@article { author = {Didarkhah, Masood and Vatandoost, Moosa}, title = {The Effect of Probiotic and Prebiotic Supplements on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Skeletal Growth of Baluchi Male Lambs}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {411-422}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.75166}, abstract = {Introduction[1] In recent years, the main policy in animal husbandry has been the use of livestock supplements with high production efficiency. To achieve this, in addition to using new and optimal nutrition methods, management can improve and accelerate efficiency-enhancing programs in livestock units by implementing various and appropriate methods and strategies. Due to the advances that have been made in the sheep and goat breeding industry, the need to use effective food additives to advance this goal and provide the nutrients needed for livestock has increased. On the other hand, rumen microbial population imbalances can play a major role in nutrient depletion. Several additives have been used to improve fermentation conditions in the rumen and increase the production of ruminant animals. These compounds include methane inhibitors, antibiotics, probiotics, growth factors and enzymes. The use of antibiotics in livestock has serious consequences such as bacterial resistance and intestinal disturbances. Therefore, the use of antibiotics is now limited in many countries and much effort is being made to find an alternative to antibiotics. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its microbial balance. A stable rumen environment is a key factor in achieving optimal milk production and animal health. Therefore, the use of additives that both reduce metabolic diseases in livestock and are useful in improving the microbial function of the rumen, is very necessary. Most of probiotic studies that were reported in the literatures used single or two strains probiotics rather that multi strains bacteria. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which are not metabolized in the small intestine and fermented in large intestine. In this study, the effect of adding supplements on performance, blood metabolites and ruminal volatile fatty acids were investigated.   Materials and methods Forty Baluchi male lambs were used in four completely randomized treatments for 90 days. Treatments included: control group (initial diet), probiotic group (initial diet + 0.5 gr probiotic), prebiotic group (initial diet + 2 gr prebiotic) and symbiotic group (initial diet + 0.5 gr Probiotic and 2 gr of prebiotic). The amount of feed consumed per sheep daily and weight gain was calculated and recorded during the whole period. In order to determine the concentration of some blood parameters, blood samples were taken from the cervical vertebrae at the end of the week. Blood samples were taken at nine o'clock in the morning (two hours after the morning meal) on weekdays. To measure the concentration of metabolites, plasma samples were melting at room temperature to determine the serum levels of serum cholesterol, glucose, albumin, triglyceride and total protein plasma from a biosorbent kit and an autoanalyzer (model A15, France). Sampling from ruminal fluid was done after four hours feeding in the morning and using an oral catheter on day 90 of the experiment. Measurement of skeletal parameters including chest circumference by placing a tape measure around the chest just behind the front legs and shoulder blade, body length (shoulder-to-shoulder position), height at the withers, height at the hip or height at the hips, and the distance between the two hip bones was determined using biometric calipers in the first and last weeks. Results and discussion The results of this study showed that probiotic consumption had no significant effect on functional parameters of Baluch sheep including final weight, daily gain, feed intake and dietary intake. Plasma glucose concentration increased with increasing of probiotic content in the diets and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group, but this difference was not significant between supplemented probiotic diets and diets with significant prebiotic supplement. With the use of probiotic supplements in all groups of consumption, the pH of ruminal fluid of Baluchi sheep increased and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group. The concentration of acetate and ruminal propionate of sheep fed the probiotic supplement was higher than that of those who did not (P <0.05).Glucose and triglycerides, total plasma protein concentrations and plasma albumin were not affected by probiotic and prebiotic supplements in the diets and no significant differences were observed between diets.   Conclusion In general, results of this experiment indicated that using probiotic and prebiotic supplements due to volatile fatty acids produced in this study improved ruminal fermentation, but supplementation could not have a significant effect on performance and skeletal growth indices in Baluchi sheep. }, keywords = {Baluchi male lambs,Blood metabolites,Peribiotic,Probiotic,Symbiotic}, title_fa = {تاثیر استفاده از مکمل‌های پروبیوتیکی و پری‌بیوتیکی بر عملکرد رشد، شاخص‌های خونی و رشد اسکلتی بره‌های نر بلوچی}, abstract_fa = {اثر مصرف مکمل­های پروبیوتیکی و پری­بیوتیکی بر عملکرد، فراسنجه‌های خونی و اسیدهای چرب فرار شکمبه با استفاده از 40 راس بره نر بلوچی با میانگین سنی 12 تا 14 ماهه و وزن اولیه 5/1 ± 30 کیلوگرم در قالب طرح کاملا" تصادفی با چهار تیمار و 10 تکرار به مدت 90 روز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل گروه شاهد (جیره پایه)، گروه پروبیوتیک (جیره پایه + 5/0گرم پروبیوتیک به ازای هر راس در روز)، گروه پری بیوتیک (جیره پایه + دو گرم پری­بیوتیک به ازای هر راس در روز) و گروه سین بیوتیک (جیره پایه + 5/0 گرم پروبیوتیک + دو گرم پری­بیوتیک به ازای هر راس در روز) بود. مقدار خوراک مصرفی هر دام بصورت روزانه و افزایش وزن در کل دوره محاسبه و ثبت شد. به منظور تعیین غلظت برخی از فراسنجه­های خونی، در هفته پایانی از سیاهرگ گردنی وداج خون‌گیری به عمل آمد. نمونه­گیری از مایع شکمبه چهار ساعت پس از خوراک­دهی صبحگاهی با استفاده از سوند مری در روز نودم آزمایش انجام شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که مصرف پروبیوتیک اثر معنی­داری بر فاکتورهای عملکردی بره‌های نر بلوچی شامل وزن نهایی، افزایش وزن روزانه، مصرف خوراک و بازده غذایی نداشت. غلظت گلوکز پلاسما با افزایش مقدار پروبیوتیک در جیره­ها افزایش پیدا کرد و اختلاف معنی­داری (05/0P<) با گروه شاهد داشت، اما این اختلاف بین جیره­های دارای مکمل پروبیوتیک و جیره دارای مکمل پری­بیوتیک معنی­دار نبود. غلظت استات و پروپیونات شکمبه­ای گوسفندانی که مکمل پروبیوتیک و مکمل پری­بیوتیک مصرف کرده بودند، نسبت به گروه شاهد بیشتر بود (05/0P<). در این تحقیق با توجه به اسیدهای چرب فرار تولید شده، مصرف مکمل­های پروبیوتیکی و پری‌بیوتیکی باعث بهبود تخمیر شکمبه­ای شد، ولی اثر معنی­داری بر عملکرد و شاخص­های رشد اسکلتی در بره‌های نر بلوچی نداشت.}, keywords_fa = {بره نر بلوچی,پروبیوتیک,پری‌بیوتیک,سین‌بیوتیک,فراسنجه‌های خونی}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36960.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36960_fef540b1adc443f6a267152fef4e66d7.pdf} } @article { author = {shabkhan shokatabad, soheyla and Bashtani, Moslem and Farhangfar, Seyyed Homayoun}, title = {Influence of Sesame Meal on Meat Fatty Acid Profile, and Digestibility in Fattening Lambs of Baluchi Breed}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {423-435}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.82259}, abstract = {Introduction Sesame with the scientific name ‘Sesamum Indicum’ belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. Sesame seeds have high oil content (42-56%) and crude protein (20-25%), as well as a source of minerals, especially calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. The main fatty acids in sesame include: linoleic acid (40.4 to 47.9%), oleic acid (35.9 to 42.3%), palmitic acid (7.9% to 12%) and stearic acid (6.1 to 4.8 %). Historically, the purpose of agricultural research has been focused on increasing production efficiency so that less emphasis has been on improving the profile of food products. Therefore, scientists and producers are interested in research and agricultural activities that can improve the nutritional profile of food products. Changes in animal nutrition can significantly increase the concentration of bioactive components (such as conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids) in animal products. The most effective strategy is to supplement ruminants with different oils or oils rich in linoleic acid or linolenic acid. Materials and Methods In this study, 21 lambs with average initial weight of 30 ±3 kg were used. