0.05). However, calves consuming cinnamon essential oil and probiotic Protexin had higher daily weight gain than other essential oils and control group (p <0.05). Calves fed milk without any additives had the lowest feed efficiency but it was highest for calves fed whole milk based on cinnamon essential oil or Protexin (p<0.05). Rumen parameters and ammonia nitrogen concentration were not affected by essential oils and probiotic intake (p> 0.05). Ruminal pH value was lower in calves were fed milk supplemented with different essential oils and Protexin than those fed control treatment (p<0.05). This decrease in pH by inclusion of essential oil and Protexin was probably due to increased ruminal propionate to acetate ratio. Addition of peppermint, thyme, cinnamon essential oils and probiotic Protexin to milk of Holstein calves had no detectable effect on the mean concentration of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, urea, aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase (p> 0.05). The concentration of triglyceride in calves fed cinnamon essential oil was higher than that of other essential oils as well as probiotic Protexin (p <0.05). Inactivation of blood urea nitrogen concentration by the addition of essential oils was associated with a significant lack of ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration. Increased ammonia nitrogen levels, more than the microbial requirement, lead to absorption through the rumen wall and hepatic vein, and most of it is converted into urea in the liver and ultimately increases in blood urea concentrations, which in this study did not affect the essential oils. Different effects of Protexin on ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration resulted in no significant blood urea nitrogen concentration.Hip width, heart girth, body barrel and wither height were not affected by the addition of essential oils, as well as probiotic supplementation (p> 0.05). However, body length and hip heights were higher in the calves fed cinnamon essential oil than the control group. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter in calves consumed cinnamon essential oil tended to increase than the control group (p=0.06 and p=0.07, respectively). The digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber was not affected by the type of essential oil and Protexin supplementation in Holstein dairy calves.Conclusion Overall, essential oils especially cinnamon and probiotic Protexin may improve growth and performance by increasing daily gain and feed efficiency of Holstein dairy calves.]]>
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0.05). Lambs born from ewes receiving slow-release bolus of copper had higher weaning weight, average daily weight gain, copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations, hematocrit percentage, red and white blood cell counts, and hemoglobin concentration compared to those born from control ewes (P<0.05). The serum concentration of ceruloplasmin was higher in lambs born from ewes receiving two boluses than those born from ewes receiving only one bolus (P<0.05). Ceruloplasmin concentration is also a reliable indicator of copper deficiency as it carries between 60-95 percent of serum copper, and changes in serum copper concentration usually parallel the ceruloplasmin concentration in the blood. Lambs born from ewes in the control group had lower serum copper concentrations, and 3 lambs in this group showed the symptoms of paralysis, especially in their hind legs, imbalances, dog sitting, and lost appetite. Adequate maternal intake of Cu is essential for development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the embryonic lamb. Consequences of Cu deficiency during intrauterine life may include gross brain lesions, with affected lambs born dead or dying shortly after birth. Conclusion Overall, serum copper concentrations of ewes were in the normal range, but lambs born from ewes received slow-release copper bolus had greater weaning weight, average daily weight gain, serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations, hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell count compared to those born from control ewes. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that lambs were benefited from copper supplementation of their dams via intra-ruminal administration of slow-release boluse of copper in the late gestation.]]>
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0.05). Highest volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, acetate, acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia-N concentration were observed in substrates inoculated with bacterial mixture in comparison with control treatment (P<0.05).Conclusion: In this experiment, we isolated three bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus sciuri and Brevibacterium sp., with lignin and lignocellulose-degrading potential from the gut of Zeuzera pyrina. Processing WS and ST with these individual bacteria, especially media containing their mixture improved their nutritive value as ruminant feed via increasing DM digestibility and VFA production. ]]>
