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0.05). The effects of added dietary fat on performance of ruminants are reported to be varied. Such variability could be associated with differences between experiments in terms of composition of the basal diet (i.e., energy density and level of grain), level of fat inclusion, fat type and composition (i.e. contents of free and saturated fatty acids), and whether diets were formulated to be isoenergetic. The fact that the rations with fat supplements were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous may explain the absence of significant differences in animal performance. SM supplementation affected the composition of FA in meat of lamb. The SM addition decreased SFA (p < 0.01), SFA: PUFA (p < 0.01) and AI (p < 0.01) while increased MUFA (p < 0.001), PUFA (p < 0.001), CLA and DFA (p < 0.001). Palmitic acid (C16:0) reduced in SM treatment. Since C16 fatty acid has been introduced as a hypercholesterolemic FA, its reduction in meat and adipose tissue is beneficial to human health. Also, stearic acid (C18:0) (p < 0.05) decreased. Endogenous synthesis of MUFA in adipose tissues involves a reduction of C16:0 and C18:0 FA catalyzed by the ∆9 –desaturase activity. It is reported that ∆9 –desaturase expression is influenced by polyphenolic compounds (46). Also, the increase in cis-9 C18:1 proportion in meat of lambs fed SM diets can be explained by the high dietary cis-9 C18:1 level in SM groups, probably combined with slow ruminal biohydrogenation. Oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) with stearic acids (C18:0) and palmitic (C16:0) to be the most abundant. Palmitic acid increases while oleic acid decreases blood cholesterol, and stearic acid has no effect. The cis-9 C18:1 reduce human LDL-cholesterol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in blood, which result in lower risk of coronary problems. CLA nutrition has been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic effects, as well as positive effects on serum lipids. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that meat FA composition of lambs can be improved from a human health perspective by inclusion of SM, as a rich source of PUFA. Addition of SM up to 12 % in lambs diet, increased the proportion of CLA, MUFA, PUFA, MUFA: SFA and PUFA:SFA ratio and decreased SFA and AI in meat. However, further investigation is needed to optimize the level of SM incorporation in animal diet.]]>
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0.05). The constant rate of gas production when half the potential of gas is produced was different among experimental diets (P=0.05), so that basal diet and diet containing 30 % of mint pulp had the highest and lowest value, respectively. Conclusion Considering the obtained data regarding the chemical compositions and gas production parameters, it is concluded that mint pulp and chicory pulp could be used as a part of forage portion in ruminant nutrition. More experiments are needed to study the inclusion of mint pulp and chicory pulp in diets of productive ruminants. ]]>
p. 437−448
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p. 449−465
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p. 467−479
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p. 481−493
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) affect digestive organs and intestinal morphology of broilers. Coarse fiber and large particles may increase villi length in gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, increased villi length resulted in increased surface area for more absorption of nutrients. Currently, the control of litter moisture is a priority in the broiler industry to reduce productivity losses and minimize bird welfare issues due to footpad dermatitis (FPD), hock burn (HB), and ammonia production. Wet litter was found to increase FDP, HB, and breast irritations and reduce broiler performance. The inclusion of 3% fiber in the diet resulted in lower litter moisture content. Conclusion Overall, the results showed that dietary inclusion of three percent of different insoluble fiber sources improved energy and protein efficiency ratios, intestinal morphology, litter moisture and welfare parameters of broilers fed barley-based diet. ]]>
p. 495−511
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p. 513−528
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p. 529−548
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p. 549−563
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