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments including 0, 6 and 12% replacement of sesame meal with soybean meal with 7 replicates for 75 days (14 days adaptation). Experimental diets were adjusted using the SRNS transcription software (NRC 2007). Feed was given daily at 8 am and 4 pm. After slaughter of animals, samples of Longissimus dorsi muscle (ribs 12 and 13) were removed from the left carcass and after packaging to measure fatty acids in Freezer-20 ◦C was maintained. The fatty acid composition of sesame meal and muscle were measured. The internal marker was used to determine apparent digestibility of nutrients. Results and Discussion Replacing sesame meal (SM) with soybean meal had no effect on nutrient digestibility and performance (p> 0.05). The effects of added dietary fat on performance of ruminants are reported to be varied. Such variability could be associated with differences between experiments in terms of composition of the basal diet (i.e., energy density and level of grain), level of fat inclusion, fat type and composition (i.e. contents of free and saturated fatty acids), and whether diets were formulated to be isoenergetic. The fact that the rations with fat supplements were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous may explain the absence of significant differences in animal performance. SM supplementation affected the composition of FA in meat of lamb. The SM addition decreased SFA (p < 0.01), SFA: PUFA (p < 0.01) and AI (p < 0.01) while increased MUFA (p < 0.001), PUFA (p < 0.001), CLA and DFA (p < 0.001). Palmitic acid (C16:0) reduced in SM treatment. Since C16 fatty acid has been introduced as a hypercholesterolemic FA, its reduction in meat and adipose tissue is beneficial to human health. Also, stearic acid (C18:0) (p < 0.05) decreased. Endogenous synthesis of MUFA in adipose tissues involves a reduction of C16:0 and C18:0 FA catalyzed by the ∆9 –desaturase activity. It is reported that ∆9 –desaturase expression is influenced by polyphenolic compounds (46). Also, the increase in cis-9 C18:1 proportion in meat of lambs fed SM diets can be explained by the high dietary cis-9 C18:1 level in SM groups, probably combined with slow ruminal biohydrogenation. Oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) with stearic acids (C18:0) and palmitic (C16:0) to be the most abundant. Palmitic acid increases while oleic acid decreases blood cholesterol, and stearic acid has no effect. The cis-9 C18:1 reduce human LDL-cholesterol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in blood, which result in lower risk of coronary problems. CLA nutrition has been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic effects, as well as positive effects on serum lipids. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that meat FA composition of lambs can be improved from a human health perspective by inclusion of SM, as a rich source of PUFA. Addition of SM up to 12 % in lambs diet, increased the proportion of CLA, MUFA, PUFA, MUFA: SFA and PUFA:SFA ratio and decreased SFA and AI in meat. However, further investigation is needed to optimize the level of SM incorporation in animal diet.}, keywords = {digestibility,fatty acids,Sesame meal}, title_fa = {تأثیر کنجاله کنجد بر الگوی اسیدهای چرب گوشت و قابلیت هضم در بره‌های نژاد بلوچی}, abstract_fa = {هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی جایگزینی کنجاله کنجد با کنجاله سویا به عنوان یک فراورده فرعی فراوان و در دسترس و همچنین غنی از ترکیبات مفید نظیر اسیدهای چرب ضروری و آنتی­اکسیدان­ها در تغذیه بره­های پرواری بود.در این آزمایش 21 رأس بره نر نژاد بلوچی با میانگین وزنی3±30 کیلوگرم به طور تصادفی در 3 گروه قرار داده شد و هر گروه با یکی از سه جیره آزمایشی که حاوی سطوح مختلف کنجاله کنجد بود تغذیه شدند. جیره‌های آزمایشی عبارت بودند از: 1- جیره شاهد، جیره فاقد کنجاله کنجد (حاوی 12 درصد سویا) 2- جیره دوم حاوی 6 درصد کنجاله کنجد که جایگزین نصف سویا شد (حاوی 6 درصد کنجاله کنجد+6 درصد کنجاله سویا) 3- جیره سوم حاوی 12 درصد کنجاله کنجد بود که به طور کامل جایگزین کنجاله سویا شد. دوره آزمایش 75 روز بود و بره­ها در پایان دوره آزمایش کشتار شدند. نتایج نشان داد کنجاله کنجد تاثیری بر مصرف خوراک، افزایش وزن و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی نداشت. نتایج مربوط به الگوی اسیدهای چرب عضله کاهش اسیدهای چرب C:16 و C:18 را در جیره­های محتوی کنجاله کنجد نشان داد، همچنین واکسینیک اسید C18:1 (VA) trans-11 و رومینیک اسید CLA cis-9 trans-11C18:2(RA)با افزایش سطح کنجاله کنجد به طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت. کنجاله کنجد باعث افزایش MUFA، PUFA،MUFA:SFA  و PUFA:SFA و کاهش SFA و AI شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد جایگزین کردن کنجاله کنجد با سویا بدون تاثیر منفی بر عملکرد تا سطح 12 درصد، منجر به بهبود ارزش تغذیه­ای گوشت شد.}, keywords_fa = {اسیدهای چرب,قابلیت هضم,کنجاله کنجد}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36967.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36967_cba4e9fa886bbb802a92414652308791.pdf} } @article { author = {Biabani, Nasim and Fatahnia, Farshid and Taasoli, Golnaz and Bahrami, Mehdi and Mirzaei alamouti, Hamidreza}, title = {In vitro Fermentation Parameters of Diets Containing Different Levels of Mint Pulp and Chicory Pulp}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {437-448}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.80217}, abstract = {Introduction[1] The world average yield of essential oil is around 50000 ton/year which means that large amounts of apparently useless plant residues are produced. These residues do not have a specific commercial use, so it would be a very interesting alternative to provide feed for livestock.Agro-industrial co-products, can be effectively consumed by ruminant species. Since, many parts of Iran have arid and semi-arid climate, and there is feed shortage during the year, hence agro-industrial co-products can be used as animal feed. This experiment was aimed to study the chemical compositions and in vitro rumen fermentation of mint pulp and chicory pulp and experimental diets containing different levels of mint pulp and chicory pulp. Materials and Methods Fresh mint pulp and chicory pulp were collected from an agro industry processing factory. Chemical compositions (dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and ash), in vitro gas production parameters, total protozoa population and N-ammonia concentration of mint pulp and chicory pulp were measured. Each pulp separately included at three levels (10, 20 and 30 % of DM) in a basal diet. Experimental diets were: 1- Basal diet, 2- basal diet containing 10% chicory pulp, 3- basal diet containing 20% chicory pulp, 4- basal diet containing 30% chicory pulp, 5- basal diet containing 10% mint pulp, 6- basal diet containing 20% mint pulp and 7- basal diet containing 30% mint pulp. Basal diet formulated for ewes and contained 12.5 % CP and 2.20 Mcal metabolisable energy (ME) /Kg of diet. In vitro gas production parameters, total protozoa population and N-ammonia concentration of diets were measured and ME, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were estimated. For in vitro gas production tests, the rumen fluid was taken from two rumen fistulated Kurdish rams. For measuring kinetic parameters of gas production, 200 mg of samples were incubated with 40 ml of buffered-rumen fluid for 120 hours. The cumulative produced gas was recorded at different times of incubation and gas production parameters were fitted to an exponential equation. For estimating ME, OMD and total VFA, 40 ml buffered rumen fluid was added to 200 mg of diets and incubated at 39 °C for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation, gas production recorded and ME, OMD and SCFA were estimated. Rumen protozoa population were identified after 24 hours incubation. Five ml of buffered rumen fluid was pipetted into a screw-capped test tube containing 5 ml of formalin. Thereafter, two drops of brilliant green dye (2 g brilliant green and 2 ml glacial acetic diluted to 100 ml with distilled water) were added to the test tube, mixed thoroughly and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. Total and differential counts of protozoa were made with five replications.  All in vitro gas production trials were carried out in three runs. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design using Proc GLM of SAS software. The differences among treatments were evaluated using Tukey adjustment when the overall F-test was P ≤ 0.05. Trends were declared when 0.05 < P≤ 0.10. In addition, independent comparisons were done for diets containing mint pulp vs. diets containing chicory pulp. Results and Discussion The results showed that mint pulp contains 105, 500 and 345 g/kg of CP, NDF and ADF respectively and chicory pulp contains 69.7, 610 and 465 g/kg of CP, NDF and ADF respectively. Mint pulp had greater lag phase than chicory pulp (p < 0.05) and potential of gas production did not differ between two pulps. Mint pulp had greater estimated ME, SCFA and OMD in compare to chicory pulp (p < 0.01). Potential and rate of gas production, N- ammonia concentration, total protozoa population, estimated ME, SCFA and OMD were not different among all experimental diets (P>0.05). The constant rate of gas production when half the potential of gas is produced was different among experimental diets (P=0.05), so that basal diet and diet containing 30 % of mint pulp had the highest and lowest value, respectively. Conclusion Considering the obtained data regarding the chemical compositions and gas production parameters, it is concluded that mint pulp and chicory pulp could be used as a part of forage portion in ruminant nutrition. More experiments are needed to study the inclusion of mint pulp and chicory pulp in diets of productive ruminants. }, keywords = {chicory pulp,Fermentation kinetics,mint pulp}, title_fa = {فراسنجه‌های تخمیر برون‌تنی جیره‌های حاوی سطوح مختلف تفاله نعناع و تفاله‌کاسنی}, abstract_fa = {این پژوهش با هدف مطالعه پویایی تخمیر برون‌تنی تفاله نعناع و تفاله کاسنی و نیز جیره‌های حاوی سطوح مختلف آنها انجام شد. تفاله‌ها به صورت جداگانه به میزان 10، 20 و 30 درصد جایگزین بخش الیاف یک جیره‌ آزمایشی شدند. فراسنجه‌های تولیدگاز، جمعیت پروتوزوآ وغلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی تفاله‌ها و جیره‌های آزمایشی حاوی سطوح مختلف آنها اندازه‌گیری و انرژی قابل متابولیسم، اسید­های چرب زنجیر کوتاه و گوارش‌پذیری ماده آلی برآورد شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که میزان پروتئین خام تفاله نعناع و تفاله کاسنی به ترتیب 105 و 7/69 ، میزان الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی 500 و 610 و میزان الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی 345 و 460 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک بود. تفاله نعناع دارای فاز تأخیر، انرژی قابل متابولیسم، اسید­های چرب زنجیر کوتاه و گوارش‌پذیری ماده آلی برآورد شده بیشتری در مقایسه با تفاله کاسنی بود. جیره شاهد بالاترین و جیره دارای 30 درصد تفاله نعناع کمترین میزان نرخ تولید گاز را نشان دادند. پتانسیل تولید گاز، نرخ تولید گاز، فاز تأخیر، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و کل جمعیت پروتوزوآ تحت تأثیر جیره‌های آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. در کل، با توجه به این نتایج و برای کاهش هزینه­های خوراک می‌توان از تفاله نعناع و تفاله کاسنی تا 30 درصد ماده خشک جیره بدون اثر نامطلوب بر فرآیند تخمیر شکمبه استفاده کرد.