@article { author = {Hassan Pour Taghi Abad, Hossein and Bashtani, Moslem and Asghari, Mohammed reza}, title = {Replacement of part of diet hay with leaf of jujube tree and its effect on digestibility, some parameters of blood and fermentation of rumen in lambs of Baluchi}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.75949}, abstract = {Introduction[1]In most part of Iran, low rainfall and availability of water resources are the major limitations to the farmer.Feed represents a major proportion of the overall production cost for livestock industry across the world. On the other hand, availability of good quality and unadulterated conventional feed all year round is a major constraint in livestock production. Thus, proper use of expensive agricultural by-products is important goal in livestock production. Therefore, one way to overcome the limitation of forage resources and the high cost of livestock feed is using agricultural by products such as plant leaves or other unconventional sources of the feed. Jujube is a short tree with a height of 2 to 8 meters and sometimes up to 12 meters and is very resistant to drought. The cultivation area of jujube in Iran is about 3,000 hectares, more than 95% of which (about 2850 ha) is in southern Khorasan and 4,200 tons of jujube is produced.  The leaves are readily eaten by camels, cattle and goats and are considered nutritious. Analyses has shown the following constituents (% dry weight): crude protein, 12.9-16.9; fat, 1.5-2.7; fiber, 13.5-17.1; N-free extract, 55.3-56.7; ash, 10.2-11.7; calcium, 1.42-3.74; phosphorus, 0.17-0.33; magnesium, 0.46-0.83; potassium, 0.47-1.57; sodium, 0.02-0.05; chlorine, 0.14-0.38; Sulphur, 0.13-0.33%. The goal of the experiment was to investigate the effects of different levels of jujube leaves on yield, digestibility and fermentation characteristics of Baluchi male lambs. Materials and Methods Jujube leaves were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents using standard procedures (AOAC, 2005). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was analyzed according to Van Soest et al. (1991), total phenols (TP) and total tannins (TT). Twenty-four Baluchi male lambs with the age of 140±10 days were assigned to a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 8 replicates for 75 days 3 dietary treatments and 8 replications in a completely randomized design. Lambs were grouped based on their age and weight. Weight and experimental trail lasted for 75 days. Diets were formulated based on SRNS (1.9.6069) guidelines. Concentrate diet and dried alfalfa hay were used in the experiment. All lambs were fed ad libitum twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 h with a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) of 30% forage (Alfalfa) and 70% concentrate. The dietary treatments were 1) control (without jujube leaves), 2) 6% jujube leaves, and 3) 12% jujube leaves. An adaptation period of 15 days and an experimental period of 75 days were considered for this experiment. During the experimental period, feed distributed to each animal and corresponding ort were recorded daily. Representative samples of feed and ort were bulked for subsequent analyses. Animal BW was recorded at every 10 days of the experiment after 16 h fasting, to calculate weight gain. In order to directly measure the apparent digestibility of nutrients during 10 days at the end of the experiment, samples were collected from the feeds and their residues and the fecal was collected in the last 7 days. Sampling of rumen fluid was done on days 25th, 50th and 75th of the experimental period, 2 hours after ingestion in the morning using an esophagus tube and its pH was determined immediately. For determination of nutrients digestibility, the amount of feed intake, ort and fecal excretion were recorded. On the 25th, 50th and 75th days of the experimental period, approximately 10 mL of blood was collected from the jugular vein of each. Blood was collected in a tube and directly centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature. The supernatant (serum) was collected and frozen at −20 °C pending further analysis. Blood serum metabolites, glucose, HDL, LDL, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen were measured. Results and Discussion The results of the experiment showed the amount of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ash, ether extract, NDF and ADF of jujube leaves were 93.93,88.70, 7.61, 11.30, 1.8, 41.50 and 13.50%, respectively. Also, total phenol, total tannin and condensed tannin were reported to be 4.7, 3.1 and 0.48% respectively. The results of the experiment showed that the use of different levels of jujube leaves had no significant effect on mean daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but in jujube leaves treatments, the average daily feed intake was significantly decreased.The digestibility of crude protein in jujube leaves treatments significantly decreased compared to control. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF did not have a significant effect on the treatments (P> 0.05), but the digestibility of crude protein in jujube leaves treatments significantly decreased compared to control (p < 0.05). The pH of the ruminal fluid decreased linearly with increasing levels of jujube leaves, but did not have a significant effect on ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration. Blood glucose concentration, HDL, LDL, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen were significantly affected by the treatments. Conclusion According to results of this experiment, the use of jujube leaves in the diet due to the presence of tannin reduced feed intake, digestibility of crude protein, blood glucose concentration and blood urea nitrogen and did not have a negative effect on the pH of the rumen fluid. }, keywords = {chemical composition,Fattening lambs,Jujube leaves,Performance,Tannins}, title_fa = {جایگزینی بخشی از یونجه جیره با برگ درخت عناب و تأثیر آن بر قابلیت هضم، برخی پارامترهای خونی و تخمیری شکمبه‌ای در بره‌های نر بلوچی}, abstract_fa = {جهت بررسی جایگزینی بخشی از یونجه جیره با برگ درخت عناب و تأثیر آن بر قابلیت هضم، برخی پارامترهای خونی و تخمیری شکمبه‌ای در بره‌های نر بلوچی، آزمایشی در قالب سه تیمار (0، 6 و 12 درصد برگ درخت عناب) بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. جایگزینی برگ درخت عناب با بخشی از یونجه جیره، تأثیر معنی‌داری بر میانگین مصرف خوراک روزانه، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، برخی پارامترهای خونی و تخمیری شکمبه داشت، به‌طوری‌که pH مایع شکمبه، قابلیت هضم پروتئین خام، گلوکز، نیتروژن اوره‌ای خون در تیمارهای حاوی 6 و 12 درصد برگ درخت عناب، کاهش معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد نشان داد. در میان تیمارها، بیشترین مقدار کلسترول،HDL و LDL مربوط به جیره حاوی 12 درصد برگ عناب بود. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد که استفاده از جیره حاوی 6 درصد برگ عناب، اثرات منفی بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، فراسنجه­های تخمیری شکمبه‌ای و خونی نداشت.}, keywords_fa = {برگ عناب,بره‌های پرواری,تانن,ترکیب شیمیایی,عملکرد}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37023.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37023_b8a131b966454d9a8a6f964b26d6c584.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini asl, Farzam and Chaji, Morteza}, title = {The effect of diets containing dried or ensiled Conocarpus leaves on nutrients digestibility and growth performance of finishing lambs}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {13-27}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.83914}, abstract = {Introduction[1]Utilization of all potential existing resources as animal feed, especially the resources that have no use, can compensate the deficiency of forage and decrease the cost of livestock rations. Conocarpus erectus tree grows on the tropical and subtropical coasts throughout the world. This plant was cultivated in Kuwait, since it can grow on warm climate and salty water. Conocarpus erectus was considering for its resistance against heat; due to its resistance and compatibility with warm climate condition, infertile soil, soil improper aeration and drainage, air pollution, as well as compacted soils, its cultivation has been developed in such areas. This plant has lower nutrient requirements, it is an evergreen shrub and highly resistant against salinity and drought, and if soil is not humid, it will tolerate drought. The extension areas of this plant is in USA, Bahama, Caribbean, Central and South America from Mexico to Brazil on the Atlantic coasts, from Mexico to Ecuador on the pacific coasts, and west of Africa and Melanesia and Polynesia. This plant has widely been cultivated in Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan in Iran. Considering its very rapid growth, this plant is pruned daily by municipalities, and its transportation out of cities and disposing is expensive as well as will cause the contamination of environment. Therefore, application it in the ration of livestock would be a proper option to utilize this plant residues. The present experiment was conducted for determining the appropriate amount and form of the Conocarpus leaves in the diet of finishing lambs.   Materials and Methods The present experimental were conducted in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The Conocarpus leaves was prepared from shrubs pruning by municipality in spring season and transferred to the research station for ensiling or drying. To prepare Conocarpus silage, soft branches containing leaves were chopped and ensiled after adding 2% sulfuric acid/kg dry matter (V/W). In order to prepare the dried Conocarpus, the leaves were dried out by exposing to fresh air in the shade and then stored. Twenty-four male Arabic lambs with an average weight of 33 ± 3 kg were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 8 replications. Experimental treatments were consisted of control diet (without Conocarpus) and diets containing 50% silage or dried leaves of Conocarpus replaced with corn silage. For measuring the nutrients digestibility during seven days, the feed orts and feces were daily weighted and about 10% of them were kept in the plastic bags at -20˚C. At the end of seventh day, the orts and feces samples were mixed and one representative sample obtained. The samples were oven-dried and grounded using 1 mm mesh screen. The chemical composition of Conocarpus leaves, rations, feed orts and feces, included: dry matter, acid detergent fibers, ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fibers, lignin, and tannin of Conocarpus leaves were measured. The dry matter intake, initial weight, every two weeks weight, final weight were recorded and feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency were calculated. Ammonia nitrogen, pH, protozoa population of rumen fluid, blood parameters consisted of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and BUN, were measured. The results data was analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (version 9.4). The differences among treatments were evaluated using Duncan’s adjustment, when the overall F-test was < 0.05.   