر محدودیت داشته باشند و بیشتر محدود به بافت های خاص و مراحل رشد و نموی ارگانیسم تحت آزمایش می شوند. این محدودیت ها منجر به پیشرفت روش های محاسباتی پیشرفته برای شناسایی ریز RNA های احتمالی جدید شده است. استفاده از روش های محاسباتی باعث افزایش دقت در شناسایی ریز RNA های کرم ابریشم خواهد شد. در این پژوهش، انواع مدل های محاسباتی برای شناسایی توالی های ریز RNA استفاده شد. با استفاده از داده های مناسب و استخراج ویژگی های بیولوژیکی مؤثر، عملکرد این روش ها ارزیابی شد. در مقایسه با سایر مدل های استفاده شده در این تحقیق، مدل پرسپترون چند لایه با بیشترین مقادیر دقت، معیار F و ضریب همبستگی متیو به عنوان روشی مناسب جهت پیش بینی توالی های ریز RNA در کرم ابریشم معرفی شد.}, keywords_fa = {روش های محاسباتی,عوامل تنظیمی,کرم ابریشم,ریز RNA}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39312.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39312_9514c8bd09b440ba5e39f934c9d648ec.pdf} }