}, keywords_fa = {پویایی تخمیر,تفاله کاسنی,تفاله نعناع}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36976.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36976_5890dd1ade88c72e7adcc381a88ad03a.pdf} } @article { author = {Seidali Doolatabad, Saeed and Sari, Mohsen and Ghorbanei kharage, Gholamreza}, title = {Evaluation of Feeding Glucogenic, Lipogenic and their Mixture Diets on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolites and Preferences in Holstein Suckling Calves}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {449-465}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.82328}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Ingestion of solid feed is necessary to stimulate rumen development in the young calf and facilitate the transition from a pre-ruminant to a functioning ruminant. Lipogenic nutrients in ruminants originate from fermentation of fiber to acetate and butyrate, dietary fat or are derived from body reserves. Glucogenic nutrients originate from starch that has escaped rumen degradation or gluconeogenesis. The use of low-starch starters is prevalent in dairy calf industry worldwide. These starters differ greatly in their composition of both fiber and fat. The NRC (2001) suggested that adequate digestible fiber should be included in starter diets but limited data exist to substantiate this statement. Digestible fiber sources such as sugar beet pulp, soybean hulls, and wheat bran have a lower ME value than corn and barley grains which are starch rich. A meta-analysis of 6 studies showed positive linear relationships between starch concentration of starter feed with ADG. However meta-regression analysis indicated that growth responses to starch concentration were influenced by ME concentration in dry feed fed to the calves. One possible way to enhance energy intake is to increase the energy density of the diet with fat. Convenient starter diets are typically low in fat. Most previous studies have either compared high-starch to high-fiber starter diets or investigated effects of fat supplementation on rumen environment and growth performance whereas our interest is in growth responses to diets differing in starch, NDF, and fat in calves. We hypothesize that a low-starch starter feed in which starch is substituted by fiber and fat will support growth performance similar to a traditional high-starch starter concentrate and high-fiber, high-fat diet might also improve ruminal environment in calves. We also hypothesized that preference for certain type of starter would become apparent, providing an indication of which type of energy sources may be considered more palatable for calves and therefore recommended to formulate starter feed mixture. The objectives of our study was to investigate the effects of lipogenic starter (low-starch with high-fiber and high-fat content) in comparison with a glucogenic (high-starch) or mixture of glucogenic and lipogenic starters on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, as well as blood metabolites of dairy calves during the first 70 d of life. Materials and Methods In first experiment, thirty Holstein female calves (4 d of age; 41.0 ± 4.0 kg of BW), randomly assigned by BW to one of the three dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) a high starch starter feed containing corn and barley grain (glucogenic); (2) a high fiber and fat starter feed containing soybean hulls, corn germ meal, sugar beet pulp, wheat bran, full fat soybean, and vegetable oil (lipogenic); and (3) a starter feed containing mixture of diets 1 and 2 (MIX). Starter intakes were measured daily and all the calves were weighed at birth and subsequently every 7 d until the end of the experiment. Feed efficiency was calculated as the weight gain to feed intake ratio (kg/kg). In addition, the structural growth indices were measured on d 4, at weaning and at the end of the study. Blood samples from each calf were collected at 35 and 70 d to determine glucose, BUN, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal fluid was obtained 2 h after offering the morning feed at 35 and 70 d to determine the rumen pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using a repeated-measures mixed model (PROC MIXED) of SAS software. In second experiment, 20 Holstein female calves fed a standard ration until 70 days of age. Three days after weaning, each calf was involved in a pairwise preference test between glucogenic and lipogenic diets. For each calf in each pairwise preference test, preference ratio was calculated as the consumption of one feed as a percentage of the consumption of both feeds in the test. Preference ratios were compared for a difference from 0.5 (lack of preference) using t-tests. The feed type was assigned +1 if it was preferred, −1 if it was not preferred, and 0 if the preference ratio in a pairwise preference test did not differ from 0.5. Total preference scores were used as an indicator of overall preference rank of individual feed type. Results and Discussion Results of the first experiment showed that dry matter intake was higher in the MIX diet group in the post weaning period than the other groups and a tendency to increase dry matter intake was observed throughout the study period. Average daily gain, feed efficiency, body weight, and skeletal growth were not different between treatments. Blood glucose (day 35 and 70) and plasma β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration (day 70) were higher in calves fed the glucogenic and lipogenic diet, respectively, compared to the other treatments. Rumen fluid pH and acetate concentration in calves fed the lipogenic diet were higher than those fed the glucogenic and MIX diets. The second experiment showed that calves preferred the lipogenic diet over the glucogenic diet. Conclusion The results from this study showed that providing MIX diet rather than glucogenic and lipogenic diets increased post weaning intakes of starter without improving ADG and final BW. The results of the preference test clearly indicate that lipogenic diet is a highly palatable feed for recently weaned dairy calves, whereas glucogenic diet is less preferred. Given the positive trend observed in MIX feed diet, this diet seems to be recommendable for farm application. Whether the effects of energy source in early life could have long-term consequences on growth and milk yield are not known and warrant further research.  }, keywords = {Energy sources,Growth performance,Starch concentration,Starter feed}, title_fa = {تأثیر جیره‌های گلوکوژنیک، لیپوژنیک و مخلوط آن‌ها بر عملکرد، انتخاب خوراک، تخمیر شکمبه و برخی متابولیت‌های خونی در گوساله‌های شیری هلشتاین}, abstract_fa = {دو آزمایش با هدف بررسی اثرات منبع انرژی خوراک استارتر بر مصرف خوراک، افزایش وزن روزانه، رشد اسکلتی و برخی فراسنجه‌های شکمبه و خون در دوره پیش و پس از شیرگیری (آزمایش اول) و ترجیح مصرف آن­ها پس از شیرگیری (آزمایش دوم) در گوساله­های هلشتاین انجام شد. در آزمایش اول، 30 رأس گوساله ماده (سن چهار روز و وزن اولیه 0/2 ± 0/39 کیلوگرم) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 1- جیره‌ گلوکوژنیک، 2- جیره لیپوژنیک و 3- جیره مخلوط اختصاص یافتند. مـصرف خـوراک به صـورت انفرادی و روزانه اندازه­گیری ثبت شد. همه گوساله­ها هنگام تولد و پس از آن به صورت هفتگی تا پایان دوره آزمایش وزن کشی شدند. شاخص­های رشد اسکلتی در زمان ورود به طرح، روز 57 و در پایان دوره آزمایش (روز 70) اندازه­گیری شد. نمونه خون و مایع شکمبه در روزهای 35 و 70 آزمایش اخذ شد. در آزمایش دوم، 20 رأس گوساله ماده هلشتاین در آزمون انتخاب خوراک بین جیره­های گلوکوژنیک و لیپوژنیک مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایش اول نشان داد که مصرف ماده خشک در گروه تغذیه شده با جیره مخلوط در دوره پس از قطع شیر نسبت به دو گروه دیگر بالاتر بود. غلظت گلوکز (روز 35 و 70) و بتا- هیدروکسی بوتیرات پلاسما (روز 70) به ترتیب در تیمار گلوکوژنیک و لیپوژنیک در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. pH مایع شکمبه و غلظت استات در گوساله­های تغذیه شده با جیره لیپوژنیک، نسبت به گوساله­های تغذیه شده با جیره گلوکوژنیک و مخلوط بیشتر بود. نتایج آزمایش دوم، ترجیح گوساله‌ها به جیره لیپوژنیک را در مقایسه با جیره گلوکوژنیک نشان داد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که جیره­های آغازین گلوکوژنیک و لیپوژنیک تأثیر متفاوتی بر عملکرد ندارند و جیره مخلوط روند افزایشی در مصرف خوراک را نشان داد که بر این اساس می­توان این الگوی جیره را قابل توصیه برای مصرف در شرایط مزرعه‌ای دانست.