Results and Discussion The use of Conocarpus leaves had no effect on the dry matter intake, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, protein, NDF, ADF, ammonia nitrogen concentration, rumen fluid protozoa population, blood cholesterol, triglyceride and  urea nitrogen. The final weight, average daily weight gain, total weight gain of lambs, feed conversion ratio and total feed efficiency were not affected by experimental treatments. The Conocarpus contains the compounds such as tannin, saponin, and other polyphenolic compounds, which have caused the decline of the feed consumption. There are certain proteins in ruminant salvia, which are capable to bind with these anti-nutrient compounds and decreasing their impact on feed consumption. The nutrients digestibility were not affected by the experimental treatments. Diet containing tannin increased DM digestibility but, had no effect on ether extract (EE), crude fiber, and ash digestibility and decreased protein digestion. The growth performance and was not affected by the experimental treatments. Supplementing the ration of finishing steers with the herbal mixture containing tannin had no effect on the final weight and average daily gain. The concentration of rumen fluid ammonia in current experiment was in optimum range (8.5-30 mg/l). Rumen fluid pH is biologically in the normal range of 6.1 – 6.9. The effect of the secondary metabolites on the rumen pH were different in various studies, from no influence to incremental effects. The concentration of blood plasma glucose in current experiment was in physiological range of 30 to 60 mg/dl. The feeding the finishing lambs with the extracted tannin of the pomegranate peel, as the rich source of tannin, had no effect on the blood glucose concentration. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen was not affected by the experimental diets.   Conclusion According to the results of present experiment, diets containing dried or ensiled Conocarpous leaves had no adverse effects on digestion of nutrients, finishing performance, and blood and rumen parameters of finishing lambs in this experiment. Therefore, it is possible to replace both silage and dried leaves of Conocarpus in the diet of finishing lambs until 50% instead of corn silage. }, keywords = {Blood parameters,digestibility,Growth performance,Protozoa,Rumen parameters}, title_fa = {اثر استفاده از برگ کنوکارپوس خشک یا سیلوشده بر هضم مواد مغذی و عملکرد رشد بره‌های پرواری}, abstract_fa = {آزمایش حاضر با هدف تعیین مقدار و شکل مناسب استفاده از برگ کنوکارپوس در جیره بره­های پرواری و بررسی اثر آن بر هضم، عملکرد پروار، فراسنجه‌های خونی و شکمبه‌ای و جمعیت پروتوزوآی شکمبه انجام شد. از ۲۴ راس بره نر عربی با میانگین وزن 3±33 کیلوگرم در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 3 تیمار و 8 تکرار استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سه جیره شاهد (فاقد کنوکارپوس) و جیره‌های حاوی ۵/۱۲ درصد سیلاژ و یا برگ خشک شده کنوکارپوس بود که جایگزین سیلاژ ذرت شده بودند. استفاده از برگ کنوکارپوس در جیره تأثیری بر ماده خشک مصرفی، قابلیت هضم ظاهری ماده خشک، ماده آلی، پروتئین‌خام، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی، اسیدی، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی، جمعیت پروتوزوآی مایع شکمبه، کلسترول، تری‌گلیسرید و نیتروژن اوره‌ای خون، نداشت. وزن نهایی، میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه، کل اضافه وزن بره‌ها، ضریب تبدیل و بازده خوراک کل دوره تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. بنابراین، استفاده از برگ کنوکارپوس سیلوشده یا خشک شده تأثیر منفی بر هضم مواد مغذی، عملکرد پروار و فراسنجه‌های خونی و شکمبه‌ای بره‌های پرواری نداشت. از این‌رو، شاید بتوان هر دو شکل سیلاژ و خشک شده برگ کنوکارپوس را در جیره بره‌های پرواری جایگزین ۵۰ درصد از سیلاژ ذرت کرد.}, keywords_fa = {پروتوزوآ,فراسنجه‌های خونی و فراسنجه‌های شکمبه‌ای,قابلیت هضم,عملکرد رشد}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37035.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37035_0521869aebbc2dc3a67cd8616ebefb13.pdf} } @article { author = {bahrami, nafise and Alijoo, Yones ali and pir mohammadi, rasoul and Asadnezhad, Behzad}, title = {The Effect of essential oil from Carum copticum L on feed intake and metabolic response of Mahabadi goats in early lactation period}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {29-41}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.84211}, abstract = {Introduction[1] One of the most important additives in the past years has been antibiotics. Despite the beneficial effects of oral antibiotics on animal production and health, their use in animal nutrition for the production of bacteria resistant to various drugs (which may be hazardous to human health) has been controversial. The use of antibiotics has recently been banned due to bacterial resistance and chemical residues in meat and their side effects in humans Therefore, alternatives to the use of growth-promoting antibiotics should be identified and introduced to livestock breeders so that both efficiency and economic benefits are not diminished and consumer health concerns are eliminated. Much research has recently been done on the effects of plant essential oils as natural additives to improve rumen fermentation such as increased production of volatile fatty acids, reduced methane production, improved protein metabolism and increased feed utilization efficiency. Humans have used plants and their extracts for thousands of years .This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Carum copticum L. essential oil supplementation on nutrient digestibility and some blood and ruminal metabolites, milk production and milk compounds in Mahabadian goats.    Materials and Methods Treatments included: control diet (basal diet without essential oil), basal diet + 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil in the ration dry matter and basal diet + 600 mg / kg Carum copticum L. essential oil in the dietary dry matter. Treatments were provided by TMR. During the experimental period, the animals were kept individually and healthy. Each livestock had a separate mug and manger. The cages were thoroughly cleaned and washed before the animals were deployed. Goats always had access to fresh water all day long. Drinkers were also thoroughly cleaned once every two days. The study was conducted in three 21-day trial periods including 14 days of habituation and 7 days of vector record. All measurements taken are in the record stage. Experimental rations adjusted to dry matter, based on NRC recommendations with SRNS software version 1.9.4468. During the trial period, the amount of feed poured into the manger and the daily residue was recorded to calculate the dry matter intake. It was calculated on a daily basis, so that the amount of feed given was weighed daily, and the remainder of the feed was collected, weighed, and sampled twice a week. Daily milk production was recorded in goat milk production. Milk samples were collected weekly for two consecutive days to determine the composition of the milk produced, and its composition including the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and total solids was measured using (MilcoscanTMS50 model number 75610 Was taken). Blood samples were taken at 4 h after the morning meal to determine blood parameters. The blood samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory and centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 7 minutes, and serum was stored in 1.5 ml microtubes in a freezer at -20 °C. Isolated serum for determination of albumin, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, total protein and glucose.       Results and Discussion Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. Effect of experimental treatments on dry matter digestibility was not significant (P <0.05). Numerically, the highest digestibility was related to treatment of 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil and the lowest was related to 600 mg/kg treatment, and the effect of experimental diets on digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was not significant (p < 0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of volatile fatty acids was not significant (p < 0.05) but the total amount of volatile fatty acids showed a significant decrease compared to the control. The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of milk produced was not significant (p < 0.05). Effect of experimental treatments on milk fat and protein content was not significant (p < 0.05). As shown in the table, the experimental treatments had a significant effect on some blood parameters such as cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, albumin, urea and creatinine (p < 0.05). Blood cholesterol significantly decreased with increasing dosage of essential oil Blood LDL concentration decreases with increasing dosage of essential oil in the diet. Blood HDL increased significantly with increasing essential oil content.    