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0.05). However, BCF and VSL were improved in FLS-10 group as compared to the FLS-5 and FLS-0 group (P<0.05). A significant interactive effect of treatment × time was noted for VAP, where flaxseed supplementation did not affect VAP at first week of the experiment but higher VAP was recorded in FLS-10 compared to FLS-0 and FLS-0 groups after 12 weeks of flaxseed feeding (P<0.05). Flaxseed supplementation did not affect percentage of myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, EPA and DPA, but the proportion of DHA, and the ratio of n-3:n-6 PUFA and SFA:PUFA was affected by the treatments (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of flaxseed increased proportion of DHA and n-3: n-6 PUFA ratio and decreased SFA: PUFA ratio in FLS-10 compared to FLS-5 and FLS-0 (P<0.05). The interactive effect of treatment × time on DHA, n-3: n-6 and SFA: PUFA ratio revealed that there was no significant effect between treatment after first week of the experiment; however, proportion of DHA and n-3: n-6 PUFA ratio was higher and SFA: PUFA ratio was lower in FLS-10 compared to FLS-5 and FLS-0 (P<0.05). the significant correlations between addition of 10% flaxseed and most of the evaluated semen characteristics including live sperm, total motility, plasma membrane functionality, and acrosome status following 12 weeks of treatment feeding was in agreement with previous findings in male goat and rabbit. Other fatty acids concentrations, such as, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was improved by dietary flaxseed supplementation.Conclusion It can be concluded that adding 10% flaxseed to the Kurdish ram diet out of the breeding season can improve sperm quality. Sperm fatty acid composition can also be affected by dietary fat. But more research is needed to look at the effects of other flaxseed products, such as oil and powder. It is recommended that similar studies be conducted during the breeding season and with other amounts of flaxseed.]]>
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β-pinene (18.4%). According to the results of the studies, hyssop extract showed much weaker antioxidant activity as compared to the rosemary, sage, and thyme extracts in different methods of antioxidant evaluations. The aim of this study was comparing the effects of Hyssopus Officinalis powder, Virginiamycin antibiotic and Aspirin on performance, blood metabolites, carcass parameters and ileum microbial population of broiler chickens which subjected to cold stress were studied.Materials and Methods In a completely randomized design, a total of 500 male Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated to 5 treatments with 5 replicates and 20 birds in each. Dietary treatment consisted of: 1) control, 2 and 3) basal diet plus 300 g/ton Virginiamycin or Aspirin respectively and 4 and 5) basal diet containing 0.5 or one percent Hyssopus, respectively. The diets were formulated to meet the requirements of broilers as established by the Ross 308 broilers feeding guide in starter (1-11 d), grower (12-25 d) and finisher (26-42 d). The birds were kept under conventional conditions for vaccination, temperature, ventilation, and lighting based on Ross catalogue recommendations. Standard management practices of commercial broiler production were applied. The broiler diets were formulated based on standardized ileal digestible amino acids and other requirements were obtained from Ross catalogue recommendations. Broiler chicken performance (feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, total and ascytic mortality and European production efficiency factor), erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF), blood cell count and blood metabolites including triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL Cholesterol were measured at the 21 and 42 d of age. Carcass and abdominal fat percentage were calculated. Finally population of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli of ileum were detected.Results and Discussion As compared to control, inclusion of 1 percent Hyssopus increased feed intake (P < 0.05). Addition of Hyssopus and antibiotic increased weight gain, EPEF and decreased FCR compared to control and aspirin groups. Addition of one percent Hyssopus decreased red blood cell count, erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and heterophil percentage at 21 and 42 d of age as compared to control (P < 0.05). Escherichia coli population was reduced by antibiotic and one percent Hyssopus inclusion into broiler’ diet. Dietary treatments had no effect on WBC count, lymphocyte percentage, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, serum total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and urea concentration of broiler chickens at 21 and 42 d of age, carcass, and thigh meat and abdominal fat percentages at 42 d of age (P > 0.05) whereas broiler chickens fed diet containing 0.5 and 1 % hyssopus powder had higher breast meat percentage.Conclusion In conclusion addition of aspirin or Hyssopus powder improved broiler chicken’s performance and decreased mortality due to ascites and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio in cold condition. Virginiamycin improved broiler chickens body weight gain in cold condition but due to probable drug resistance, it may suggest that Hyssopus supplementation in broiler diet as a good replacement for antibiotic in cold stress. ]]>
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