}, keywords_fa = {خوراک آغازین,سطح نشاسته,عملکرد رشد,منابع انرژی}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36999.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36999_c279d3a4f1044c83488689964b11b96e.pdf} } @article { author = {Zaboli, Khalil and Kalvandi, sara and Maleki, Mostafa}, title = {The Accuracy of some Models to Estimate the Coefficients of Gas Production Test in Corn Silage}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {467-479}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v13i2.80666}, abstract = {Introduction[1]In vitro gas production technique is one of the methods used for evaluating ruminal fermentation kinetic of feedstuffs. In this method, the volume of gas produced during the incubation is presented as a curve. The mathematical description of gas production profile is performed by fitting data set to a nonlinear model. Recently, several non-linear models have been developed to estimate gas production profile however, some of these models are not accurate enough. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of some nonlinear models for predicting ruminal fermentation kinetic of a forage feed. Materials and methods In this experiment, corn silages (samples on 0, 30 and 60 days after ensiling) were used as fermentation substrates.  Dry matter and chemical composition (organic matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF) of the samples were determined using standard methods. The rumen fluid was obtained from three fistulated rams before the morning feeding. The collected ruminal fluids were pooled and transferred into a flask to the laboratory. The rumen fluid was filtered through four layers cheesecloth, flushed continuously with CO2 and maintained at 39oC before incubation. The rumen fluid was then mixed with buffered mineral solution at the ratio of 1:2 (V/V). Gas production technique was completed in three separate runs on three different days (each run lasted 6 days). In each run, the samples were incubated in triplicate and two vials (without the substrate) were considered as the blanks. The volume of gas produced was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96,120 and 144 hours of incubation. The prediction of the gas volume at different times of incubation was compared by four nonlinear models and results were expressed in ml per 200 mg of DM incubated. The selected models (experimental treatments) included Exponential (EXP), Fitzhugh (FZH), logistic (LOG) and Gompertz (GOM). The goodness of fit of the models were evaluated using mean square error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), residual mean absolute deviation (RMAD) and mean percentage error (MPE). In addition, Durbin-Watson test (DW), run test and linear regression analysis (between observed and predicted values of the gas volume at different incubation times) were used to assess the accuracy of the models in fitting the data. The estimated ruminal fermentation parameters (the asymptotic gas volume and gas production rate) and goodness of fit parameters obtained from each model (MSE, R2, RMAD and MPE statistics) were analyzed using completely randomized design. Results The studied models had no difference in terms of predicting asymptotic gas volume (A) on 0, 30 and 60 days after ensiling and the value of parameter A predicted by the models were in the range of 98.37 (for GOM model on day 0) to 76.09 (for LOG model on day 60) ml per 200 mg DM. The EXP and LOG models had the highest and lowest MSE and R2 values, respectively, indicating their lower accuracy compared with GOM and FZH models. The RMAD value was lowest in GOM and FZH models (2.591 and 2.879, respectively) and was highest in EXP model (3.807). The RMAD value is used as an indicator for evaluating the goodness of fit of models. the lower values of RMAD (closer to zero), represents a better ability of the model in fitting data. Based on these results, GOM and FZH models had a higher accuracy than EXP model in fitting data. The MPE value in the EXP model (5.527) was significantly higher than the other models (p < 0.05). In other words, the predicted values (the volume of gas produced at different times of incubation) by the EXP model were lower than the observed values (it was underestimated). Based on Durbin Watson (DW) test results, the DW statistics in the EXP, FZH, GOM and LOG models were 0.392, 0.691, 0.705 and 0.675, respectively, indicating that EXP and GOM models had the lowest and highest accuracy, respectively, in predicting the rumen fermentation kinetic of corn silage. According to the run test, all the curves in EXP model had the lowest run (3 ≥) implying a poor performance of EXP model in predicting the results. The linear regression between the observed versus predicted values (regression parameters) showed a significant difference between intercept with 0; and slope with 1 in all the studied models (p < 0.05). However, based on the goodness of fit parameters obtained from the linear regression, FZH and GOM models had a better prediction of the gas production profile. Conclusion The EXP model had lower accuracy in predicting the rumen fermentation kinetic of corn silage compared with the other studied models. It is recommended that other nonlinear models be used in addition to the EXP model for investigating the ruminal fermentation kinetics of corn silage. }, keywords = {Goodness of fit,In vitro method,Nonlinear models,Ruminal fermentation kinetic}, title_fa = {بررسی دقت برخی از مدل‌ها در برآورد ضرایب آزمون تولید گاز در سیلاژ ذرت}, abstract_fa = {به­منظور پیش­بینی کینتیک تخمیر شکمبه­ای سیلاژ ذرت در زمان­های صفر، 30 و 60 روز پس از سیلو کردن، از تعداد چهار مدل غیر خطی استفاده شد. برای این منظور، داده­های تولید گاز در طول 144 ساعت انکوباسیون با استفاده از مدل­های نمایی (EXP)، لجستیک (LOG)، گومپرتز (GOM) و فیزو (FZH) برازش شدند. نکویی برازش مدل­ها با استفاده از آماره­های میانگین مربعات خطا (MSE)، ضریب تعیین (R2)، انحراف مطلق میانگین باقیمانده (RMAD) و میانگین درصد خطا (MPE) انجام شد. از آزمون­های دوربین-واتسون (DW)، آزمون اجرا و رگرسیون خطی به­منظور بررسی دقت مدل­ها استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد مدل­ها از نظر پیش­بینی پتانسیل تولید گاز (A) تفاوت معنی­داری با هم نداشتند. مدل EXP دارای بیشترین مقدار MSE (50/29) و کمترین مقدار R2 (961/0) در بین مدل­ها بود. مقدار RMAD در مدل GOM و FZH کمترین (به­ترتیب 591/2 و 879/2) و در مدل EXP بیشترین (807/3) مقدار بود (05/0p <). در مدل EXP مقدار MPE 527/5 به­دست آمد که تفاوت معنی­داری با سایر مدل­ها داشت (05/0p <). در مدل EXP آماره DW به عدد صفر نزدیک­تر بود (392/0) که نشان­دهنده ضعف مدل EXP در برازش داده­ها در مقایسه با سایر مدل­ها بود. بررسی رابطه رگرسیون خطی نشان داد که مدل­های FZH و LOG پیش­بینی بهتری از پروفیل تولید گاز داشتند. به­طور کلی نتایج نشان داد مدل­های GOM و FZH جهت پیش­بینی کینتیک تخمیر شکمبه­ای سیلاژ ذرت از دقت بیشتری در مقایسه با مدل­ EXP برخوردار بودند.}, keywords_fa = {روش آزمون تولید گاز,کینتیک تخمیر شکمبه,مدل‌های غیر خطی و نکویی برازش}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37010.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_37010_6ba8cb8186c82cbc02c492d7de594e70.pdf} } @article { author = {Mirbehbahani, Seyyed Mohammad and Hosseini-vashan, seyyed javad and Mojtahedi, Mohsen and Farhangfar, Seyyed Homayoun and Hosseini, Seyed Abdoullah}, title = {Determination of Nutritional Value and Nutrients Digestibility of Diets Containing Two Sources of Soluble and Insoluble Fibers in Ostrich}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {481-493}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.81693}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Like to broiler chickens most of the ostrich breeding cost is related to the price of nutrition. Given the higher ability of ostriches to using the dietary fiber, it is expected that the using of cheaper feeds may be provide diet with lower prices. Agricultural by-products such as sugar beet pulp and various types of brans are rich sources of fibers, each with different percentages of soluble and insoluble fibers. Ostrich (Struthio camelus) has a long rectum (about 8 meters) that occupies about 57 % of the length of its gastrointestinal tract, but in the broiler chicken the rectum is only about 3 % of gut tract. The microorganisms in the ostrich's large intestine can digest 38% of cellulose and 68% of hemicellulose. The dietary fiber is divided into two types of water-soluble and water-insoluble. The water-insoluble fibers are including cellulose, lignin and a part of hemicellulose. Due to the higher passage rate of the digestive tract, they are less fermentable than soluble fibers. Water-soluble fibers are mainly including pectin, gum, and mucilage. Soluble fibers reduce the contact of enzymes with digesta, due to increase viscosity, thereby reducing digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to the fact that the effect of soluble and insoluble fibers in the digestive tract is different from each other and so far no research has been done on the effect of fiber source in ostriches. This study was aimed to determine the nutritional value and digestibility of nutrients of diets containing two fiber sources soluble and insoluble in ostrich chicks.      Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the feasibility of using the higher levels of soluble and insoluble fibers in ostrich’s diet, this experiment was undertaken using 30 ostrich chicks in a completely randomize design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates in each treatments (one bird in each replicate) in three periods; prestarter (1- 2 months), starter (2- 4 months) and grower (4-6 months). The experimental treatments were as follows: 1-Control diet with standard fiber level, 2- Treatment contains 2% more soluble fiber than control (sugar beet pulp as the source of soluble fiber), 3- Treatment contains 4% more soluble fiber than control (Sugar beet pulp as a source of soluble fiber), 4- Treatment contains 2% more insoluble fiber than control (wheat bran as a source of insoluble fiber) and 5- Treatment contains 4% more insoluble fiber than control (wheat bran as a source of insoluble fiber). A total 30 ostrich chicks were reared at an average weight of 3082± 202.37 grams in cages. In order to determine the digestibility of nutrients, AME and AMEn, the total excreta were collected. Nutrients contents of feed and excreta were measured according to AOAC (1997) methods. The raw energy of feed and excreta was measured by the calorimeter bomb apparatus. Megazim kit was used to measure the total dietary fiber (AOAC Official Method 991.43). The amount of soluble fiber was calculated by subtracting the insoluble fiber from total dietary fiber. Data were analyzed using SAS software (2002) using mixed procedure for repeated measurements with a significance level of 0.05 by Tukey Cramer method. Results and Discussion Data showed that fiber source had no effect on nutrient digestibility. Ostrich rectum is longer than its small intestine (the rectum occupies 57% of the digestive tract and small intestine occupies 29% of the digestive tract) and a good place to ferment the plant fibers. Fiber digestive bacteria such as fibrobacter succinogenes and ruminococcus flavafaciens in ostrich's ceca and other fermenter bacteria in the ostrich's rectum enable it to have the proper ability to utilize fiber sources. Since the beginning of the experiment was from the age of one month, ostrich chicks had sufficient ability to use different fiber sources. The difference in the rate of digestive contents through the consumption of soluble or insoluble fiber sources had no significant effect on digestibility of nutrients. Soluble and insoluble fibers digestibility and ash digestibility increased with ageing (p < 0.0001). As birds age increase the bacterial activity increase in the rectum and ceca. There was no significant difference in AME in treatments that had more soluble fiber compared with the control group, but AME and AMEn increased significantly with increasing insoluble fiber compared to treatments that had more soluble fiber (p < 0.0001). Which is probably related to the effect of insoluble fiber in the small intestine. Insoluble fiber diets improve the efficiency of nutrients utilization due to increasing the villi height to crypt depth ratio, therefore increased AME and AMEn. The differences in AME and AMEn with consumption of insoluble fiber source in comparison with other treatments are related to the greater effect of different fiber sources on the small intestine. Insoluble fiber decreases the viscosity of digestive contents and increases the effect of digestive enzymes secreted from intestinal cells (such as alpha amylase) and improve the digestion of starch and other nutrients and increase the energy obtaining from the diet by the ostriches. AMEn significantly increased with aging that may due to the increase of the activity of older birds, increase the energy required for maintenance and activity and hence more consumption of energy by the bird. The microbial population of the cecum and colon of the ostrich (from 3 weeks onwards) is similar to the rumen, which has the ability to ferment the fiber and produce volatile fatty acids, which these volatile fatty acids provide part of the metabolizable energy. Conclusion According to the results of this study, a suitable range for soluble and insoluble fibers in ostriches diets from one to two months old were suggested to be 7.5 to 11.5 percent and 16 to 20 percent, at the age of 2 to 4 months 7.6 to 11.6 percent and 20 to 24 percent and at the age of 4 to 6 months 8.25 to 12.25 percent and 25.5 to 29.5 percent, respectively. }, keywords = {Fermentation,Large intestine,Ostrich,Protein,Volatile Fatty Acid}, title_fa = {تعیین ارزش غذایی، گوارش‌پذیری مواد مغذی و انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز جیره‌های حاوی دو منبع فیبر محلول و نامحلول در شترمرغ}, abstract_fa = {به منظور تعیین ارزش غذایی، گوارش­پذیری مواد مغذی و انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز جیره­های حاوی دو منبع فیبر محلول و نامحلول در شترمرغ، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و 6 تکرار در هر تیمار (در هر تکرار یک پرنده) در سنین 2، 4 و 6 ماهگی اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل تیمار شاهد (دارای 5/7 درصد فیبر محلول و 16 درصد فیبر نامحلول در دوره­ی پیش­آغازین (1 تا 2 ماهگی)، 6/7 درصد فیبر محلول و 20 درصد فیبر نامحلول در دوره­ی آغازین (2 تا 4 ماهگی)، 25/8  درصد فیبر محلول و 5/25 درصد فیبر نامحلول در دوره رشد (4 تا 6 ماهگی))، تیمار 2 و 3 به ترتیب دارای 2 و 4 درصد فیبر محلول بیشتر نسبت به تیمار شاهد و تیمار 4 و 5 به ترتیب دارای 2 و 4 درصد فیبر نامحلول بیشتر نسبت به تیمار شاهد بودند. گوارش­پذیری مواد مغذی، AME و AMEn به روش جمع­آوری کل فضولات اندازه­گیری شدند. تفاوت معنی­داری در گوارش­پذیری مواد مغذی بین تیمارها مشاهده نشد. AMEn، گوارش­پذیری خاکستر، فیبر محلول و نامحلول، با افزایش سن افزایش یافتند (0001/0>P). AMEn بین تیمار شاهد و تیمارهای دارای فیبر نامحلول بیشتر تفاوت معنی­داری نداشت، ولی در تیمارهای دارای 2 و 4 درصد فیبر محلول بیشتر، نسبت به سایر تیمارها به طور معنی­داری کاهش یافت (0001/0>P). با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش می­توان نتیجه گرفت که افزایش منابع فیبر محلول و نامحلول (در سطوح مورد استفاده در این آزمایش) اثر منفی بر گوارش پذیری مواد مغذی در شترمرغ ندارد و می­توان از این منابع در جیره شترمرغ استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {اسید چرب فرار,پروتئین,تخمیر,راست روده,شترمرغ}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36943.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36943_4f806e1f9951aa620152fca9ee6551d2.pdf} } @article { author = {Pourazadi, Zeinab and Salari, Somaye and Tabandeh, Mohammad Reza and Abdollahi, Mohammad Reza}, title = {The Effect of Particle Size of Different Sources of Insoluble Fiber on Energy and Protein Efficiency Ratios and Welfare Indices of Broiler Chickens Fed a Barley-Based Diet}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {495-511}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.82617}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Barley is one of the cereal grains that used to supply energy in broiler diets, but high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as β-glucans, has limited the application of it in poultry diets. It has been shown that NSP can increase intestinal viscosity, reduce litter quality, compromising the access of digestive enzymes to dietary components by protecting lipids, starch, and protein, and cause poor productive performance. Recent studies have shown the inclusion of moderate amounts of insoluble fiber or coarse particles in the diet increases the retention time of the digesta in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (i.e., from crop to gizzard), improves the development and function of the gizzard, and increase the secretion of HCl in the proventriculus in broilers. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of supplementing insoluble fiber sources in different particle sizes on energy and protein efficiency ratios, intestinal morphology and welfare indicesin broiler chickens fed barley based-diets. Materials and Methods Ross 308 (n=308) were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 11 chickens per replicate for 42 days. The dietary treatments included: a barley based- diet (control, CTL) or Sunflower hulls (SFH), Sugarcane bagasse (SB), and Wheat bran (WB) ground through a 1.0 (fine) or 3.0 mm (coarse) screen that were added to the control diet at 3.0%. The CTL diet included 3.0% fine silica sand as filler that was replaced by the same amount of insoluble fiber sources in the corresponding diets. The dry sieving method was used to determine the particle size distribution of diets. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of each pen were recorded. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) adjusted for mortality and it was calculated by dividing FI with BWG for each period of the experiment (1-21 d and 22-42 d) in total period (1-42 d). The welfare indices were examined at 42 days of age. Litter moisture was measured on days 35 and 42 of the rearing period. For the purpose of small intestinal morphological studies, the digestive tract of slaughtered birds (two birds of each replicate) was removed at 42 days of age and from two small intestine sections including duodenum and Jejunum, two centimeter-long Isolated. Results and Discussion The results showed that different sources of insoluble fiber showed significant effect (p < 0.05) on energy and protein efficiency ratios during growth period (22-42 days of age) and whole experimental period (1-42 days of age). During the entire experimental period (1-42 d), dietary inclusion of SFH (coarse and fine) and WB (fine particle size) improved BWG as compared to the CTL diet (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of WB and SFH in both particle sizes (coarse and fine) and SB (coarse particle size) improved FCR as compared to the CTL diet from 1-42 d (P < 0.05). The villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum of treatments fed insoluble fiber with the exception of sugarcane bagasse with particle size of 1 mm showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in comparison to control diet. The number of goblet cells in jejunum of treatments fed insoluble fiber significantly decreased (p < 0.05) when compared to control group. The relative frequency of score two welfare indices was higher in control treatment. Reports have indicated that soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSp < /strong>) affect digestive organs and intestinal morphology of broilers. Coarse fiber and large particles may increase villi length in gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, increased villi length resulted in increased surface area for more absorption of nutrients. Currently, the control of litter moisture is a priority in the broiler industry to reduce productivity losses and minimize bird welfare issues due to footpad dermatitis (FPD), hock burn (HB), and ammonia production. Wet litter was found to increase FDP, HB, and breast irritations and reduce broiler performance. The inclusion of 3% fiber in the diet resulted in lower litter moisture content. Conclusion Overall, the results showed that dietary inclusion of three percent of different insoluble fiber sources improved energy and protein efficiency ratios, intestinal morphology, litter moisture and welfare parameters of broilers fed barley-based diet. }, keywords = {Intestinal morphology,Particle size,Sugarcane bagasse,Sunflower hulls,Wheat bran}, title_fa = {اثر اندازه ذرات منابع مختلف فیبر نامحلول بر نسبت بازده انرژی و پروتئین و ریخت شناسی روده جوجه‌های گوشتی تغذیه شده با جیره بر پایه جو}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثر اندازه ذرات منابع مختلف فیبر نامحلول در جیره بر پایه جو بر نسبت بازده انرژی و پروتئین، ریخت­شناسی روده و فراسنجه­های رفاهی، آزمایشی با استفاده از 308 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک روزه مخلوط سویه راس (308) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با هفت تیمار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل جیره شاهد بر پایه جو، جیره شاهد به‌ همراه سه درصد باگاس نیشکر (در اندازه یک و سه میلی‌متر)، جیره شاهد به‌ همراه سه درصد سبوس گندم (در اندازه یک و سه میلی‌متر) و جیره شاهد به همراه سه درصد پوسته آفتابگردان (در اندازه یک و سه میلی‌متر) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که منابع مختلف فیبر نامحلول بر افزایش وزن بدن، ضریب تبدیل خوراک و نسبت بازده انرژی و پروتئین جوجه­های گوشتی اثر معنی­داری دارد. ارتفاع پرز و نسبت ارتفاع پرز به عمق کریپت در دوازدهه تیمارهای تغذیه شده با فیبر نامحلول به جز باگاس نیشکر ( با اندازه ذرات ریز) در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت. تعداد سلول‌های گابلت در تهی روده تیمارهایی که با فیبر نامحلول تغذیه شدند در مقایسه با گروه شاهد بطور معنی­داری کاهش یافت. فراوانی نسبی اسکور دو فراسنجه­های رفاهی، در تیمار شاهد بیشتر بود. بطور کلی نتایج نشان دادند که استفاده از سه درصد پوسته آفتابگردان منجر به بهبود ضریب تبدیل خوراک، نسبت بازده انرژی و پروتئین، ریخت­شناسی روده، رطوبت بستر و فراسنجه­های رفاهی جوجه­های گوشتی تغذیه شده با جیره بر پایه جو شد.}, keywords_fa = {اندازه ذرات,باگاس نیشکر,پوسته آفتابگردان,ریخت شناسی روده,سبوس گندم}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36964.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36964_9c9caf4912d4916d2e3eb611599ce20e.pdf} } @article { author = {Salari, Aliakbar and Golian, Abolghasem and Hassanabadi, Ahmad}, title = {Added value (matrix) of Lysophospholipids Supplementation on Metabolizable Energy of Different Fat Sources and Digestible Nutrients of Corn-Soybean Meal Diet in Broiler Chickens}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {513-528}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.81617}, abstract = {Introduction[1] The digestion and absorption of dietary fats involve processing of insoluble triglycerides in water, which is done by bile activity to emulsify the fats and then to hydrolyze them by lipase. Lipid digestion is not optimal, especially in young birds and it is improved with increasing age; this is due to the low capacity of the digestive system in the secretion of lipase and bile acids, so that the lipase function in one-day-old chickens is one percent of its activity in 21 days of age. Emulsifiers can distribute fat droplets in the emulsion, which is required for the digestion and absorption of fats. Lysophospholipids increase the ability of the emulsion of the fat in the diet and facilitate the development of the chylomicron and, as a result, it increases the digestive capacity and absorption of lipids, such as essential fatty acids and lipid soluble vitamins in the small intestine. The purpose of this study was to estimate the added value of lysophospholipid supplement in corn-soybean diets and its added effect on metabolizable energy (ME) of different types of fat during the growth period of broiler chicks.     Materials and methods Three hundred and fifty day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery unit. First, the whole chicks were kept in the pan for up to 14 days of age and fed with standard starter (1-10 days) and grower (11-14 days) diets. At 15 d of age, 288 chicks were divided into 144 two-part groups, then they were transferred randomly to metabolic cages and fed with experimental diets. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of two lysophospholipid (0 and 250 g/ton) levels, three fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and their mix) and four levels of fat (0, 3, 6 and 9 % replaced in diet) with 6 replicates of 2 male birds each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by replacing and mixing four levels of soy oil, tallow and/or their mixture (50:50) in the basal diet. Then, each diet was divided into two equal parts; one part was mixed with 0.25 g/kg of supplemental lysophospholipid and the other one was kept intact to make 24 diets.   Results and Discussion According to the different ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids (SFA: UFA) between tallow (33:60) and soybean oil (16:84), it is known that saturated fatty acids are less digestible in animal fats compared with fatty acids of vegetable oils. Addition of supplemental lysophospholipid did not have any significant effects on dietary ME, digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF). The interaction effect of the replacement level and the sources of fat was significant for the ME of diet, in which the basal diet with 9 percent soybean oil replacement had the highest ME compared to the other levels and the other fat sources. Two and three way interactions were not significant for ME and digestibility of dietary DM and CF. No significant effect of lysophospholipids on the digestibility of dietary nutrients using 1 and 1.5 g/kg of diet. The effects of lysophospholipids on the digestibility of nutrients depend on factors such as the difference in the base diet, especially in ingredient, the composition and ratio of fat in the diet and the emulsifier (lysophospholipid), which can lead to different responses. Soybean oil had the most ME among the sources of fat. The ME of soybean oil, tallow and their mixture was determined using replacement method to be 8367, 6134 and 6547 kcal/kg, respectively. Studies have shown that the degree of saturation, the amount of free fatty acids, and the position of fatty acids on the glycerol basis affect utilization of fat by the bird. Possibly, the effect of lipophospholipids on the digestibility of crude fat from diets containing tallow can complete the function of bile salts. In normal conditions, there is little effect on high amounts of saturated fatty acids. The lysophospholipid supplementation improved the ME of various sources of fat about 596.4 kcal/kg. The estimated added value (matrix) of lysophospholipid supplement for ME in each kilogram of soybean oil, tallow and their mixture, were 157, 43 and 211 kcal/kg, respectively.   