Conclusion In general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Carum copticum L. essential oil to Mahabadian goat’s diet did not have a significant effect on milk yield, production and composition but it decreased total rumen volatile fatty acids, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL concentrations. However, further research is needed. }, keywords = {dry matter intake,Female Essential Oil,mahabadian goat,nutrient digestibility}, title_fa = {اثر اسانس زنیان بر مصرف خوراک و پاسخ متابولیکی بزهای مهابادی در اوایل شیردهی}, abstract_fa = {این آزمایش به­منظور بررسی اثرات افزودن اسانس زنیان بر گوارش­پذیری مواد مغذی و برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی و شکمبه­ای، تولید شیر و ترکیبات شیر در بزهای مهابادی انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل جیره‌ی شاهد (جیره‌ی پایه ­ بدون اسانس زنیان)، جیره‌ی پایه +300 میلی‌گرم/ کیلوگرم ماده خشک اسانس زنیان و جیره‌ی پایه +600 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم ماده خشک اسانس زنیان بود. آزمایش بر اساس طرح مربع لاتین تکرارشده 3×3 و به صورت چرخشی با 3 تیمار و 3 دوره آزمایشی بر روی 6 رأس بز اجرا گردید. افزودن اسانس زنیان، تأثیری بر مصرف ماده خشک، قابلیت هضم، فرآسنجه­های شکمبه­ای (اسید استیک، اسید پروپیونیک+ ایزوبوتیریک، اسید والریک، اسید ایزووالریک، اسید بوتیریک، پروتزآ و pH) و فرآسنجه­های خونی (گلوکوز و پروتئین کل) نداشت (05/0>p) ولی در مقابل کل اسیدهای چرب، میزان کلسترول، تری‌گلیسرید و  LDL در برابر تیمار شاهد کاهش یافته و HDL، کراتینین و اوره‌ی خون نیز افزایش نشان داد (05/0>p). به­طور کلی نتایج حاصل از  این پژوهش نشان داد که افزودن اسانس زنیان به جیره­ی بزهای شیرده مهابادی، تاثیر معنی­داری بر عملکرد، تولید و ترکیب شیر نداشت. ولی باعث کاهش غلظت سرمی کلسترول، تری‌گلیسرید و  LDLشد هرچند نیازمند تحقیقات بیشتر در این زمینه می­باشد}, keywords_fa = {اسانس زنیان,بز مهابادی,قابلیت هضم,مصرف ماده خشک}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37051.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37051_13e12bf9a0f2e6a0d296b55710d93869.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimi, Atieh and Naserian, Abasali and Valizadeh, Reza and Tahmasebi, Abdolmansour and Dehghani, Hesam}, title = {Physical and chemical properties, gas fermentation parameters, starch digestibility and starch granules structure in Iranian corn grain Single cross 702 in comparison with different kind of imported corn grain}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {43-64}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.85030}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Corn grain represents the most important energy source in ruminant diets. In high-producing dairy cows, the diets contain high levels of corn in order to meet their energy requirements. Corn has a complex structure where a range of nutrients interact with each other or physically associations. Ultimately, the quantity and availability of these nutrients determines the nutritional value of this grain. In corn nutrients and energy utilization is influenced by both intrinsic (e.g. starch granules and protein matrix structure) and extrinsic (e.g. growing and storage conditions, climate and agronomy conditions and grain drying process) factors. Corn endosperm represents more than 80% of total grain and is composed of starch granules that are imbedded in a protein matrix and surrounded by plant cell walls. Starch granules size, starch composition (amylose/amylopectin ratio), starch encapsulation (by endosperm cell walls and protein bodies) are among the factors with the most influence on digestion of starch. The structure and distribution of starch and protein matrix network of grains vary in different corn varieties. The Objectives of this study were to evaluate physical and chemical properties, gas fermentation parameters, starch digestibility and starch granules structure in Iranian corn grain Single cross 702 in comparison with different kind of imported corn grains (Russia, Ukraine and Brazil).   Materials and methods Corn grain samples (Single cross 702, Russia, Ukraine and Brazil) were obtained from Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran. The apparent density was measured and the samples were analyzed for DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, starch. Gas production was conducted in a 125 ml amber flask with three series of incubation. Gas production parameters were calculated. Also, rumen, intestine and total tract digestibility of DM, starch and CP were determined by using the in situ mobile bag procedure. Different parameters of damaged starch (the absorption of iodine, Ai%; damaged starch content in UCD, Chopin units; UCDc, Chopin units on protein basis matter) were determined using the amperometry method (Chopin, ZI Val de Sein, 92390 VLG, France). Starch gelatinization was determined according to the enzymatic procedure (AACC Method 76-31.01; K-SDAM, 09/2018). Scanning electron microscope (LEO 1450 VP, USA), at an accelerating voltage of 25 kV, and under 2500x magnification to study the grain structure was done. Data were analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS with a completely randomized design. Results and discussion Apparent shape of Single cross 702 was smaller than other corn varieties. Apparent density was higher in Brazil corn than other corn varieties. DM, OM and EE were not shown significantly difference between corn varieties; however, CP, ADF, NDF, starch, NFC, TDN, NEg and NEl were significantly affected by different corn varieties. Starch in Single cross 702 corn (69.03%) was significantly lower than Russia (71.04%), Ukraine (70.36%) and Brazil (71.49%) corns. Asymptote gas production (A) was not influenced by different corn varieties; however, the real gas production in time 24 and 48 h incubation in Brazil, Russia and Single cross 702 corns was greater than Ukraine corn. The instant rate of gas production until 8 h incubation in Single cross 702 and Russia corns was greater than Ukraine and Brazil corns. The time for fermentation of 25 and 75% of substrate in Single cross 702 and Russia corns were significantly reduced than other corn varieties. The PH, NH3-N and total VFA of bath culture in 24 h didn’t influence by corn varieties, however acetate to propionate ratio in Brazil corn was greater than other corns. In spite of that the rumen starch digestibility of Single cross 702 (61.59%) and Russia (59.51%) was increased than Ukraine (45.31%) and Brazil (40.51%) corns; however, Ukraine (97/.06%) and Brazil (98.39%) corns showed the intestine starch digestibility greater than Single cross 702 (93.79%) and Russia (93.87 %) corns. The starch gelatinization in both of Single cross 702 (4.24%) and Russia (4.17%) was greater than Ukraine (3.78%) and Brazil (3.32%) corns. The scanning electron microscopy showed that the starch granules size was not uniform in the Single cross 702 corn and the number of small starch granules was greater than other corn varieties. Also, the thin protein matrix was observed in the Single cross 702 corn. In contrast, the starch granules size in the Russia and Ukraine corns were larger and uniform. In Brazil corn, the starch granules were arranged with greater density and a non-smooth surface was observed on the granules. Many studies were done on nutrient value of different corn varieties. Numerous factors can affect the grain chemical composition, physical properties and starch availability on corn grain that include cell wall structure, type of endosperm (floury or vitreous), starch granules and protein matrix, genetic and environment. Corns contain higher floury to horny starch ratio showed greater starch gelatinization and greater starch digestibility in the rumen and total tract. Findings of this study represent the Single cross 702 and Russia corns showed higher gas production, rate of gas production, starch gelatinization and rumen digestibility of starch than Brazil corn. Conclusion It is concluded that the Single cross 702 corn in terms of flurry endosperm, gas production, gas production rate, starch gelatinization and rumen digestibility of starch was similar to Russia corn, although the structure of starch granules was different. Brazil corn had a horny endosperm and showed lower rate of gas production in initial hours of incubation, lower starch gelatinization and higher intestine digestibility of starch than other corns. It generally seems that the result of this study and similar studies can offer useful information about corn grain for farmers and the animal feed manufactures for processing of corn.   }, keywords = {imported corn grain,Gas production,Single Cross 702,starch digestibility,starch gelatinization,starch granules structure}, title_fa = {خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی، فرآسنجه‌های تخمیری تولید گاز، گوارش پذیری نشاسته و ساختار گرانول‌های نشاسته در ذرت ایرانی سینگل کراس 702 و واریته‌های مختلف ذرت‌های تجاری-وارداتی}, abstract_fa = {در این مطالعه ذرت ایرانی واریته سینگل کراس 702 با ذرت‌های تجاری-وارداتی شامل روس، اکراین و برزیل از نظر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی، فرآسنجه‌های تخمیری تولید گاز، خصوصیات تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای، روده‌ای و کل دستگاه گوارش، میزان آسیب دیدگی و ژلاتیناسیون نشاسته و ساختار گرانول‌های نشاسته مقایسه شدند. ذرت سینگل کراس 702 از نظر شکل ظاهری نسبت به سایر ذرت‌ها کوچکتر بود. وزن حجمی ذرت برزیل نسبت به سایر ذرت‌ها به طور معنی‌داری بالاتر بود. پروتئین، ADF، NDF، نشاسته، NFC، TDN، NEl و NEg به طور معنی‌داری در واریته‌های مختلف ذرت متفاوت بودند. نشاسته ذرت سینگل کراس 702 (03/69 درصد) به طور معنی‌داری پایین‌تر از ذرت‌های اکراین (36/70 درصد)، روس (04/71 درصد) و برزیل (49/71 درصد) بود. گاز تجمعی تولید شده در مدت 24 و 48 ساعت در ذرت برزیل، روس و سینگل کراس 702 بالاتر از ذرت اکراین بود. غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و کل اسیدهای چرب فرار در زمان 24 ساعت انکوباسیون تحت تأثیر واریته‌های مختلف ذرت قرار نگرفت. ذرت‌های سینگل کراس 702 و روس قابلیت هضم نشاسته شکمبه‌ای بالاتر و قابلیت هضم نشاسته روده‌ای کمتری نسبت به ذرت‌های اکراین و برزیل داشتند. قابلیت هضم شکمبه‌ای، روده‌ای و کل دستگاه گوارش برای پروتئین خام بین واریته‌های مختلف دانه ذرت اختلاف معنی‌داری نشان نداد. درصد ژلاتیناسیون نشاسته در ذرت روس (24/4 درصد) و سینگل کراس 702 (17/4 درصد) بالاتر از ذرت برزیل (32/3 درصد) و اکراین (78/3 درصد) بود. ذرت سینگل کراس 702 نسبت به سایر ذرت‌ها میانگین مساحت دور هر گرانول، قطر طولی و عرضی و اندازه گرانول‌های نشاسته کمتر و ماتریکس پروتئینی ضعیف‌تری داشت. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که ذرت سینگل کراس 702 از لحاظ میزان و نرخ تولید گاز، درصد ژلاتیناسیون و گوارش پذیری نشاسته مشابه با ذرت روس بود.