Conclusion The results of this study showed that the lysophospholipid supplementation increased the ME of supplemental fats but had no significant effect on the ME, digestibility of DM and CF in diet. }, keywords = {Added value,fat levels,fat sources,Performance,Tallow and Soybean oil}, title_fa = {ارزش افزوده (ماتریکس) مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید بر انرژی قابل متابولیسم انواع چربی و مواد مغذی قابل هضم جیره ذرت - کنجاله سویا در جوجه‌های گوشتی}, abstract_fa = {   به منظور برآورد ارزش افزوده ناشی از افزودن مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و انرژی قابل­متابولیسم چربی­ها آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به صورت فاکتوریل 4 × 3 × 2 شامل، دو سطح مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید (0 و 250 گرم در تن)، سه منبع چربی (روغن سویا، پیه­گاوی و مخلوط 50 :50 آنها) در چهار سطح چربی (0، 3، 6 و 9 درصد) و شش تکرار با دو قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر سویه راس 308 به مدت 3 روز انجام گرفت. تعداد 12 جیره از طریق جایگزینی روغن سویا، پیه­گاوی و مخلوط آنها در چهار سطح با جیره پایه تهیه و سپس هر جیره به دو قسمت مساوی تقسیم و به یک قسمت از آنها 25/0 گرم در کیلوگرم مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید اضافه و مخلوط شد تا 24 جیره تهیه شود. افزودن مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید به جیره­ها بر انرژی قابل متابولیسم، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و چربی خام آنها تأثیر معنی­داری نداشت. در حالی که اثر متقابل سطح جایگزینی و منبع چربی بر محتوای انرژی قابل متابولیسم جیره­ها معنی­دار بود (05/0>P). اثرات متقابل دوجانبه و سه­جانبه برای انرژی قابل متابولیسم چربی و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی جیره معنی­دار نبودند. محتوای انرژی قابل متابولیسم روغن سویا، پیه­گاوی و مخلوط آنها به ترتیب 8367، 6134 و 6547 کیلوکالری در کیلوگرم برآورد شد. مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید باعث بهبود انرژی قابل متابولیسم منابع مختلف چربی به مقدار 4/596 کیلوکالری در کیلوگرم چربی شد. معادلات رگرسیونی ارزش افزوده لیزوفسفولیپید برای انرژی قابل متابولیسم هر کیلوگرم روغن سویا، پیه­گاوی و مخلوط آنها را به ترتیب 157، 43 و 211 کیلوکالری در کیلوگرم برآورد نمودند. در مجموع، مکمل لیزوفسفولیپید تأثیری بر انرژی قابل متابولیسم، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و چربی جیره نداشت، اما انرژی قابل متابولیسم منابع چربی را به‌طور معنی­داری ‌افزایش داد.}, keywords_fa = {ارزش افزوده,پیه گاوی,روغن سویا,سطح چربی,عملکرد,منابع چربی}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36983.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36983_d33fb86d22f4a508b852bbd70c749070.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdollahi kalourazi, Mojgan and Baghersalimi, Saied and Seidavi, Alireza}, title = {Analysis the Key Proponents of Poultry Industry Development Using Forecasting Approach}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {529-548}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.84149}, abstract = {Introduction[1] In recent years, the poultry industry has been able to provide an opportunity to meet the challenge of food security due to the provision of high quality protein to consumers as well as the possibility of rapid capital return for producers. Research shows that there are opportunities for improving the poultry industry in the business sector, but a future-oriented plan is needed to achieve commercial success. The country's poultry industry, having one of the largest volumes of manpower, is one of the country's most important economic resources. The growth and development of this industry is very important due to the current sensitive conditions of the country in the region and globally. The country's poultry industry has the relative advantage of being able to gain regional markets by systematically planning and creating the right platforms. Therefore, the need for long-term and future-oriented planning in this industry has become an undeniable necessity. Materials and Methods The purpose of this study was to analyze the key drivers of poultry industry development by using an autobiographical approach that were studied in three provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan in Iran. The present study was applied in terms of nature, applied research, and descriptive-survey in terms of method, because it describes and interprets what is, and focuses on existing conditions or relationships, current beliefs, and current processes. From the data type point of view, this study was a quantitative-qualitative one. The statistical population of this study was poultry industry experts in the country. The statistical population of this study consisted of: 1- Managers and Industrial Entrepreneurs of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces active in poultry industry (32 production units); 2- Researchers and Academic Members of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces active in Poultry Industry (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Universities); 3- Policymakers and Managers of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces are active in the process of policy development and planning of technology development, especially in the poultry industry sector (Agricultural Jihad, Livestock Support, Science and Technology Park). In addition to using library resources, a researcher-made questionnaire and interview were used to collect data. Sampling method was non-probable and snowball technique was used. In the snowball technique, the interviewee is asked to introduce the next person to the researcher. This method continued until the interviewees identified the previous interviewees. In this study, to identify effective factors in poultry industry, we interviewed 5 experts. Then, 32 experts were provided with a researcher-made questionnaire to validate the identified factors in order to evaluate the importance of each factor. In this study, face-content validity was used to estimate and validate the research instrument and the questionnaire, so that the questionnaire was provided to several experts including supervisor and asked to evaluate the questionnaire and comment on whether the tool is suitable for measuring research variables or not. Cronbach's alpha method and composite reliability coefficient were used to assess the internal consistency of the questionnaire and standard constructs of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha for the variables was 0.944 and CR was 0.947. Two matrices were used for the foreseeability of the northern poultry industry, and 5 poultry experts were provided with the first matrix examining the interactions of the northern poultry industry. This matrix was designed to be 29×29. The second matrix examined the uncertainty of poultry industry indices in the north of the country. This matrix was designed as 6×6. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, MicMac and ScenarioWizard software. Results and Discussion In this study, three key drivers were identified for the future development of poultry industry, which included macroeconomic and business policies tailored to the development and formation of an innovation-based market, an education system based on the culture of innovation, and loans and financial resources. Also, the foreign investment development, entrepreneurship promotion and investment risk mitigation can be considered as macroeconomic policies affecting poultry industry development. Also emphasize that the effectiveness of the training system and training courses for poultry industry activists can lead to the development of this industry. Forecasting analysis also predicted two scenarios for the future of the poultry industry, which include economic and educational areas, which can be optimistic given the scale and sustainability of the scenarios that the poultry industry is moving towards the first scenario, namely appropriate market development policies, an appropriate education system. Move forward with a culture of innovation and increased lending and funding. Researchers have also pointed to the impact of economic and educational domains on industry development in their research. Conclusion Future poultry industry policies need to be implemented in line with these areas. It is therefore recommended that policymakers adopt policies such as long-term and low-cost loans to support the development of poultry industry investment, enter global markets and facilitate foreign investment in poultry industry, develop specialized poultry-related colleges at prestigious universities in the country, and support student risk-taking. Follow up with innovative designs.  }, keywords = {forecasting,Key Proponents,poultry industry}, title_fa = {تحلیل پیشران‌های کلیدی توسعه صنعت طیور با استفاده از رویکرد آینده‌نگاری}, abstract_fa = {هدف این پژوهش تحلیل پیشران‌های کلیدی توسعه صنعت طیور بااستفاده از رویکردآینده‌نگاری بود که استان‌های گیلان، مازندران و گلستان بعنوان نمونه موردمطالعه قرارگرفتند. پژوهش حاضر کاربردی، از نوع توصیفی–پیمایشی بود. جامعه آماری خبرگان مرتبط با صنعت طیور در کشور بودند. جهت جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، پرسشنامه و مصاحبه استفاده گردید. برای انتخاب خبرگان نیز روش تکنیک گلوله‌برفی بکار رفت. برای انجام مصاحبه‌ها 5 نفر از خبرگان انتخاب و پرسشنامه‌ها نیز بین 32 نفر از خبرگان توزیع شدند. در بخش آینده‌نگاری نیز ماتریس‌های مرتبط بین 5 تن از خبرگان توزیع شد. تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل داده‌ها نیز بااستفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS، MicMac و ScenarioWizard انجام گردید. در این پژوهش برای آینده‌نگاری توسعه صنعت طیور3 پیشران کلیدی شناسایی گردید که شامل سیاست‌های کلان اقتصادی و بازرگانی متناسب با توسعه و شکل‌گیری بازار مبتنی بر نوآوری، نظام آموزشی مبتنی بر پرورش فرهنگ نوآوری و وام‌ها و منابع مالی می‌شدند. همچنین تحلیل‌های آینده‌نگاری دو سناریو برای آینده صنعت طیور پیش‌بینی نمود که شامل حوزه‌های اقتصادی و آموزشی بوده که باتوجه به میزان امتیاز و پایداری سناریوهای به دست آمده می‌توان خوش‌بین بود که وضعیت صنعت طیور بسمت سناریوی اول یعنی سیاست‌های مناسب با توسعه بازار، نظام آموزشی متناسب با پرورش فرهنگ نوآوری و افزایش ارائه وام‌ها و منابع مالی حرکت نماید. لذا لازم است تا سیاست‌گذاران سیاست‌هایی همچون معافیت‌های مالیاتی و وام‌های حمایت‌کننده، توسعه روابط دیپلماتیک برای تسهیل ورود به بازارهای جهانی و  سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، توسعه دانشکده‌های تخصصی و گسترش ارتباط دانشگاه-صنعت را برای تقویت دو حوزه اقتصادی و آموزشی در صنعت طیور درپیش گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {آینده‌نگاری,پیشران‌های کلیدی,صنعت طیور}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36991.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36991_9f8dd86710105ff23cf95c0fd1846e6d.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassanzadeh, Sajjad and Majidzadeh Heravy, Reza and Javadmanesh, Ali}, title = {Effect of Antimicrobial Supplementation on Expression of Pept1, PepT2 and LEAP2 Transcripts in Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {549-563}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-3106}, eissn = {2423-4001}, doi = {10.22067/ijasr.v12i4.79724}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Unlike antibiotics, probiotic shows not only positive effects on microbiota in digestive tract but also helps in digestion process. Probiotic affects the commensal and pathogen bacterial balance in intestine and make changes in benefit of useful bacteria. On the other hand, the biological activity of herbal essential oils is discovered since many years ago. Herbal essential oils were suggested as the newest growth promoter replaced with traditional growth promoters such as antibiotics in animal production. It was showed that the use of probiotic can impact the expression of peptide carriers in the cytoplasmic membrane cells. On the cell membrane, the carrier proteins transfer the peptides as tri or di-peptides into the cell. The potential of carrier proteins in material transfer and other remedy activity attracted the attentions to use them as drug precursors. Some carrier proteins that shows the main role in peptide transfer included: Pept1 (intestinal oligopeptide transporter), PepT2 (Renal oligopeptide transporter) and LEAP2 (Liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2). This study conducted to determine the effect of using antimicrobial supplements on the transcription of intestinal peptide carriers, the performance of broiler chickens and the histological components of intestine in condition of Escherichia coli K99 contamination. Materials and Methods The experiment was designed on 400 Ross 308 broiler chicks with 8 experimental treatments including 5 replications and 20 birds per replicate. At 7 days of age, 10 pieces of each broiler chickens were isolated and inoculated with 107 Escherichia coli K99 pathogenic bacteria in a 2-times with interval of 3 days. Following the inoculation, the treatments were divided into two groups: challenged with Escherichia coli K99 and no challenge. The treatments were: 1- Basal diet (control), 2- Basal diet and probiotics (Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum, 109 cfu / kg) 3- Basal diet and herbal supplement with X-Tract (Pancosma LTD, Geneva, Switzerland) (a mixture of 2% thyme extract, 2% pepper and 5% cinnamon) 100 grams per ton in granular powder 4 - Basal diet and Oxytetracycline antibiotic 200-400 g per ton fed for 2 weeks. Body weight, feed intake, FCR and daily body weight gain was recorded at 10, 24 and 42 days. Chickens were slaughtered at 14 days and 21 days and  jejunum and liver tissues sampled for gene expression and histomorphological evaluation respectively. Expression of PepT1and PepT2 in the jejunum and LEAP2 in the liver were measured and GAPDH was used as reference gene. Real time PCR reactions were done by ABI 7300 instrument. The chickens were brood based on Ross 308 manual (2014) and performance of birds include of body weight, average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured after end of each breeding period. The experiment was performed by completely random design in 8 treatments and analyzed by a 2*4 factorial method including challenge (2 levels) and supplement (4 levels) factors. The data was analyzed using SAS 9.2 with GLM procedure and the means compare by Tukey test. Results and discussion The results of this study showed that the average daily gain in the probiotic group increased significantly in the challenge condition during the period of 11 to 24 days. In 25-42 period, the chickens were fed the diet contained probiotic showed the highest average daily gain although, there was no significant difference between the treatments in this period. In addition, the use of probiotic supplementation in challenge condition during the period of 11 to 24 days showed an increase in feed intake, which was similar to that of the control group in healthy group. The herbal supplement reduced daily intake in period of 11 to 24 days compared to other treatments. The use of probiotic in the feed under challenge induced a significant increase in the villi's height in jejunum. The supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus salivariuos increased the width of villi on intestinal epithelium more than the other treatments. Depth of crypt of lieberkuhn was the least in the chickens feed by herbal supplement of X-tract.  The expression levels of PepT1 and PepT2 transcripts in the intestinal tract and the LEAP2 transcript in the liver, it was shown that challenge in the chickens fed by supplements reduced the PepT1 expression whereas expression of this gene increased in control treatment. Similar interaction was observed in PepT2 expression except for chicken fed by herbal supplement that showed an effect similar to control. Expression of LEAP2 reduced in all treatments under challenge with the E .coli, in comparison to healthy groups but reduction was minimum in the chickens fed by diet contained with probiotic. Conclusion The results of this study suggested that the use of probiotic supplement can decrease the risk effects of microbial challenge and recovery period was probably shortened using probiotic in the diet.  }, keywords = {Broiler chicken,Gene expression,Probiotic,PepT,LEAP2,X-Tract}, title_fa = {تأثیر مکمل‌های ضد میکروبی بر عملکرد، مرفولوژی روده و بیان ژن‌هایPepT1 ، PepT2 و LEAP2 در دستگاه گوارش جوجه‌های گوشتی}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه به منظور تعیین اثر استفاده از مکمل‌های ضد میکروبی بر بیان حامل­های پپتیدی در زمان اعمال چالش میکروبی، بررسی عملکرد تیمارهای آزمایشی و بررسی مؤلفه‌های بافت‌شناسی در دستگاه گوارش بر روی ۴۰۰ قطعه جوجه گوشتی نژاد راس ۳۰۸ انجام گردید. این طرح در ۴ تیمار آزمایشی با ۵ تکرار و 20 پرنده در هر تکرار در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. در 7 روزگی 10 جوجه از هر تکرار جدا و با 107 سلولk99  Escherichia coli بصورت دهانی آلوده شدند و تیمار به دو دسته تحت  چالش و سالم تقسیم شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: ۱- شاهد (جیره پایه)، ۲- پروبیوتیک (لاکتوباسیلوس سالیوواریوس و لاکتوباسیلوس پلانتاروم به میزان109 cfu/kg ) ۳- مکمل گیاهی با نام تجاری X-Tract (مخلوطی از عصاره آویشن2%، فلفل2% و دارچین5% به میزان 100 گرم در هر تن به صورت پودر گرانول )، ۴- آنتی‌بیوتیک اکسی تتراسایکلین50% به میزان200-400 گرم در هر تن خوراک به مدت 1 تا 2 هفته. در 7 روز بعد از چالش میکروبی، نمونه برداری از روده و کبد پرندگان در همه تیمارها، در سن 14 روزگی انجام شد. عملکرد و مصرف خوراک در انتهای هر دوره پرورشی اندازه گیری شد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این طرح در بررسی  اثر متقابل بین تیمار های سالم و درگیر بر وزن بدن در دوره 11 تا 24 روزگی، وزن زنده در گروه دریافت‌کننده پروبیوتیک به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت. همچنین در تیمارهای سالم مکمل پروبیوتیکی نسبت به سایر مکمل ها باعث افزایش وزن روزانه در پرنده ها شد اما این میزان از گروه کنترل کمتر بود. در گروه درگیر با باکتری ایکولای، پروبیوتیک در دوره 11 تا24 روزگی نسبت به سایر تیمارها سبب افزایش میزان وزن روزانه شد. در بررسی اثر مکمل نشان داده شد استفاده از مکمل پروبیوتیکی در دوره 11 تا 24 روزگی  باعث افزایش معنی داری در میزان مصرف خوراک شد که این میزان مشابه گروه کنترل بود. اما مکمل گیاهی نسبت به سایر تیمار ها سبب کاهش مصرف خوراک روزانه در 11 تا 24 روزگی گردید. بررسی نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد استفاده از مکمل پروبیوتیکی در تیمارهای تحت چالش سبب افزایش معنی‌داری در ارتفاع ویلی در ژژنوم می‌گردد و همچنین مکمل پروبیوتیکی در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها به میزان بیشتری عرض پرزهای بافت روده را افزایش دادند. در بررسی اثر ساده میزان بیان ژن‌های PepT1 و PepT2 در روده باریک و ژن LEAP2 در کبد نشان داده شد که در همه تیمارهایی که تحت چالش با ایکولای بودند میزان بیان ژن‌های مورد نظر در بافت‌های ذکر شده از گروه سالم کمتر بود. نتایج این مطالعه پیشنهاد می کند که استفاده از مکمل گیاهی و پروبیوتیک در زمان مقابله میکروبی می تواند از خطر ناشی از آلودگی با باکتری های پاتوژن بکاهد.}, keywords_fa = {بیان ژن,پروبیوتیک,جوجه‌های گوشتی,PepT1,LEAP2,X-Tract}, url = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36950.html}, eprint = {https://ijasr.um.ac.ir/article_36950_330c0f33752b8b40fbe765679207fa44.pdf} }