}, keywords_fa = {تولید گاز,ذرت سینگل کراس 702,ذرت‌های وارداتی,ژلاتیناسیون و گوارش پذیری نشاسته}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37056.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37056_aa21fd13aec1a0c8fbd720b6ec2464cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Seifzadeh, Sayyad and Seifdavati, Jamal and Abdi Benemar, Hossein and Salem, Abdul Fatah Zeidan Mohammad and Seyedsharifi, Reza}, title = {Evaluation of vitamin C supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant activity of Holstein suckling calves}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {65-75}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.84967}, abstract = {  Introduction[1] It has been documented many times in various articles that the plasma vitamin C concentrations have been severely reduced during stress and disease in calves. Another report shows that the production of endogenous vitamin C was not apparently observed in dairy calves up to 4 months of age, and therefore the suckling calf depended on relatively low concentrations of vitamin C in consumed milk. Therefore, suckling calves are exposed to various pathogens that cause various diseases and consequently economic loss. One of the most important causes of mortality in suckling calves is their susceptibility to infections, since calves are more susceptible to intestinal and respiratory infections resulting in high mortality during this period. Therefore, use of dietary supplements and vitamins can improve the immune system and growth performance. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant properties and can kill free radicals produced in cells. The amount of vitamin C in the animal is reduced during stress and exposure to the disease. Therefore, providing it through starter rations can improve animal performance. There is limited research about the effects of vitamin C on the immune system and its beneficial effects in suckling calves. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the supplementation of vitamin C on growth performance and immune system of Holstein suckling calves. Materials and Methods For this experiment, 40 newborn Holstein calves with an average age of 1-10 days, and about 36±1 kg weight, were used in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 20 replications. The treatments included: 1) Control (starter and whole milk) 2) Control + daily 600 mg vitamin C. Average daily gain and feed intake were measured and feed efficiency was determined. Blood samples from each calf were taken 4 times, including 48 h immediately after birth, 7, 21, and 45 days after birth. Total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol levels were measured by commercial kits (made by Pars Test Co.). Serum concentrations of vitamin C, super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured by commercial kits. Results and Discussion Results showed that using 600 mg vitamin C in the diets of suckling calves had significant effect on final weight. Supplementation of vitamin C in calf starter diet increased dry mater intake in second months and total period (P < 0.05). Vitamin C supplementation had no significant effect on feed efficiency in the first, second months and the total period. Feed intake decreased with increasing vitamin C content in feeds but improved feed conversion ratio. These researchers also reported that that vitamin C use had no effect on final weight. Vitamin C supplementation in suckling calves diet had no effect on serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, and total protein at 48 hours postpartum, days 7, 21 and 45 after birth compared with the control group (P>0.05). The effects of ascorbic acid at levels of 0, 10 and 15 g in Buffalo decreased glucose concentrations, these researchers stated that as the amount of ascorbic acid increased, glucose concentration decreased. Vitamin C supplementation had no significant effect on blood concentration of superoxide dismutase except 21 days after birth and glutathione peroxidase concentration except for 45 days after birth compared to the control group. Calves received ascorbic acid had the highest amount of superoxide dismutase in the first week after birth and the lowest in the fifth week. Glutathione peroxidase also reached its lowest level 45 days after birth. Furthermore, serum vitamin C concentration in suckling calves received vitamin C containing diet increased significantly at 45 days after birth compared with the control group. This may be due to the intake of vitamin C as an agent for the control of oxidative stress. Conclusion By studying the effects of vitamin C on growth performance, blood parameters and bioavailability in suckling calves, it can be concluded that using this vitamin increased dry mater intake and average daily gain, glutathione peroxidase concentration and serum vitamin C bioavailability throughout the period. In general, supplementation of the diet of suckling calves with vitamin C had beneficial effects on the performance. It is concluded that vitamin C as supplementation of the diet (milk replacer or starter diet) may enhance immunity and resistance in Holstein suckling calves. }, keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Blood parameters Suckling calves,vitamin C}, title_fa = {تأثیر مکمل - ویتامین ث بر عملکرد رشد و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی گوساله‌های شیرخوار هلشتاین}, abstract_fa = {ویتامین ث یک ویتامین محلول در آب است که خاصیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی داشته و می‌تواند رادیکال‌های آزاد تولید شده در سلول‌ها را از بین ببرد. با توجه به اینکه گوساله‌ها تا سن 4 هفتگی نمی‌توانند ویتامین ث را تولید کنند و به غلظت کم ویتامین در شیر وابسته هستند، بنابراین آزمایشی با هدف بررسی اثرات مکمل - ویتامین ث بر عملکرد رشد و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی گوساله‌های شیرخوار هلشتاین طراحی و انجام شد. به این منظور تعداد 40 رأس گوساله با میانگین سن 1 الی 10 روز و وزن 1±36 کیلو گرم در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 2 تیمار و 20 تکرار انتخاب شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1) جیره پایه بدون افزودنی، 2) جیره پایه به همراه 600 میلی گرم ویتامین ث در روز بودند. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از 600 میلی گرم ویتامین ث در جیره گوساله‌های شیرخوار تاثیر معنی­داری بر مصرف ماده خشک در ماه دوم و کل دوره پرورشی داشت اما در ماه اول این اثر معنی­دار مشاهده نشد. نتایج نشان داد مکمل کردن جیره با ویتامین ث سبب بهبود افزایش وزن روزانه در کل دوره پرورش شد. استفاده از ویتامین ث در جیره گوساله‌های شیرخوار تأثیری بر غلظت گلوکز، کلسترول، تری­گلیسرید، آلبومین و پروتئین کل سرم خون در زمان‌های 2، 7، 21 و 45 روز بعد از تولد نداشت. نتایج نشان داد که افزودن ویتامین ث تأثیر معنی‌داری بر غلظت سوپراکسید دسموتاز سرم ﺧﻮن به جز 21 روز بعد از تولد و غلظت گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز سرم ﺧﻮن به غیر از  45 روز بعد از تولد نسبت به گروه شاهد نداشت. هم­چنین غلظت ویتامین ث سرم با استفاده از 600 میلی گرم ویتامین ث در جیره گوساله‌های شیرخوار در زمان 45 روز بعد از تولد افزایش معنی­داری نسبت به گروه شاهد داشت. در مجموع استفاده از ویتامین ث سبب بهبود افزایش وزن روزانه، ماده خشک مصرفی، غلظت ویتامین ث سرم ﺧﻮن و غلظت گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز سرم ﺧﻮن گوساله‌های شیرخوار گردید.}, keywords_fa = {فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی,فراسنجه خونی,گوساله‌ شیرخوار,ویتامین ث}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37063.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37063_83bd04567e5641e524e86191948d0ceb.pdf} } @article { author = {shokripoor, Sakineh and bayatkouhsar, javad and Ghanbari, Farzad and Rahchamani, Reza}, title = {The effect of harvesting time (morning vs. afternoon) on the chemical composition and nutritional value of sun-drying alfalfa, clover and barley forages}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {77-90}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.84019}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Forages are grown mainly for feeding livestock, especially in dairy cows, because adequate roughage is needed in diets to provide good rumen function. However, as more roughage is fed, the energy density of the diet is reduced. So, the production of high quality forage is very important for dairy producers. High quality forage has direct effects on animal production efficiency, including weight gain, milk production, and reproductive success. Producing and conserving of high quality forage is a challenge because several factors can be affected forage quality including plant species, soil fertility, maturity at harvest, and harvesting (mowing, field curing, baling or chopping) and storage methods and other factors (weeds, insects and diseases). Fiber and energy contents are the most important in forage quality measures. As the fiber level increases, the energy content generally decreases. Therefore, improving forage quality can be achieved by managing forage carbohydrate content. Carbohydrates are the primary source for ruminants and contribute 60 to 70% of the net energy used for milk production and are classified as structural and non-structural. As usual, structural carbohydrates defined as neutral detergent fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and portion of the pectin) and non-structural carbohydrates consist of the sugars, starches and pectin. Non-structural carbohydrates are a highly digestible energy source and together with degraded protein, are needed by the rumen for microbial growth and digestion. Plants accumulate sugars during the day via photosynthesis, but incur a net loss at night via dark respiration. This diurnal cycling reflects the concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates in forages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of morning versus afternoon cutting time on chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of sun-drying alfalfa, clover and barley forages. Materials and Methods About 5-7 cm above the soil stage, alfalfa, clover and barley were harvested in two times, at 06:00 AM and 18:00 PM. Whole Alfalfa and clover plants were harvested at the first bud stage of development and whole barley plant at the medium dough stage of maturity used. Their nutritive value was evaluated through the determination of chemical compositions and in vitro gas production techniques. Samples were tested in an in vitro gas production method (96 h incubation) and batch rumen culture system (24 h incubation). Rumen fluid was collected before the morning feed from three fistulated Dalagh male sheep (45 ± 1.5 kg live weight fed on a forage diet at a concentration of 40:60). In vitro gas production was measured in triplicate and for each replicate; a sample of 200 mg DM was used. The bottles were then filled with 30 ml of incubation medium that consisted of 10 ml of rumen fluid plus 20 ml of buffer solution and placed in a water bath at 39 °C. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Total gas values corrected for blank incubation and gas values expressed in ml g-1 of DM. The asymptotic gas production system (A) and rate of gas production (c), organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). A medium similar to one developed for gas production was used for batch rumen culture system to measure pH, and NH3-N and in vitro digestibility. The pH of the media was measured after 24 h incubation. After 24 h incubation, the contents of each glass bottle were empty, strained through four layers of cheesecloth and then 10 ml of strained rumen fluid was acidified by 10 ml of 0.2 N HCl for determination of NH3-N using the distillation method. Finally, all contents remaining in the bottles were filtered through nylon bags, oven dried at 60 °C for 48 h and analyzed for IVDMD and IVOMD. Results and Discussion Results showed that cutting time affected chemical composition of alfalfa and clover forages significantly (p < 0.05), but had not effect on barley forage. Afternoon cutting forages had lower content of NDF and ADF and higher levels of starch and WSC compared to morning cutting forages. There were no significant differences between afternoon and morning cutting forages on gas production parameters (P > 0.05). However, Afternoon cut forages had higher gas production potential than morning cutting forages. Results showed that harvest time had significant effect on DMD (66 vs 59) and OMD (64 vs 58.5) of barley forage. Although, time harvesting had no effect on MCP, EMCP and PF (P>0.05), but Afternoon cut forages had higher MCP, EMCP and PF than morning cutting forages. Conclusion Generally, it was concluded that with considered all factors that affected quality and nutritive value of forages, delaying forage harvest until late afternoon could result in improve nutritive value of forage. }, keywords = {Alfalfa,chemical composition,Clover,barley,Harvest time,Nutritional value}, title_fa = {تاثیر زمان برداشت (صبح یا بعد از ظهر) بر ترکیب شیمیایی، فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و قابلیت هضم علوفه‌های آفتاب خشک یونجه، شبدر و جو}, abstract_fa = {مطالعه­ای به­ منظور بررسی تأثیر زمان برداشت (صبح در مقابل بعد از ظهر) بر ترکیب شیمیایی، فراسنجه­های تولید گاز و قابلیت هضم علوفه­های یونجه، شبدر و جو انجام شد. علوفه­ یونجه، شبدر و جو در دو نوبت صبح (06:00) و بعد از ظهر (18:00) تقریباً 5 تا 7 سانتی­متر بالاتر از سطح خاک برداشت شدند. بخشی از آن­ها در سطح زمین برای خشک کردن در زیر آفتاب پخش شدند. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها با استفاده از روش­های استاندارد تعیین شد. به­منظور برآورد فراسنجه­های تولید گاز، از آزمون تولید گاز استفاده شد. قابلیت هضم برون­تنی نمونه­ها با استفاده از روش کشت بسته تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که زمان برداشت تاثیر معنی­داری بر ترکیب شیمیایی علوفه­های یونجه و شبدر داشت (05/0p <)، هر چند در مورد علوفه جو این تاثیر معنی­دار نبود. علوفه­ برداشت شده در بعد از ظهر در مقایسه با نمونه­های برداشت شده در صبح، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی کمتر و مقدار نشاسته و کربوهیدرات محلول در آب بالاتری داشتند. از نظر فراسنجه­های تولید گاز، علوفه­ برداشت بعد از ظهر به­طور غیرمعنی­داری دارای پتانسیل تولید گاز بالاتری بودند. نتایج نشان داد که زمان برداشت تأثیر معنی­داری بر قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (66 در مقابل 59 درصد) و ماده آلی (64 در مقابل 5/58 درصد) جو برداشت شده در بعد از ظهر یا صبح داشت (05/0p <). زمان برداشت تأثیر معنی­داری بر تولید پروتئین میکروبی، بازده تولید پروتئین میکروبی و عامل تفکیک علوفه خشک یونجه، شبدر و جو نداشت (05/0P>). با این حال، مقدار عامل تفکیک، تولید توده میکروبی و بازده تولید توده میکروبی در علوفه­ ­بعد از ظهر برداشت بالاتر بود. با این حال، به نظر می‌رسد که در شرایط یکسان از نظر کلیه عوامل مؤثر بر کیفیت و ارزش غذایی علوفه، به تأخیر انداختن زمان برداشت از صبح به بعد از ظهر می­تواند ارزش تغذیه‌ای علوفه را بهبود بخشد.}, keywords_fa = {زمان برداشت,ترکیب شیمیایی,فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز,قابلیت هضم}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37069.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37069_c99431c960f63d2e01d71b73c67f0416.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahraki, Ruhollah and bayatkouhsar, javad and Ghanbari, Farzad and Daneshvar, Abolfazl}, title = {Determination of chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of leaves from several tree species (with and without polyethylene glycol) used in livestock feeding}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {91-107}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.83977}, abstract = {Introduction[1]Lack of nutritional resources, especially in harsh conditions, is one of the major problems in the livestock and poultry industry. North of Iran due to its rich natural resources of native tree species and shrubs (50 tree and 80 shrubs) and annually significant amount of afforestation in cities, public places and natural areas, if they managed for animal feeding, can be an appropriate option for preparing a ration to feed the animals. Despite this capability, there is little information on the nutritional value of many tree and shrub species in the northern of the country. By targeting this approach in the researches, it is possible to manage natural resources and direct forestry to specific species. In this case, an effective step will be taken to manage the country's multifunctional forestry and it is also possible to diversify the countries livestock nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, gas production parameters and detestability characteristics of leaves from several tree species used in livestock feeding in a Completely Randomized Design (7 treatments and 3 replicates).   Materials and Methods Samples of commonly available seven species of forest tree leaves (Siberian Elm, Lexandrian Laurel,Linden, Beech, Maple Tree, Caucasian oakand Hornbean) were collected from different locations of Shast-Klateh Forest of Golestan province, Gorgan. Gorgan is located in 36o 45´ N, 54o 21´ E. The mean annual rainfall is 649 mm. Samples were taken and air dried at 60 °C for 48 h and milled to pass a 1 and 1.5 mm screen. In this study, effects of adding polyethylene powder glycol (twice the weight of the sample, Merck, MW­=­6000) was evaluated. Their nutritional value was evaluated through determination of chemical compositions and in vitro gas production techniques. Samples were tested in an in vitro gas production method (96 h incubation) and batch rumen culture system (24 h incubation). Rumen fluid was collected before the morning feed from three fistulated Dalagh male sheep (43 ± 1.5 kg live weight fed on a forage diet at a concentration of 40:60). In vitro gas production was measured in triplicate and for each replicate, a sample of 200 mg DM were used. The bottles were then filled with 30 ml of incubation medium that consisted of 10 ml of rumen fluid plus 20 ml of buffer solution and placed in a water bath at 39 °C. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Total gas values corrected for blank incubation and gas values expressed in ml g-1 of DM. The asymptotic gas production system (A) and rate of gas production (c), organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). A medium similar to one developed for gas production was used for batch rumen culture system to measure pH, and NH3-N and in vitro digestibility. The pH of the media was measured after 24 h incubation. After 24 h incubation, the contents of each glass bottle were empty, strained through four layers of cheesecloth and then 10 ml of strained rumen fluid was acidified by 10 ml of 0.2 N HCl for determination of NH3-N using the distillation method. Finally, all contents remaining in the bottles were filtered through nylon bags, oven dried at 60 °C for 48 h and analyzed for IVDMD and IVOMD.   Results and Discussion The results showed that the chemical composition of leaves of trees varied significantly among species. Maple tree had highest (1‏‏‏‏‏.27%) and Caucasian oak, Hornbean and Lexandrian Laurel had lowest (0‏‏‏‏‏.52, 0‏‏‏‏‏.56 and 0‏‏‏‏‏.58 respectively) of crude Ash content. The crude protein content of the tree leaves ranged from 7 to 18%. The highest and lowest tannin content were related to Beach tree (0‏‏‏‏‏.063 g‏‏‏‏‏/kg DM) and Caucasian oak (0‏‏‏‏‏.018 g‏‏‏‏‏/kg DM) respectively. There were significantly differences among several leaves of trees species on OMD, ME and SCFA. Addition of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) increased potential gas production compared without PEG. The highest gas production and rate of gas production was related to Lexandrian Laurel tree without PEG (214‏‏‏‏‏/9 ml and 4‏‏‏‏‏.34 ml‏‏‏‏‏/h respectively). Portioning factor, Microbial crude protein and Gas yield decreased when used PEG.   Conclusion Generally, obtained results showed that some of the leaves of trees can be fed as supplements to low protein forage, and can alleviate feed shortage for ruminants in dry season. }, keywords = {chemical composition,Disability,Gas production,Leaves of trees,Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)}, title_fa = {تعیین ترکیب شیمیایی، فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و قابلیت هضم برگ چند گونه درختی (با و بدون افزودن پلی‌اتیلن‌گلایکول) مورد استفاده در تغذیه دام}, abstract_fa = {مطالعه­ای به­منظور تعیین ترکیب شیمیایی، فراسنجه­های تولید گاز و مولفه­های قابلیت هضمی برگ چند گونه درختی مورد استفاده در تغذیه دام در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی (7 تیمار و 3 تکرار) انجام شد. در این مطالعه از ترکیب پلی اتیلن گلایکول به صورت افزودنی در سطح توصیه شده (دو برابر وزن نمونه­های آزمایشی) استفاده شد. ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه­ها با استفاده از روش­های استاندارد تعیین شد. به­منظور برآورد فراسنجه­های تولید گاز، از روش آزمون گاز استفاده شد. قابلیت هضم برون­تنی نمونه­ها با استفاده از روش کشت بسته تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که مقادیر ماده خشک، ماده آلی، غلظت الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی، همی­سلولز و میزان خاکستر در بین تیمارها اختلاف معنی­داری داشت. بیشترین مقدار خاکستر در تیمار افرا (27/1 درصد) و کمترین مقدار در تیمارهای بلوط، ممرز و چلم (به­ترتیب 52/0، 56/0 و 58/0 درصد ماده خشک) مشاهده شد. مقدار پروتئین خام گونه­های مختلف درختی در دامنه 7 تا 18 درصد قرار داشت. بیشترین مقدار تانن در درخت راش (063/0 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) و کمترین مقدار در برگ درخت بلوط (018/0 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) مشاهده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که در بین تیمار­های آزمایشی از نظر قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم و اسید­های چرب کوتاه زنجیر اختلاف معنی­داری وجود داشت. بیشترین پتانسیل و نرخ تولید گاز در برگ درخت چلم بدون افزودن پلی­اتیلن گلایکول مشاهده شد (به­ترتیب 9/214 میلی­لیتر و 34/4 میلی­لیتر در ساعت). افزودن پلی­اتیلن گلایکول باعث افزایش میزان تولید گاز، کاهش عامل تفکیک، تولید پروتئین میکروبی و افزایش بازده تولید گاز در گونه­های مورد مطالعه شد. به طور کلی، نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که برگ برخی از درختان (آزاد، چلم، نمدار، راش، افرا، بلوط و ممرز) می­تواند به عنوان مکمل پروتئینی در خوراک­های بر پایه علوفه کم کیفیت برای زمان خشک­سالی و کمبود علوفه در جیره نشخوارکنندگان استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {برگ درخت,ترکیب شیمیایی,پلی‌اتیلن‌گلایکول,تولید گاز,قابلیت هضم}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37077.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37077_2a30c359256f57904b610984117dc54f.pdf} } @article { author = {Safari, Rashid and Nemati, Zabihollah and Sheikhlou, Mohammadreza}, title = {Effect of Different Levels of Egg Shell Powder on Gas Production, Fermentation Parameters and Digestibility of Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Diet in vitro}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {109-122}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.2021.38309.0}, abstract = {Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are produced under stress condition. Aflatoxin is one of several extremely toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds produced by Aspergillus Flavus and Aspergillus Parasiticus. Numerous agricultural commodities such as Forages, cereal grains, oilseeds, and cotton seeds are potential sources of aflatoxins in ruminant diets. Many studies indicate that ruminants, like other animals, are affected by aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 reduces ruminal digestion, animal production, and in high doses causes liver damage and death in ruminants. Several chemical, biological, and physical strategies developed in order to, detoxification of aflatoxins or minimizing the production of aflatoxins and inhibiting the absorption of them in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, many researchers are focused on aflatoxin adsorbents to reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins in the diet. Eggshell has a porous structure and on the other hand has significant amounts of pure calcium carbonate, which has the ability to absorb toxins. Due to limit information on the ability of egg shell powder to absorb aflatoxin, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of adding egg shell powder as toxin binder in diets containing aflatoxin B1 on fermentation parameters and ruminal digestibility and gas production in vitro.  Materials and Methods To produce the aflatoxin required for the experiment, a standard strain of Aspergillus Parasiticus NRLL 2999 used and cultured on potato dextrose agar. In other to obtain proper amount of Aflatoxin, 2 ml of spore suspension with a concentration of 6.5× 106 grown fungi was prepared and added to a flask containing sterile culture medium. After 5 days, the culture medium was dried in an oven. Culture medium contained of 250.9 mg/kg aflatoxin B1. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications in each treatment. Experimental treatments consist of , control with methanol, control without methanol, Aflatoxin (800 ng/mg of rumen fluid), Aflatoxin+ level 1 egg shell powder (7 mg per 200 mg of diet), Aflatoxin +level 2 egg shell powder(75 mg per 200 mg of diet), Aflatoxin +level 3 egg shell powder(150 mg per 200 mg of diet). Rumen fluid was collected before the morning feed from three fistulated Moghani male sheep with 46 ± 3 kg live weight. Sheep fed with basal diet used in this experiment at a concentration of 50:50 forage to concentrate for 15 days before rumen fluid collection. In vitro gas production was measured in 4 replicate with 200 mg DM for each. The bottles were filled with 30 ml of incubation medium that consisted of 10 ml of rumen fluid plus 20 ml of buffer solution and placed in a water bath at 39 °C. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Gas values corrected for blank incubation. The gas production and rate of gas production measured through 96 h incubation. A procedure similar to gas production with 4 replicate for each treatment was used for rumen batch culture system to measure NH3-N and in vitro digestibility after 24 h incubation. Contents of each glass bottle were filtered through three layers of cheesecloth and rumen fluid used to determination of NH3-N using the distillation method. Finally, all remaining contents oven dried at 60 °C for 48 h and analyzed for IVDMD and IVOMD. Metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), partitioning factor (PF), Microbial mass and Efficiency of microbial synthesis calculate throughout 24h incubation.  Results and Discussion Results indicate a significant decrease in GP in aflatoxin treatment compared to treatments without aflatoxin, so that the amount of gas production decreased from 295.05 and 294.38 in control with methanol and control without methanol to 228.48 ml/g of DM. This change in GP was associated with significant reduction in IVDMD and IVOMD, ME, NEL, SCFA, PF, microbial mass and Efficiency of microbial synthesis. Addition of different levels of egg shell powder as aflatoxin binder improved fermentation conditions which was significant in level 2 treatment compare to aflatoxin treatment. There was no significant difference in GP, IVDMD and IVOMD, ME, NEL, SCFA, PF, microbial mass and efficiency of microbial synthesis between control treatments and level 2 egg shell powder as toxin binder.  Conclusion Considering all the results of experiment, egg shell could be considered as an adsorbent of aflatoxin in ruminal conditions. Egg shell powder suggested as toxin binder to reduce the negative effects of aflatoxin B1 on microbial activity and degradability in ruminal conditions.}, keywords = {Aflatoxin,digestibility,Egg Shell,Gas production,Partitioning Factor}, title_fa = {اثر سطوح مختلف پودر پوسته تخم مرغ بر تولید گاز، فراسنجه‌های ‌تخمیری و قابلیت هضم جیره غذایی آلوده با آفلاتوکسینB1 در شرایط برون تنی}, abstract_fa = {هدف از انجام این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف پوسته تخم مرغ به عنوان جاذب آفلاتوکسین B1 در جیره‌های حاوی آفلاتوکسین بر تولید گاز، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، قابلیت هضم ماده آلی و فراسنجه‌های تخمیری در شرایط آزمایشگاهی با استفاده از آزمایش تولید گاز و شبیه­سازی هضم شکمبه‌ی بود. این آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و 4 تکرار در هر تیمار انجام گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1- جیره پایه بدون متانول (شاهد بدون متانول)، 2- جیره پایه با متانول (شاهد با متانول)، 3- جیره پایه + متانول حاوی 800 نانوگرم در میلی­لیتر آفلاتوکسین (آفلاتوکسین)، 4- آفلاتوکسین + 7 میلی­گرم پوسته تخم مرغ (سطح 1)، 5- آفلاتوکسین + 75 میلی­گرم پوسته تخم مرغ (سطح 2)، 6- آفلاتوکسین + 150 میلی‌گرم پوسته تخم­مرغ (سطح 3) بودند. نتایج آزمایش تولید گاز تا 96 ساعت انکوباسیون نشان دهنده کاهش تولید گاز در تیمار آفلاتوکسین (فاقد جاذب توکسین) نسبت به تیمارهای شاهد (فاقد آفلاتوکسین) بود. این تغییر با این کاهش معنی­دار در تجزیه­پذیری ماه خشک و ماده آلی اندازه‌گیری شده و انرژی قابل متابولیسم، انرژی خالص شیردهی، اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر، شاخص تفکیک­پذیری، توده میکروبی تولیدی و راندمان سنتز میکروبی تخمینی همراه بود. از طرفی افزودن سطوح مختلف پوسته تخم مرغ به عنوان جاذب آفلاتوکسین باعث بهبود در شرایط تخمیری شد که در تیمار سطح 2 پوسته تخم مرغ معنی‌دار بود. به‌طوری‌که بین سطح 2 پوسته تخم مرغ و تیمارهای شاهد (فاقد آفلاتوکسین B1) تفاوت معنی‌داری در گاز تولیدی، قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، انرژی قابل متابولیسم و انرژی خالص شیردهی، شاخص تفکیک‌پذیری، توده میکروبی تولیدی و راندمان سنتز میکروبی و اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر مشاهده نشد. با در نظر گرفتن مجموعه نتایج حاصله می‌توان پوسته تخم مرغ را به عنوان جاذب آفلاتوکسین در شرایط شکمبه‌ای مدنظر قرار داد و جهت کاستن اثرات منفی آفلاتوکسین B1 بر فعالیت میکروارگانیسم‌های تجزیه‌کننده مواد غذایی در شرایط شکمبه‌ای پیشنهاد داد.}, keywords_fa = {آفلاتوکسین,پوسته تخم مرغ,تولید گاز,شاخص تفکیک‌پذیری,قابلیت هضم}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39513.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_39513_93aa83e983341a06a2e86e5e4475c60b.pdf} } @article { author = {Mihandoost, Mahdi and Hassanabadi, Ahmad and Nasiri moghaddam, Hassan and Golian, Abolghasem}, title = {Substitution of Roasted Whole Soybeans for Soybean Meal in Male Broiler Chicken Diets: Impact on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Metabolites}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {123-135}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.79067}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Soybean meal (SBM) is the main source of protein in broiler diets. Interest has been increased in the use of roasted full-fat soybean (RFFS) as a replacement of soybean meal and fat in broiler diets. The use of full-fat soybean can eliminate the high cost of oil usage and allows the use of a protein supplement in the broiler diets. Full-fat soybeans could provide both protein and energy in one feed ingredient. Use of raw soybeans in poultry diets is not efficient due to presence of anti-nutrient factors like trypsin inhibitor factors. One method of raw soybeans heat processing is roasting the beans by a rotating chamber in which they are directly exposed to a flame. It has been reported similar weight gains by broiler chicks fed heat treated full-fat soybeans or SBM. Heat-treated full-fat soybeans have been included in broiler diets at the level of 15% and reported that body weight at 6 weeks of age were not significantly affected. In contrast, heat-treated full-fat soybeans in starter and finisher diets at the level of 30% reduced growth performance during the starter period. However, the adverse effects became less severe as bird age increases. In some cases weight gain significantly decreased by full-fat soybeans compare to SBM containing diets. When 100% of the soybean meal was replaced by roasted full-fat soybeans, body weight was significantly decreased at 3weeks of age. The high energy of full-fat soybeans may change carcass composition. It has been shown that carcass yield of broiler chickens improved 3% when soybeans were included 10% of the diet. Information about full-fat soybeans for broilers is limited. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of substituting different levels of roasted full-fat soybean for soybean meal in diets of broiler chickens on performance and blood metabolites. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effects of roasted whole soybeans replacement for soybean meal in male broiler chicken diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters, a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates was carried out with 192 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks up 42 days. In this experiment, RFFS was roasted in 130 centigrade degrees for 30 minutes. All groups were fed with a standard starter diet during 1-14 d. RFFS was substituted in 4 dietary levels of zero, 25, 50 and 75 percent for soybean meal during growing (15-28 d) and finisher (29-42 d) periods. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during grower and finisher periods. Birds were reared on litter floor pens and a lighting program with 23:1 h light and darkness was used from 1-42 d. At day 42 after 3 h fasting, one bird from each replicate close to group mean weight was selected to determine carcass characteristics and blood parameters. Blood samples were taken from the wing vein and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000×g for five min. The serum samples were kept in -20°C until analysis. Results and Discussion Results showed that 75% level of RFFS replaced with SBM significantly decreased weight gain, body weight at the end of each period and feed intake in grower period. In finisher period the replacement of 75% of SBM with RFFS, resulted lower body weight, daily weight gain and feed consumption in compare to other replacement levels (p < 0.05). FCR in grower period was not significantly affected by treatments but control group in finisher period had better feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Carcass parts including breast, thighs and pancreas were not significantly affected by the treatments. But, liver and abdominal fat pad weights were increased when the FFSM level was increased to 75% substituting level (p < 0.05). RFFS had no significant effects on blood serum triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase concentrations. But, blood serum cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL) concentrations in control group were significantly lower than other treatments. Serum aspartate transaminase concentration in 75% replacement level of RFFS for SBM was significantly lower than other treatments (p < 0.05). Serum creatine phosphokinase concentration in control group was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than other groups. Conclusions Results of this experiment revealed that replacement of 50% of diet SBM with RFFS during 15-42 days of age has no adverse effect on broiler chickens growth performance and increases blood HDL. }, keywords = {Blood metabolites,Broiler Chickens,carcass components,Performance,Roasted Soybean}, title_fa = {اثر جایگزینی کنجاله سویا با دانه کامل سویا‌ی برشته شده بر عملکرد رشد، صفات لاشه و برخی فراسنجه‌های خون جوجه‌ خروس‌های گوشتی}, abstract_fa = {این آزمایش به‌منظور بررسی اثر جایگزینی دانه کامل سویای برشته شده با کنجاله‌سویا بر عملکرد و برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد. 192 قطعه جوجه خروس یکروزه راس ‌308 در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به چهار تیمار و چهار تکرار تقسیم شدند. دانه سویا در دمای 130 درجه‌سانتیگراد به‌مدت 30 دقیقه برشته و از سن 42-15 روزگی در چهار سطح صفر، 25، 50 و 75 درصد جایگزین کنجاله‌سویا شد. جیره‌ها دارای پروتئین‌خام و انرژی قابل‌متابولیسم تقریباً یکسان بودند. در 42 روزگی یک قطعه جوجه از هر تکرار خونگیری و ذبح شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش سویای برشته شده، افزایش وزن و خوراک مصرفی در دوره رشد کاهش یافت. در دوره پایانی در سطح 75‌ درصد، میانگین افزایش وزن، وزن بدن و خوراک مصرفی بطورمعنی‌داری پایین‌تر از سایر سطوح بود. ضریب تبدیل غذایی در دوره رشد تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفت ولی در دوره پایانی تیمار شاهد ضریب تبدیل بهتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشت. با افزایش سویای برشته شده، وزن کبد و چربی حفره شکمی افزایش یافت و اختلاف آن در تیمار 75 درصد نسبت به سایر تیمارها معنی‌دار بود. غلظت کلسترول و HDL سرم در تیمار شاهد نسبت به سایر تیمارها بطور معنی‌داری کمتر بود. غلظت آسپارتات ترانس آمیناز سرم (AST) در تیمار 75درصد بطور معنی‌داری کمتر از سایر تیمارها بود و کراتین‌فسفو‌کیناز (CPK) در تیمار شاهد بطور معنی‌داری کمتر از سایر تیمارها بود. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که جایگزینی 50 درصد از کنجاله سویای جیره با دانه کامل سویای برشته شده از سن 15روزگی تأثیر منفی بر عملکرد جوجه‌های گوشتی نداشته و HDL خون آنها را افزایش می‌دهد.}, keywords_fa = {اجزای لاشه,جوجه گوشتی,سویای برشته شده,عملکرد,فراسنجه‌های خون}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37016.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37016_88913026f1e244d3d8e54bcd218fe370.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahitavi, Mohammadreza and Salari, Sommayeh and Ghorbani, Mohammadreza and Aghaei, Ali}, title = {Effect of Phytogenic Additive (XTRACT 6930) on Performance, Egg Quality and Some Physiological Parameters of Laying Hens}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {137-149}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.83755}, abstract = {Introduction[1]New alternatives for feed supplementation in poultry production are considered to improve animal health and quantitative and qualitative productivity by the phytogenic feed additives. Essential oils are a mixture of several compounds of herbal origin that can be used for animal feeding to improve its performance and health. Essential oils can act as stimulant agents of the immune system during acute or chronic inflammatory processes that can be characterized by an increase on the levels of serum globulins, which can express the metabolic and nutritional status of the animal. Moreover, essential oils may improve nutrient digestion and absorption by enzymatic stimulation and they also may exert positive effects when used in laying hens. The use of natural capsaicin extracted from red pepper has preventive effects on salmonella infection in laying hens. Cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol have also been shown to stimulate mucin secretion, thereby preventing the establishment of pathogens. These compounds in marjoram, pepper, thyme are antimicrobial agent against Clostridium spores. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combination of essential oils of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin on performance, egg quality, microbial population, blood parameters, immunity and reproductive parameters of laying hens. Materials and Methods This experiment was done with 120 laying hens (Hy-line W-36) at 70 weeks of age for 10 weeks including 2 weeks of habituation and 8 weeks of sampling in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 6 birds per replicate. Experimental treatments included control diet without additives and diets containing 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg phytogenic supplement containing carvacrol 5%, capsaicin 2% and cinemaldehyde 3% (made by Pancosma, France). Egg weight (gr), egg production (%) and egg mass (gr/hen/day) were recorded daily. Feed consumption was measured weekly and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated weekly too. At the end of weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 of the experiment, two eggs from each replicate were randomly selected for measurement the egg qualitative traits. To investigate the effect of phytogenic supplementation on the immune system, at the beginning of 6 and 8 weeks of the experiment, 0.5 ml of 20% sheep red blood cell suspension (SRBC) in saline phosphate buffer (PBS) was injected into the breast muscle of one bird from each replicate. After 7 days of injection, blood samples was analyzed for SRBC titer. At the end of the study, one birds per replicate were killed by cervical dislocation and blood was drawn from the jugular vein. Serum was separated after centrifugation at 4500 g and 4°C for 10 min, and frozen at −20°C until further analysis was conducted for blood biochemical parameters. Serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides using standard kits (Zist Shimi, Tehran, Iran) with an autoanalyser (Autolab PM 4000; Medical System, Rome, Italy). Then, caecal digesta (1 g) from each bird were aseptically transferred into 9 ml of sterile saline solution and serially diluted. Lactobacilli, Coliforms, and E.Coli were grown on Rogosa–Sharpe agar, MacConkey Agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, respectively. Plates for Lactobacillus were incubated anaerobically for 48 h at 37 °C. Microbial populations for E. coli and Coliforms were counted after aerobic incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. All samples were plated in duplicate. Results and Discussion The results of these experiments showed­ ­Feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the laying hens were not affected by dietary inclusion of different levels of phytogenic supplement. During the whole period of experiment, 100 mg/kg phytogenic supplement significantly increased egg weight and egg production. Egg quality traits including egg unit, yolk color, shell strength, shell weight, yolk weight, were not affected by phytogenic supplement but eggshell thickness of birds fed on 100 mg/kg of phytogenic feed additive increased significantly (P < 0.05). Cecal population of Lactobacillus was increased (P < 0.05) in birds fed various levels of phytogenic feed additive compared to control (P < 0.05). Blood parameters of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were not affected by the treatments. Different levels of phytogenic supplementation did not show significant effect on primary and secondary antibody response and reproductive parameters of laying hens. The results showed that not only the addition of 100 ppm of phytogenic additive to the diet of laying hens improves egg production percentage, egg weight and egg shell thickness, but also, increased cecal population of Lactobacillus. }, keywords = {Egg quality traits,laying hens,Performance,Phytogenic supplement}, title_fa = {تاثیر مکمل فیتوژنیک(XTRACT 6930) بر عملکرد، کیفیت تخم‌مرغ و برخی فراسنجه‌های فیزیولوژیکی مرغان تخم‌گذار}, abstract_fa = {هدف تحقیق حاضر مطالعه اثر یک نوع مکمل فیتوژنیک حاوی کارواکرول، کاپسایسین و سینمالدئید بر عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم­مرغ، جمعیت میکروبی روده­ کور، فراسنجه­های خونی، ایمنی و ریخت­شناسی تخمدان مرغان تخم­گذار در مرحله دوم تخم­گذاری بود. در این تحقیق از تعداد 120 قطعه مرغ تخم­گذار سویه­ های-لاین W-36 ­ با سن 70 هفته با 5 تیمار، 4 تکرار و 6 قطعه مرغ در هر تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به مدت 10 هفته (2 هفته عادت پذیری و 8 هفته رکوردبرداری) استفاده شد. تیمار­های آزمایشی شامل سطوح صفر، 50، 100، 150 و 200 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم مکمل فیتوژنیک بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اگر چه مکمل فیتوژنیک تأثیر معنی­داری بر مصرف خوراک و ضریب­تبدیل خوراک نداشت، اما در کل دوره آزمایش سطح 100 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم وزن و درصد­تولید تخم­مرغ را به طور معنی­داری در مقایسه با تیمار کنترل افزایش داد (05/0­> P). ضخامت پوسته در سطح 100 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم جیره به­طور معنی‌‌داری در مقایسه با گروه کنترل افزایش یافت (05/0 > P). جمعیت لاکتوباسیل در روده کور پرندگان دریافت کننده مکمل فیتوژنیک به­طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از تیمار کنترل بود (05/0 > P). فراسنجه­های خونی، پاسخ آنتی­بادی علیه  SRBCو فراسنجه­های تولید­مثلی مرغان تخم­گذار تحت تأثیر اعمال تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که افزودن100 میلی‌گرم درکیلوگرم مخلوط روغن‌های ضروری کارواکرول، کاپسایسین و سینمالدئید­ به جیره مرغان تخم­گذار نه­ تنها درصد ­تولید،­ وزن تخم­مرغ و جمعیت باکتری لاکتوباسیل روده کور را افزایش داد، بلکه باعث بهبود ضخامت پوسته تخم­مرغ­ شد.}, keywords_fa = {عملکرد,کیفیت تخم‌مرغ,مرغان تخم‌گذار,مکمل‌فیتوژنیک‌(XTRACT 6930)}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37043.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37043_35f1b699f2bf7b3bd9cbac434d99f0a5.pdf} } @article { author = {Zare, nahideh and Hedayat Evrigh, Nemat and Seyedsharifi, Reza and Khalkhali Evrigh, Reza and Boustan, Azade}, title = {Identification of total microsatellites in the genome of Iranian Bactrian camels using whole genome sequencing data}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {151-160}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i1.85088}, abstract = {Introduction Bactrian camels are known as one of the resistant species to harsh environmental conditions. The camel’s body temperature may vary from 34 to 41 °C throughout the day. They can survive if they lose body water greater than 25% of total body weight, while, in non-desert mammals, losses of greater than 15% are deadly. Since, Iran is located in one of the most arid regions of the world and water resources shortage, also special capabilities of camels, this species can be a valuable source of protein in the country. The study of genetic diversity is one of the most widely studies in domestic animals and microsatellites are widely used in this field. Microsatellite sequences contain useful information and are widely used to assess genetic diversity within and between populations, as well as to investigate the evolution process between species. The main aim of the present study was to identify the total microsatellites in the genome of Iranian Bactrian camels using whole genome sequencing data and compare them with other mammalians.  Materials and Methods This study was carried out to identify genome wide microsatellites on six Bactrian camels from Ardabil province. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using 4 ml vacutainer tubes and stored at -20C˚ until use. Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology (Illumina, USA) was used for whole genome sequencing of samples. Sequencing was performed using the paired-end method with 100 bp at both ends of the reads. The quality control of raw sequence reads was performed using FastQC software. The SLIDINGWINDOW (4:20) algorithm of Trimmomatic v0.36 program was used to quality filter of raw reads. After filtration of reads with low quality, reads shorter than 40 bp were discarded. The de novo assembly of trimmed reads from Bactrian camels was done using CLC Genomics Workbench 11 software (CLC Bio, Aarhus, Denmark). The parameters used in this study for de novo assembly of trimmed reads were: 3 for mismatch cost, 3 for deletion and insertion cost, 0.5 for length fraction, and 0.8 for similarity fraction. Assembled genomes were searched for identifying the microsatellites using MISA with motif size ranging from mono-nucleotide to octo-nucleotide. The minimum repeat numbers were defined as 12 for mono-, 6 for di-, 5 for tri- and tetra, 4 for penta- and hexa-, and 3 for hepta- and octo-nucleotide repeat SSRs. Microsatellite motifs that interrupted by 100 nucleotides were considered as compound microsatellites. Also, several mammalians assembled genomes were downloaded and searched for microsatellite loci, including Arabian dromedary camel, Bactrian camel, alpaca, horse, cattle, sheep, and human.  Results and Discussion The assembled genome size for the Bactrian camels were ranged from 1.90 for sample one to 1.97 for sample three. Also, the N50 length for the assembled contigs of Iranian Bactrian camels were ranged from 19.1 kb for sample one to 51.5 kb for sample five. The contig N50 length is one of the qualitative measurement parameters of genome assembly and a larger size means better assembly.The total microsatellites loci identified for Iranian Bactrian camels ranged from 136028 for sample two to 539555 for sample three. The results show that the genome of samples one, two, three, four, five and six contained 3.13 Mb, 2.35 Mb, 9.26 Mb, 7.1 Mb, 8.99 Mb and 8.86 Mb microsatellites, respectively. It should be noted that the difference in the microsatellites of SSRs in the Iranian Bactrian camel genomes is due to their different qualities in assembly. In mammals examined in this study, humans with 25.7 Mb and horses with 7.81 Mb had the highest and lowest total size of microsatellites, respectively. The results revealed that the number of microsatellites decreases with increasing in them, repeats, so that, one and two repeats sequences are the most frequent motifs. More than 74% of the identified microsatellites belong to the ten microsatellites with the highest number in all seven species. The motif T is the most frequent motif in the samples one and six Iranian Bactrian camels, Iranian dromedary camels, Bactrian camel, cattle, sheep, horses and humans. In samples two, three, four, five, the non-Iranian dromedary camel and alpaca motif A is the most abundant motif. The finding of this study will be applied as a valuable resource for further studies on camel breeding, especially on Iranian Bactrian camels. A large number of camel’s SSR markers developed in this study established a valuable resource for the investigation of genetic diversity and may improve the development of breeding programs in Iranian Bactrian camels in the future.}, keywords = {Bactrian camel,Iran,Microsatellite,Whole genome sequencing}, title_fa = {شناسایی کل ریزماهواره‌ها در ژنوم شترهای دو‌کوهانه ایرانی با استفاده از داده‌های توالی‌یابی کل ژنوم}, abstract_fa = {شترهای دوکوهانه یکی از مقاومترین گونه‌های حیوانی در برابر شرایط سخت محیطی به شمار می‌روند که تعداد آنها در ایران در محدوده خطر قرار گرفته است. شناخت هر چه بهتر و دقیق‌تر این گونه، به خصوص در سطح مطالعات ژنومی، می‌تواند از طریق طراحی برنامه‌های مدیریت تنوع ژنتیکی، به حفظ این گونه کمک کند. هدف از انجام این مطالعه شناسایی ریزماهواره­های ژنوم شترهای دوکوهانه ایرانی با استفاده از داده­های توالی­یابی کل ژنوم بود. در مطالعه حاضر از تعداد شش نفر شتر دوکوهانه متعلق به استان اردبیل خون­گیری صورت گرفت. توالی­یابی کامل ژنوم شترهای دوکوهانه با استفاده از پلتفرم ایلومینا و به صورت دو انتها (Paired-end) با اندازه 100 جفت باز از هر طرف انجام شد. بعد از پالایش کیفی خوانش‌ها، گردآوری از نو آنها صورت گرفته و با استفاده از برنامه MISA به شناسایی تمام ریزماهواره­های ژنوم‌های مورد مطالعه پرداخته شد. اندازه ژنوم‌های گردآوری شده برای شترهای دو­کوهانه مورد مطالعه، در محدوده Gb 90/1 برای نمونه یک تا Gb 97/1 برای نمونه سه قرار داشت. مقدار N50 مربوط به کانتیگ­های ایجاد شده برای شترهای دو­کوهانه ایرانی از kb 1/19 برای نمونه یک تا kb 7/51 برای نمونه پنج متغیر بود. ریزماهواره­های شناسایی شده در اندازه یک تا هشت نوکلئوتید بودند. کل ریزماهواره­های شناسایی شده برای نمونه­های شترهای دو­کوهانه ایرانی در محدوده 136028 برای نمونه دو تا 539555 برای نمونه سه قرار داشت. همچنین با شناسایی ریزماهواره‌های هفت گونه پستاندار دیگر در این مطالعه، به مقایسه نتایج به دست آمده آنها با شتر دوکوهانه ایرانی پرداخته شد.}, keywords_fa = {ایران,توالی‌یابی کل ژنوم,ریزماهواره‌,شتر دو‌کوهانه}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37030.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37030_00bb349f02b75ea4b0f99c417b0b250f.pdf} }